ENGINEERING PHYSIOLOGY : bases of human factors engineering/ ergonomics.

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Contents
1 Skeletal Structures
	1.1 Bones
	1.2 Cartilage
	1.3 Tendons and Ligaments
	1.4 Articulations
	1.5 Mobility
	1.6 Artificial Joints
	1.7 The Hand
	1.8 The Spinal Column
		1.8.1 The Spinal Disk
	Glossary
	References
2 Muscles
	2.1 Muscle Architecture
		2.1.1 Agonist-Antagonist, Co-contraction
		2.1.2 Components of Muscle
		2.1.3 Muscle Contraction
		2.1.4 Relations Between Muscle Length and Tension
		2.1.5 The “Motor Unit”
			2.1.5.1
Muscle Twitch
	2.2 Muscle Fatigue
	2.3 Activities of Entire Muscles
		2.3.1 Control of Muscle
		2.3.2 Muscle Fiber Types
	2.4 Strength of Muscles and Body Segments
		2.4.1 Muscle Strength
		2.4.2 Internal Transmission of Muscle Strength
		2.4.3 Body (Segment) Strength
		2.4.4 Exerting Strength with the Hand
	2.5 Static and Dynamic Exertions
		2.5.1 Static Strength
		2.5.2 Dynamic Strength
			2.5.2.1
Control of Velocity
			2.5.2.2
Control of the Amount of Muscle Tension
			2.5.2.3
Concurrent Control of the Amount of Effort and Motion
			2.5.2.4
Controlling the Mass upon Which Muscle Acts
		2.5.3 Relationships Between Measurements of Static and Dynamic Strength
	2.6 Regulation of Strength Exertion
		2.6.1 Feedforward
		2.6.2 Feedback
	2.7 Measuring Muscle Strength
		2.7.1 The “Maximal Voluntary Effort”
		2.7.2 Measurement Opportunities
			2.7.2.1
Measuring via Feedforward
			2.7.2.2
Measuring via Feedback
			2.7.2.3
Measuring Output
	2.8
 The Strength Test Protocol
	2.9
Designing for Body Strength
		2.9.1
Proper Statistical Use of Strength Data
		2.9.2
Designing for Hand Strength
		2.9.3
Using Tables of Exerted Moments and Forces
		2.9.4
Designing for Foot Strength
	Glossary
	References
3 Neuromuscular Control
	3.1 Organization of the Nervous System
		3.1.1
 Organization by Function
		3.1.2
 Organization by Location
	3.2 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Chord
	3.3 Sensors and Effectors of the Peripheral Nervous System
		3.3.1 
Nervous Pathways of the Peripheral Nervous System
	3.4 Transmission of Nerve Signals
		3.4.1 
The Neuron
		3.4.2
 Conveyance of Nerve Impulses
	3.5 Control of Muscle
	3.6 Ergonomic Engineering to Facilitate Control Actions
	Glossary
	References
4 Anthromechanics
	4.1 Treating the Body as a Mechanical System
		4.1.1
 Stress and Strain
	4.2 Mechanical Bases
		4.2.1
 Free-Body Diagram
		4.2.2  Static Equilibrium
		4.2.3 
Dynamic Analyses
	4.3 Anthropometric Inputs
		4.3.1 
Links and Joints
		4.3.2 
Body Volumes
	4.4 Inertial Properties
		4.4.1 
Lean Body Mass
		4.4.2 
Locating the Center of Mass
		4.4.3 
Moments of Inertia
	4.5 Kinematic Chain Models
	Glossary
	References
5 Respiration
	5.1 Architecture
	5.2 Functions
	5.3 Respiratory Volumes
	5.4 Measuring Respiration
	Glossary
	References
6 Circulation
	6.1 Body Fluids
		6.1.1 
Blood
			6.1.1.1 
Blood Groups
			6.1.1.2 
Functions of Blood Components
		6.1.2 
Lymph
	6.2 The Circulatory System of the Blood
		6.2.1 
Architecture of the Circulatory System
	6.3 The Heart as Pump
		6.3.1 
Cardiac Output
	6.4 The Capillary Bed
	6.5 Blood Vessels
	6.6 Hemodynamics
	6.7 Regulation of Circulation
	6.8 Measurement Opportunities
	Glossary
	References and Further Reading
7 Metabolism
	7.1 Human Metabolism and Work
	7.2 Energy Liberation in the Body
		7.2.1 
Energetic Reactions
	7.3 Digestion
		7.3.1 
Energy Content of Nutrients
		7.3.2 
Digestion of Carbs, Fats, and Proteins
		7.3.3 
Absorption and Assimilation
	7.4 Energy Release
		7.4.1 
Aerobic Metabolism of Glucose
		7.4.2 
Aerobic Metabolism of Glucose
		7.4.3 
Metabolism of Carbohydrate
		7.4.4 
Metabolism of Fat and Protein
	7.5 Energy Storage
	7.6 Energy for Muscle Work
		7.6.1 
The First Few Seconds of Muscular Effort
		7.6.2 
The First Ten Seconds of Muscular Effort
		7.6.3 
Effort Lasting Longer Than Ten Seconds
		7.6.4 
Muscular Work Lasting Minutes to Hours
	7.7 Aerobic and Anaerobic Work
	7.8 Energy Use and Body Weight
	Glossary
	References
8 Work and Exercise
	8.1 Capacity for Physical Exercise and Work
		8.1.1 
Diet and Weight Observation
		8.1.2 
Direct Calorimetry
		8.1.3 
Indirect Calorimetry
			8.1.3.1 
Assessment by Oxygen Consumption
			8.1.3.2 
Assessment by Heart Rate
		8.1.4 
Assessment by Subjective Rating of Perceived Effort
	8.2 Standardized Tests
		8.2.1 
Bicycle, Treadmill and Step Tests
		8.2.2 
Challenges
	8.3 Energy Requirements at Work
		8.3.1 
Procedures to Catalogue Metabolic Requirements
			8.3.1.1 
Basal Metabolism
			8.3.1.2 
Resting Metabolism
			8.3.1.3 
Work Metabolism
		8.3.2 
Techniques to Estimate Energy Requirements
			8.3.2.1 
Using Tabulated Data
			8.3.2.2 
Calculating
			8.3.2.3 
Light or Heavy Jobs?
