Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: 20th International Conference, EPCE 2023 Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023 Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023 Proceedings, Part II

Foreword
HCI International 2023 Thematic Areas and Affiliated Conferences
List of Conference Proceedings Volumes Appearing Before the Conference
Preface
20th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics (EPCE 2023)
HCI International 2024 Conference
Contents – Part II
Contents – Part I
Human Factors in Aviation
Attitude Adjustment: Enhanced ATTI Mode for Remote Pilots
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Research Problem
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Outline
		3.1 Aim
		3.2 Research Questions
		3.3 Hypothesis
	4 Method
		4.1 Participant Selection
		4.2 Apparatus
		4.3 Procedure
		4.4 Experimental Design and Analysis
	5 Results
		5.1 Qualitative Results
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Contribution to UAS Human Factors
		6.2 Study Limitations
		6.3 Future Research
	7 Conclusion
	References
Spatial Learning in a Virtual Reality Boeing 737NG Flight Deck
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Objectives
	4 Participants
	5 Method
		5.1 Task
		5.2 Materials
		5.3 Virtual Reality System
	6 Results
	7 Discussion
		7.1 Limitations
	8 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Evaluation of Human Factors Intervention Approaches in Aviation Safety Management
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Different Approaches to Human Factors Intervention
		1.2 Workforce Preferences and Recommended Interventions
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Evaluative Differences Amongst Intervention Approaches
		3.2 Task, Human, and Organization Interventions More Feasible and Cost-Efficient
		3.3 Assessed Effectiveness Subject to Mitigation Myopia
	4 Conclusion
	References
An In-Depth Examination of Mental Incapacitation and Startle Reflex: A Flight Simulator Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Phase 1: Questionnaires and Laboratory Tests
		2.3 Phase 2: Flight Simulation Tasks
	3 Preliminary Results
		3.1 Auto-evaluation of Surprise and Startle During the Startling Flight Scenario
		3.2 Startle Reflex During the Thunder Sound and the Flash of Lightning
		3.3 Personality Evaluation
		3.4 Workload During the Three Tasks and the Startling Flight Scenario
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
High-Fidelity Task Analysis Identifying the Needs of Future Cockpits Featuring Single Pilot Operation with Large Transport Airplanes
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Context
	3 Basics
	4 Previous Work
	5 Related Work
	6 Method
	7 Results
	8 Discussion
	9 Conclusion
	References
DART – Providing Distress Assistance with Real-Time Aircraft Telemetry
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential for Distress Assistance and Better Outcomes
	3 Analysis of Requirements and Prerequisites
	4 Technical and Economic Requirements
	5 Spectrum, Data Bandwidth and Costing Considerations
	6 Establishment of a DART Programme
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Semi-quantitative Method for Congestion Alleviation at Air Route Intersections Based on System Dynamics
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Indicator Selection
		2.3 Data Collection and Processing
		2.4 Model Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References:
Research on Evaluation of Network Integration of Multiple Hub Airports Within a Region
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Multi-airport Operation Mode
		1.2 Multi-airport Connections and Network
		1.3 Multi-airport and Regional Interaction
	2 Method
		2.1 Identification of Multi-hub Groups
		2.2 Construction of Index Framework
		2.3 Evaluation Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Usability Evaluation of an Emergency Alerting System to Improve Discrete Communication During Emergencies
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
