Engineering physics

Cover
Half Title
About The Author
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1. Elasticity
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification of Elastic Materials
	1.3 Stress
	1.4 Strain
	1.5 Hooke’s Law
	1.6 Elastic Behaviour of a Material
	1.7 Factors Affecting Elasticity
	1.8 Classification of Elastic Modulus
	1.9 Poisson’s Ratio
	1.10 Relation Between Elastic Moduli
	1.11 Twisting Couple on a Wire
	1.12 Twisting Couple on a Solid Shaft
	1.13 Torsional Pendulum
	1.14 Bending of Beam
	1.15 Cantilever
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 2. Viscosity
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Coefficient of Viscosity
	2.3 Streamline and Turbulent Flow
	2.4 Reynold’s Number
	2.5 Poiseuille’s Equation for the Flow of a Liquid Through a Tube
	2.6 Motion of a Rigid Body in a Viscous Medium
	2.7 Experimental Determination of Viscosity of a Liquid
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objective Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 3. Vacuum Technique
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Types of Pumps
	3.3 Vacuum Systems
	3.4 Production of Vacuum
	3.5 Measurements of Vacuum
	3.6 Importance of Vacuum in Industries
	3.7 Vacuum Techniques Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objective Questions
	Short Answer Questions
	Descriptive-Type Questions
Chapter 4. Acoustics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Classification of Sound
	4.3 Characteristics of Musical Sounds
	4.4 Transmission of Sound
	4.5 Transmission Loss
	4.6 Acoustics of Buildings
	4.7 Sabine’s Formula for Reverberation
	4.8 Measurement of Absorption Coefficient
	4.9 Sound Absorbing Materials
	4.10 Factors Affecting Acoustics of Buildings and Their Remedies
	4.11 Principles to be Observed in the Acoustical Design of an Auditorium
	4.12 Acoustical Analysis and its Correction
	4.13 Sound Insulation
	4.14 Noise Pollution
	4.15 Noise Control in Machines
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Exercises
	Objectives Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 5. Ultrasonics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Classification of Ultrasonic Waves
	5.3 Properties of Ultrasonic waves
	5.4 Generation of Ultrasonic waves
	5.5 Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements
	5.6 Absorption and Dispersion of ultrasonic waves
	5.7 Source of Sound Absorption and Dispersion
	5.8 Applications—Industry
	5.9 Applications—Medicine
	5.10 Acoustic Holography
	5.11 General Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 6. Non-Destructive Testing
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Classification of Testing Methods
	6.3 Visual Inspection
	6.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing
	6.5 Radiography
	6.6 Ultrasonic Testing
	6.7 Thermography
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Short Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 7. Interference
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Interference Produced in Thin Films due to Reflected Light
	7.3 Air Wedge
	7.4 Anti-Reflection Coating
	7.5 Multi Layer Periodic System
	7.6 High-Pass and Low-Pass Filters
	7.7 Nterference Filter (Fabry–Perot Interference Filter)
	7.8 Michelson’s Interferometer
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short−Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 8. Polarisation
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Fundamentals of Polarised Light
	8.3 Nicol Prism
	8.4 Quarter Wave Plate
	8.5 Half Wave Plate
	8.6 Theory of Polarised Light
	8.7 Plane Polarised Light by Nicol Prism
	8.8 Production of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically Polarised Light
	8.9 Detection of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically Polarised Light