	8.4 Overall Changes in Body Functions in Response to Work Loads
	8.5 Fatigue
	8.6 Human Engineering/Ergonomics
	Appendix A: Techniques of Indirect Calorimetry
	Appendix B: Rating the Perceived Effort
	Glossary
	References
9 Thermal Environment
	9.1 The Human Body as a Thermo-Regulated System
		9.1.1 
The Energy Balance
	9.2 Energy Exchanges with the Environment
		9.2.1 
Conduction Heat Exchange
		9.2.2 
Convection Heat Exchange
		9.2.3 
Evaporation Heat Exchange
	9.3 Heat Balance
	9.4 Regulation and Sensation of Body Temperature
		9.4.1 
Achieving Thermal Homeostasis
	9.5 Measurements of Body Temperatures
	9.6 Assessing the Thermal Environment
		9.6.1 
Ambient Temperature
		9.6.2 
Air Humidity
		9.6.3 
Air Movement
		9.6.4 
Radiant Heat
		9.6.5 
The Combined Effects of Climate Factors
	9.7 Reactions of the Body to Hot Environments
		9.7.1
Redistribution of Blood
		9.7.2
Reduction of Muscle Activities
		9.7.3
Indications of Heat Strain
		9.7.4
Acclimatization to Heat
	9.8 Reactions of the Body to Cold Environments
		9.8.1
Redistribution of Blood
		9.8.2
Increased Metabolic Heat Production
		9.8.3
How Cold Does It Feel?
		9.8.4
Indications of Cold Strain
		9.8.5
Acclimatization to Cold
	9.9 Working in Heat or Cold
		9.9.1
Effects of Heat
			9.9.1.1
Cardiovascular Effects
			9.9.1.2
Effects on Muscles
			9.9.1.3
Dehydration
			9.9.1.4
Effects on Mental Performance
			9.9.1.5
Working in the Heat: Summary
		9.9.2
Effects of Cold
			9.9.2.1
Cardiovascular Effects
			9.9.2.2
Effects on Body Temperature
			9.9.2.3
Effects on Work Capacity
			9.9.2.4
Dehydration
			9.9.2.5
Effects on Mental Performance and Dexterity
			9.9.2.6
Working in the Cold: Summary
	9.10 Designing the Thermal Environment
	Glossary
	References
10 Body Rhythms and Work Schedules
	10.1 Menstrual Cycle
	10.2 Circadian Rhythms
		10.2.1
Models of Oscillatory Control
		10.2.2
Individual Diurnal Performance Rhythms
	10.3 Sleep
		10.3.1
Sleep Phases
		10.3.2
Sleep Loss and Tiredness
		10.3.3
Normal Sleep Requirements
	10.4 Sleep Deprivation and Prolonged Periods of Work
		10.4.1
Performing Tasks
		10.4.2
Incurring and Recovering from Performance Decrement
	10.5 Shift Work
		10.5.1
The Development of Shift Work
		10.5.2
Shift Systems
			10.5.2.1
Flextime
			10.5.2.2
Compressed Workweeks
	10.6 Suitable Shift Systems
		10.6.1
Health and Well-Being of Shift Workers
		10.6.2
Performance of Shift Workers
		10.6.3
Social Interactions of Shift Workers
	10.7 How to Select a Suitable Work System
		10.7.1
Shift Length
	Glossary
	References
11 Engineering Anthropometry
	11.1 Measurement Techniques
		11.1.1
Terminology and Standardization
		11.1.2
Classical Measuring Techniques
		11.1.3
New Measurement Methods
	11.2 Body Typology
	11.3 Anthropometric Data Sets
		11.3.1
Normality
		11.3.2
Variability
		11.3.3
Correlations
		11.3.4
Body Proportions
	11.4 Variability of Anthropometric Data
		11.4.1
Data Management
		11.4.2
Secular Variations
		11.4.3
Intra-individual Variations
		11.4.4
Inter-individual Variations
		11.4.5
Changing Populations
	11.5 Anthropometry of Large Populations
		11.5.1
Available Body Size Data
	11.6 How to Get Missing Data
		11.6.1
Finding Data in the Literature
		11.6.2
Conducting an Anthropometric Survey
		11.6.3
Statistical Body Models
		11.6.4 Deducing Unknown Values from Existing Data
			11.6.4.1 Estimation by Ratio Scaling
			11.6.4.2 Estimation by Regression Equation
			11.6.4.3 Combining Anthropometric Data Sets
			11.6.4.4 Two-Sample Composite Population
	11.7 Using Anthropometric Data in Design
		11.7.1
The “Normative” Adult
		11.7.2
Body Positions and Motions at Work
	11.8 Designing to Fit the Body
		11.8.1
Determining Clothing Size Tariffs
		11.8.2
Determining the Workspace of the Hands
	11.9 Human-Centered Engineering
	Glossary
	References
Index