		1.2 Examples of Existing Emergency Buttons in Mass Transportation
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Research Design
	3 Results
		3.1 Basic Demographics
		3.2 Differences in the User Acceptance Between Passengers and Cabin Crew
		3.3 Differences in the User Acceptance Between Passengers and Cabin Crew
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Prospect Studies
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Application of a Human-Centred Design Integrated Touchscreen Display with Automated Electronic Checklist in the Flight Deck
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of Research
		1.2 Research Aim
	2 Methods
		2.1 Overall Experiment Design
		2.2 Simulated Display Design
		2.3 Experiment Procedures
	3 Result
		3.1 Sample Characteristics
		3.2 Objective Measurements
		3.3 Subjective Workload, Situational Awareness, and System Usability
		3.4 Thematic Analysis of Interviews and Answers for Open-Ended Questions
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Shorter Task Completion Time in Manual ECL Design
		4.2 Interpretation of Eye Tracking Results
		4.3 Differences in Subjective Workload and Usability
		4.4 Review of SA, Workload, and Nature of NNC Operations
		4.5 S/CD with Adaptive Activation of Switch
		4.6 Flexible/Adaptive Automation
		4.7 Human Machine Teaming
		4.8 Limitations of This Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Airline Pilots’ Risk Perception While Flying During COVID-19 Through Flight Data Monitoring and Air Safety Reports
	1 Introduction
	2 Relative Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Source
		3.2 Research Procedure
		3.3 Statistical Tools Used
	4 Results
		4.1 Sample Characteristics
		4.2 Testing the Increase in Severity Index for LOC-I and RE Events and for Events Related to Manual Flying as the Pandemic Started
		4.3 Testing Associations Between Severity Index Scores and the Number of ASRs Submitted Across the Three Pandemic Stages
		4.4 Testing Associations Between the Number of ASRs Submitted, Total FDM Events, FDM Event Categories, and Autopilot Use Across the Three Pandemic Stages
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Limitations
	6 Conclusion
	References
Effects of Radio Frequency Cross-Coupling in Multiple Remote Tower Operation on Pilots
	1 Introduction and Background
		1.1 Frequency Cross-Coupling and adapted Phraseology
		1.2 Mental Workload and Situation Awareness
		1.3 Aim of this Paper
	2 Method
		2.1 Sample
		2.2 Experimental Task
		2.3 Self-reported Measures
		2.4 Procedure
		2.5 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Attitude
		3.2 Mental Workload
		3.3 Situation Awareness
		3.4 Pilot Comments
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Risk Analysis of Human Factors in Aircraft Tail Strike During Landing: A Study Based on QAR Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Causation Analysis
		2.2 QAR Data Collection and Processing
		2.3 Statistical Analyzing
	3 Result
		3.1 Trend Classification and Analysis of Large Pitch Angle in Landing
		3.2 Causation Analysis on the Increased Pitch Angle After Grounding
		3.3 Causation Analysis on Bounced Landing
	4 Conclusion
	References
EBT-CBTA in Aviation Training: The Turkish Airlines Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Developing EBT - CBTA Database to Support Global Aviation Systems Design
	3 Pilot Competencies and Tem Model
	4 Turkish Airlines
		4.1 Airline Profile – Organizational Culture
		4.2 Training Model
		4.3 Technology Concept in Flight Crew Training
	5 Conclusion
	References
Towards eMCO/SiPO: A Human Factors Efficacy, Usability, and Safety Assessment for Direct Voice Input (DVI) Implementation in the Flight Deck
	1 Human Factors perspective on Direct Voice Input (DVI) in Flight Deck in the last 40 years
	2 Systematic Literature Review on DVI
	3 Results
		3.1 Operational Viability
		3.2 Operational Reliability
		3.3 Functional Utility
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	5 Efficacy, Usability, and Safety Assessment of DVI Under the eMCO/SiPO Prism