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Exercises
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 9. Photoelasticity
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Definitions
	9.3 Theory of Photoelasticity
	9.4 Arrangement of Optical Elements in a Polariscope
	9.5 Interpretation of Isoclinic and Isochromatic Fringes
	9.6 Photoelastic Bench
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 10. Optical and Other Instruments
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Sextant
	10.3 Metallurgical Microscope
	10.4 Focusing of Electron Beams
	10.5 Electron Microscope
	10.6 Scanning Electron Microscope
	10.7 Transmission Electron Microscope
	10.8 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 11. Laser
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Principle of Laser
	11.3 Einstein’s Theory of Stimulated Emission
	11.4 Population Inversion
	11.5 Methods of Achieving Population Inversion
	11.6 Threshold Condition (Schawlow and Townes ­Condition)
	11.7 Types of Lasers
	11.8 Determination of Wavelength of Laser Using Grating
	11.9 Particle Size Determination by Laser
	11.10 Applications of Lasers
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 12. Fiber Optics
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Optical Fibers–Principle
	12.3 Structure of Optical Fibers
	12.4 Acceptance Angle and Cone
	12.5 Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle
	12.6 Types of Optical Fibers
	12.7 Fabrication of Optical Fibers
	12.8 Loss in Optical Fibers
	12.9 Fiber Optical Communication
	12.10 Splicing
	12.11 Light Sources for Fiber Optics
	12.12 Photodetectors
	12.13 Fiber Optical Sensor
	12.14 Classification of Optical Sensors
	12.15 Fiber Endoscope
	12.16 Engineering Applications of Optical Fibers
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 13. Crystal Structure
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Fundamental Terms of Crystallography
	13.3 Types of Crystals
	13.4 Relation Between The Interplanar Distance and The Interatomic Distance
	13.5 Crystal Structures of Materials
	13.6 Simple Cubic Crystal Structure
	13.7 Body Centred Cubic Structure
	13.8 Face Centred Cubic Structure or Cubic Close Packed Structure
	13.9 Hexagonal Closed Packed Structure
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 14. Waves and Particles
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 De Broglie Wave
	14.3 De Broglie Wavelength
	14.4 Properties of Matter Waves.
	14.5 Matter Waves—Experimental Verification
	14.6 Schrödinger Wave Equation
	14.7 Application of Schrödinger’s Equation to a Particle in a Box
	14.8 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems.
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 15. Semiconductors
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Classification of Solids on the Basis of Band Theory
	15.3 Classification of Semiconductors
	15.4 Solar Cells
	15.5 Display Devices
	15.6 Active Display Devices
	15.7 Passive Display Devices
	15.9 Different Modes of LCD
	15.10 Liquid Crystal Display System
	15.11 Comparison Between LEDs and LCDs
	15.12 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Short Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 16. Electron Theory of Solids
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Electrical Conduction
	16.3 Classification of Conducting Materials
	16.4 Classical Free Electron Or Drude–Lorentz Theory of Metals
	16.5 Expression For Electrical Conductivity and Drift Velocity
	16.6 Thermal Conductivity
	16.7 Expression For Thermal Conductivity
	16.8 Wiedemann–Franz Law
	16.9 Verification of Ohm’s Law
	16.10 Classical Free Electron Theory: Advantages and Drawbacks
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions 16.