	References
Pilot’s Perspective on Single Pilot Operation: Challenges or Showstoppers
	1 Next Generation Pilot Operation
		1.1 Challenges or Showstoppers for SPO?
		1.2 Aims of the Study: Identifying Characteristics of SPO-Related Problems
	2 Methods and Instruments
		2.1 The 3C-SPO Concept
		2.2 Sample
	3 Results
		3.1 Evaluation of Directly Safety Related Problems
		3.2 Structure of the Directly Safety Relevant Problems
		3.3 Indirectly Safety Related Problems
		3.4 More Challenges
		3.5 Perceived Problems with the Defined 3C-SPO Concept
		3.6 Willingness to Pilot SPO
	4 Discussion
	References
Human Factors in Operations Management
Using a Semi-autonomous Drone Swarm to Support Wildfire Management – A Concept of Operations Development Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Wildfire Management with Drone Swarms
		2.2 Earlier Concepts of Operations Work for the Command and Control of Multiple Drones
	3 Study Case Approach
	4 Results
		4.1 Current Operational Activity
		4.2 Challenges of Drone Usage in a Wildfire Situation
		4.3 Visions of Drone Usage in Wildfire Situations
		4.4 The First Version of the Developed Drone Swarm-Based ConOps
	5 Discussion, Conclusions, and Further Research
	References
Human Factors and Human Performance in UAS Operations. The Case of UAS Pilots in UAM Operations
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Evolution of UAS Operations
		1.2 Scope
	2 The Role of Human Factors in Aviation Safety
		2.1 Human Performance
		2.2 Decision-Making
		2.3 Accident Causation
	3 Human Factors in Modern UAS Operations
		3.1 Overview
		3.2 UAS HF Effects on Collision Cases
		3.3 UAS Pilot Training
	4 Case Study
		4.1 People Transportation (UAM)
	5 Recommendations
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Bridge Inspection Task Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Recruitment
		2.3 Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 Bridge Classes
		3.2 Bridge Inspectors
		3.3 Inspector Classes
		3.4 Inspection Task
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Human Relations in a Command and Control System Based on Social Network Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 The Social Network Analysis Review
	3 The Social Network Model for C2 Application
		3.1 The C2 Social Networks
		3.2 Characteristics of C2 Social Networks
		3.3 The Social Network Communication Media
		3.4 Coupling Communication Media Efficiency and Task Ambiguity
	4 Case Study: A Submarine Operation and Navigation Scenario
		4.1 Scenario and Tasks
		4.2 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research on Ergonomic Evaluation of Remote Air Traffic Control Tower of Hangzhou Jiande Airport
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Subjective Evaluation Method
		2.3 Objective Detection Method
		2.4 Selection of Evaluation Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Basic Information of Remote ATC Tower of Jiande Airport
		3.2 Ergonomic Evaluation by Questionnaire Method and Results
		3.3 Ergonomic Evaluation by Physiological Detection Method and Results
	4 Conclusions and Suggestions
		4.1 Evaluation Conclusions
		4.2 Research Suggestions on Ergonomic Evaluation of Remote ATC Tower
	References
A Framework for Supporting Adaptive Human-AI Teaming in Air Traffic Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Making Sense of the “New” ATM Ecosystem
	3 Method
	4 A Framework for Supporting Adaptive Human-AI Teaming
		4.1 Steering or Goal Setting
		4.2 Sensemaking and Mental Models
		4.3 Common Operating Picture or Shared Mental Models
		4.4 Coordination and Transfer of Control
		4.5 Managing Changes
		4.6 Planning-Doing-Checking Cycle
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Assessing Performance of Agents in C2 Operations
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory
		2.1 NASA-Task Load Index
		2.2 Crew Awareness Rating Scale
		2.3 Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique
	3 Method
		3.1 Participants
		3.2 Simulation Runs
		3.3 Situation Awareness Requirement Analysis
		3.4 Materials and Measures
		3.5 Procedure
	4 Results
		4.1 Final Version of the Assessment Tool
		4.2 Example of Scores
		4.3 Interpreting the Scores
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research and Application of Intelligent Technology for Preventing Human Error in Nuclear Power Plant
	1 Background of Intelligent Human Error Prevention in Nuclear Power Plant
	2 Intelligent Human Error Prevention Model Based on AR + AI Technology
		2.1 Development Status of Intelligent Human Error Prevention
		2.2 Human Error Mechanism and Behavior Pattern
	3 Intelligent Prevention Model of Human Error in NPPs