Chapter 17. Statistics and Band Theory of Solids
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Fermi-Dirac Statistics
	17.3 Carrier Concentration (Free Electron Density) in Metals
	17.4 Effect of Temperature on Fermi Energy Function
	17.5 Significance of Fermi Energy
	17.6 Effective Mass of an Electron
	17.7 Concept of Hole
	17.8 Band theory of Solids – Origin of Energy Gap
	17.9 Conductivity of Copper and Aluminum
	17.10 Effect of Temperature and Impurity on Electrical Resistivity of Metals (Matthiessen’s Rule)
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Type Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 18. Transport Properties of Semiconductorss
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Carrier Concentration in an Intrinsic Semiconductor
	18.3 Conductivity of Semiconductors
	18.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor
	18.5 n-type semiconductor
	18.6 p-type Semiconductor
	18.7 Hall Effect
	18.8 Variation of Electrical Conductivity with Temperature
	18.9 Variation of Fermi Level with Temperature in Extrinsic Semiconductor
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 19. Superconducting Material
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 General Propertiess of Superconducting Materials
	19.3 Types of Superconductors
	19.4 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) Theory
	19.5 Electron–­­Phonon Interaction
	19.6 High Temperature Superconductors
	19.7 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 20. Magnetic Materials
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Magnetic Parameters
	20.3 Bohr Magneton
	20.4 Classification of Magnetic Materials
	20.5 Origin of Permanent Magnetic Moment
	20.6 Diamagnetism
	20.7 Paramagnetism
	20.8 Ferromagnetic Materials
	20.9 Antiferromagnetic Materials
	20.10 Ferrimagnetic Materials
	20.11 Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials
	20.12 Energy Product of Magnetic Matersials
	20.13 Ferrite Core Memory
	20.14 Magnetic Recording Materials
	20.15 Magnetic Principle of Analog Recording and Recording
	20.16 Magnetic Bubble Memory
	20.17 Magnetic Principle in Computer Data Storage
	20.18 Magnetic Tape
	20.19 Floppy Disk
	20.20 Magnetic Hard Disk
	20.21 Computer Aided Tomography
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	Objectives Questions
	Exercises
	Short−Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 21. Dielectric Materials
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Definitions
	21.3 Different Types of Polarisations
	21.4 Local or Internal Field
	21.5 Types of Dielectric Materials
	21.6 Classification of Electrical Insulating Materials
	21.7 Claussius-Mosotti Equation
	21.8 Experimental Determination of Dielectric Constant
	21.9 Dielectric Loss
	21.10 Dielectric Breakdown
	21.11 Ferroelectric Material
	21.12 Dielectric Properties
	21.13 Active and Passive Dielectrics
	21.14 Frequency and Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties
	21.15 Uses of Dielectric MateRials
	21.16 Application
	Keypoints to Remember
	Solved Problems
	One Mark Question
	Exercises
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 22. Shape Memory Alloys
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Origin of Shape Memory Alloys
	22.3 Principle of Phase Transformation in Shape Memory Alloys
	22.4 Shape Memory Alloys—Properties
	22.5 Processing Techniques
	22.6 Characterisation Techniques
	22.7 Commercial Shape Memory Alloys
	22.8 Shape Memory Alloys-Applications
	22.9 Shape Memory Alloys-Disadvantages
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 23. Nonlinear Materials
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Basic Principle
	23.3 Classification of Nonlinear Materials
	23.4 Nonlinear Properties
	23.5 Nonlinear Materials
	23.6 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 24. Metallic Glasses
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Origin of Metallic Glasses
	24.3 Principle
	24.4 Preparation
	24.5 Properties
	24.6 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short−Answer Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 25. Biomaterials
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Biomechanism
	25.3 Development of Biomaterials
	25.4 Classification of Biomaterials
	25.5 Processing and Properties
	25.6 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 26. Nanomaterial Synthesis
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials
	26.3 Top-Down Approach-Nanomaterials Synthesis
	26.4 Bottom Up Process—Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	26.5 Vapour Phase Deposition
	26.6 Epitaxial Techniques—Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	26.7 Chemical Methods—Nanomaterial Synthesis
	26.8 Hybrid Methods—Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	26.9 Nanotechnology and Environment
	26.10 Properties and Possible Applications
	26.11 Storage
	Keypoints to Remember
	One Mark Question
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Chapter 27. Nanodevices
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Nanomagnets
	27.3 Classifications of Nanomagnetic Materials
	27.4 Magneto Resistances
	27.5 Probing Nanomagnetic Materials
	27.6 Nanomagnetism in Technology
	27.7 Applications of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Devices
	27.8 Applications of Semiconductor Nanostructure
	27.9 Organic Semiconductor Materials Devices
	27.10 Carbon Nanotubes
	27.11 Types of Carbon Nanotubes
	27.12 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
	27.13 Properties of CNT
	27.14 Applications
	Keypoints to Remember
	Objectives Questions
	Short Questions
	Descriptive Questions
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4