	4 Development and Application of Intelligent Human Error Prevention Device
		4.1 Development
		4.2 Test and Verification
		4.3 Results
		4.4 Future Work
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Emergency Centre Dispatcher Task Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Organizational Context
		3.2 Call Taker
	4 Dispatchers
		4.1 Police Dispatchers
		4.2 Fire Dispatchers
	5 Dispatching Challenges
		5.1 Database Search
		5.2 Disturbing Images
		5.3 Multi-channel Audio Monitoring
		5.4 Fire Unit Redistribution
		5.5 Traffic Conditions
		5.6 Hazardous Material
		5.7 Fire Code and Alarm Selection
	6 Meeting Challenges and Conclusions
	References
Research Trends and Applications of Human-Machine Interface in Air Traffic Control: A Scientometric Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Sources and Methods
		2.1 Data Sources
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Distribution of Publications
		3.2 Performance of Countries/Regions
		3.3 Performance of Institutes and Authors
		3.4 Performance of Journals
		3.5 Analysis of Hot Spots, Trends and Applications
		3.6 Theoretical Basis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Construction of General Aviation Air Traffic Management Auxiliary Decision System Based on Track Evaluation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Status of Flight Path Evaluation
		2.2 Data Source and Processing
		2.3 DTW Algorithm (Dynamic Time Warping)
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Take-Off and Landing Routes
		3.2 Cloud-Crossing Routes
		3.3 Algorithm Flexibility Verification
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Evaluation Data Differentiation
		4.2 System Construction
	5 Conclusion
	References
How to Determine the Time-Intervals of Two-Stage Warning Systems in Different Traffic Densities? An Investigation on the Takeover Process in Automated Driving
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Takeover in Automated Driving
		1.2 The Two-Stage Warning Systems and Time-Intervals
		1.3 Traffic Density
		1.4 Interaction Effect Traffic Density and Time-Intervals
		1.5 Aims
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Experiment Design and Measurement
		2.3 Apparatus
		2.4 Driving Scenarios
		2.5 Two-Stage Warning Systems
		2.6 Non-driving Related Task
		2.7 Procedure
		2.8 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Statistics
		3.2 Motor Readiness
		3.3 Takeover Performance
		3.4 Situation Awareness
		3.5 Subjective Ratings
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Human-Centered Design of Autonomous Systems
The City Scale Effect and the Baidu Index Prediction Model of Public Perceptions of the Risks Associated with Autonomous Driving Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Empirical Study
		2.1 Data Sources
		2.2 Research Methodology
	3 City Scale Effect and Baidu Index Prediction Model
		3.1 Variation in Attention to Autonomous Driving Technology Across Cities Based on Keywords
		3.2 Level of Urban Development as a Predictor of Public Attention to Autonomous Driving Technology
		3.3 Baidu Index Prediction Model for Autonomous Driving Technology Based on the Urban Statistical Variables
	4 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
Human-Computer Interaction Analysis of Quadrotor Motion Characteristics Based on Simulink
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Flight Principle and Motion State of Multi-rotor UAV
		2.2 Kinematic Model of Multi-rotor UAV
		2.3 Multi-rotor UAV Simulation Environment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Vertical Motion Characteristics
		3.2 Horizontal Flight Motion Characteristics
		3.3 Hover at Fixed Point
		3.4 Integrated Sports
	4 Conclusion
	References
Fluidics-Informed Fabrication: A Novel Co-design for Additive Manufacturing Framework
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Design for Additive Manufacturing
		1.2 Towards Novel Design for Additive Manufacturing Tools
	2 User Workflow for Injection 3D Printing
		2.1 3D Printer Hardware Interface
		2.2 Experimental User Design Testing
		2.3 Visualization of Multimaterial Injection Printing
	3 Generative Design Methodology
		3.1 Requirements of the 3D Fluidic Network
		3.2 Procedural Modeling Methodology
		3.3 Injection 3D Printing Design Interface
	4 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
Advanced Audio-Visual Multimodal Warnings for Drivers: Effect of Specificity and Lead Time on Effectiveness
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Apparatus and Stimuli
		2.3 Experiment Design
		2.4 Procedure
	3 Result
		3.1 Behavioral Indicators
		3.2 Subjective Evaluation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Which Position is Better? A Survey on User Preference for Ambient Light Positions
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
		1.2 Focusing on User Needs: Related to Perceptions and Emotions
		1.3 Focusing on User Personalization: Aesthetic Preference
		1.4 The Purpose of the Present Study
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Materials
		2.4 Procedure
		2.5 Statistical Analyses
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Results of In-vehicle Ambient Light Usage
		3.2 Aesthetic Evaluation Results of In-Vehicle Ambient Light Positions
		3.3 Favourite Ranking Results of In-Vehicle Ambient Light Positions
		3.4 Integration of Aesthetic Evaluation and Favourite Ranking into Preferences
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Evaluate Team Processes in Aviation - First Experiences and Open Questions
	1 Motivation
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Collaboration and Teamwork in Aviation
		2.2 Role of Communication for Team Collaboration
		2.3 Features of the Communication Process Used for Team Process Analysis
		2.4 State-of-the Art of Automatic Speech Recognition (IAIS)
	3 Approach to Analyze Team Communication
	4 Use-Case Cockpit Crew Communication
		4.1 Collaboration Scenario
		4.2 Descriptive Analysis of Communication Structure
		4.3 Examples of Communication Situations
		4.4 Current Results of ASR of Cockpit Crew Communication
	5 Summary and Outlook
	References
Parsing Pointer Movements in a Target Unaware Environment
	1 Structure of a Mouse Movement
		1.1 Fitt’s Law
		1.2 Inversion of Fitts’ Law
		1.3 First Algorithm
		1.4 Reduction of the Inverted FItt’s Law Algorithm
	2 Experiment and Analysis
		2.1 Experiment
		2.2 Analysis
		2.3 Testing and Fitness
	3 Evolutionary Algorithm
		3.1 Fitness Function
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Future Ideas
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Framework of Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Scenarios for eHMI Design and Evaluation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Results
		2.1 Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Scenarios from Literature
		2.2 Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Scenarios from a Focus Group Interview
	3 A Framework of Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Scenarios
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
A User Requirement Driven Development Approach for Smart Product-Service System of Elderly Service Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Rough Set Theory
		2.2 Smart Product-Service System (SPSS) Development
	3 Method
		3.1 Obtain Knowledge of User Kansei Needs
		3.2 Obtaining Service Design Elements
		3.3 RST to Capture Key Service Elements
		3.4 LR to Build Uncertain Relationship
		3.5 Providers Integrating to Build Service Content
	4 A Case Study
		4.1 User Needs Analysis
		4.2 Spanning Design Attributes for Elderly Service Robot SPSS
		4.3 RST to Identify the Key Design Features
		4.4 LR to Build Mapping Model to Obtain the Key Features of SPSS
		4.5 Construction of Product/service for SPSS
	5 Conclusions
	References
An Analysis of Typical Scenarios and Design Suggestions for the Application of V2X Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential Scenarios of V2X Technology
		2.1 Beyond-Visual-Range Information Presentation
		2.2 Public Services
		2.3 Inter-vehicles Coordination
	3 Design Suggestions for V2X
	4 Future Research Directions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Who Should We Choose to Sacrifice, Self or Pedestrian? Evaluating Moral Decision-Making in Virtual Reality
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Study Design
		2.3 Virtual Reality Road Traffic Scenarios
		2.4 Procedure
		2.5 Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Individual’s Moral Decision-Making in Tasks Involving Self-sacrifice Choice
		4.2 The Effect of Pedestrian Type on Individual’s Moral Decision-Making
		4.3 The Effect of Time Pressure on Individual’s Moral Decision-Making
		4.4 Application to Autonomous Vehicles and Study Limitations
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Literature Review of Current Practices to Evaluate the Usability of External Human Machine Interface
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Autonomous Vehicles
		1.2 The Study of EHMI
		1.3 The Present Study
	2 Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Visualizing the Improvement of the Autonomous System: Comparing Three Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Material
		2.4 Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 The Effect of Feedback
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index