Engineering of glacial deposits

Content: Chapter 1 Introduction    1.1 Introduction    1.2 Glaciation    1.3 Engineering glacial soils    1.4 Glacial Soil     1.5 The evolution of glacial geology    1.6 'The past is the key to the present'    1.7 'Glacial soils are the most variable of all soils'    1.8 'We know more about the stars above us than the soils beneath our feet' (Leonardo da Vinci, c 1600)    1.9 Observations    Chapter 2 Glacial Geology    2.1 Introduction    2.2 Glacial Soils    2.2.1 Facies    2.2.2 Primary Deposits    2.2.2.1 Subglacial Traction Till    2.2.2.1.1 Glaciotectonite    2.2.2.1.2 Deformation Till    2.2.2.1.3 Lodgement Till    2.2.2.1.4 Comminution Till    2.2.2.2 Melt Out Till    2.2.3 Secondary Deposits    2.2.3.1 Glaciofluvial Deposits    2.2.3.2 Glacial Sedimentation    2.2.3.2.1 Glaciolacustrine Deposits    2.2.3.2.2 Glaciomarine Deposits    2.3 Glacial Landforms    2.3.1 Subglacial Landforms Formed by Ice    2.3.1.1 Drumlins    2.3.1.2 Flutes    2.3.1.3 Rogens (ribbed moraines)    2.3.1.4 Erratics    2.3.2 Subglacial Landforms Formed by Water     2.3.3 Ice Margin Moraines    2.3.3.1 Push Moraines    2.3.3.2 Dump Moraines    2.3.3.3 Ablation Moraines    2.3.4 Glaciofluvial Ice Marginal Landforms    2.4 Glacial Land systems    2.5 Glacial Dynamics    2.5.1 Glacier Movement due to Substrate Deformation    2.5.2 Sliding    2.5.3 Friction and Sliding    2.5.4 Erosion    2.5.5 Deposition    2.6 Subglacial Deformation    2.6.1 Hydraulic Conditions    2.6.2 Deformation    2.6.3 Local Deformation    2.7 Observations    Chapter 3 Ground Investigation     3.1 Introduction    3.2 Design of a Ground Investigation    3.3 Desk Study    3.4 Site Reconnaissance     3.5 Preliminary Investigation    3.6 The Main Investigation    3.6.1 Field Work    3.6.1.1 Field Investigation    3.6.1.2 Sampling    3.6.1.3 Groundwater Profile    3.6.2 Field Tests    3.6.2.1 Penetration Tests    3.6.2.1.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)    3.6.2.1.2 Dynamic Probe (DPT    3.6.2.1.3 Electric Cone (CPT)    3.6.2.2 Pressuremeter Tests    3.6.2.3 Other Tests    3.6.2.3.1 Vane Test    3.6.2.3.2 Marchetti Dilatometer    3.6.2.3.3 Plate Test    3.6.2.4 Geophysical Tests    3.6.2.5 Remote Sensing    3.6.3 Laboratory Tests    3.6.3.1 Classification Tests    3.6.3.2 Geotechnical Characteristics    3.6.3.2.1 Strength Tests    3.6.3.2.2 Stiffness    3.6.3.2.3 Conductivity    3.7 The Report    3.8 Observations    Chapter 4 Characterisation of Glacial Soils    4.1 Introduction    4.2 The challenges of assessing properties of glacial soils    4.3 Description    4.4 Classification    4.4.1 Water Content    4.4.2 Particle Size Distribution    4.4.3 Consistency Limits    4.4.4 Density    4.4.5 Density Index    4.4.6 Strength Index    4.5 Geotechnical Characteristics    4.5.1 In situ stresses    4.5.2 Strength    4.5.2.1 Field Tests    4.5.2.2 Direct Shear Test    4.5.2.3 Triaxial Test    4.5.2.4 CBR Test    4.5.2.5 Undrained Shear Strength    4.5.2.6 Effective Strength    4.5.2.8 Unsaturated Strength    4.5.3 Compressibility and Deformation    4.5.3.1 One dimensional consolidation tests    4.5.3.2 Triaxial consolidation tests    4.5.3.3 Stiffness    4.5.3.4 Partially Saturated Soils    4.5.4 Conductivity    4.5.4.1 Triaxial Permeability Test    4.5.4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity    4.6 Selection of Geotechnical Characteristics    4.6.1 Frameworks    4.6.2 Databases    4.7 Observations    Chapter 5 Earthworks - Slopes, Cuttings, Embankments and Tunnels    5.1 Introduction    5.2 Overall Stability    5.2.1 Stability of Slopes    5.2.2 Mobilised Strength    5.2.3 Pore Pressures    5.2.4 Fabric and Structure    5.2.5 Methods of Analysis    5.3 Natural Slopes    5.3.1 Inland Slopes    5.3.2 Coastal Cliffs    5.3.3 Recommendations    5.4 Earthworks    5.4.1 Soil Properties    5.4.2 Selecting Fill Materials    5.4.3 Excavations    5.4.4 Compaction Tests    5.4.5 Compaction Processes    5.4.6 Embankments    5.4.7 Earth Dams    5.4.8 Cuttings    5.5 Slope Stabilisation    5.5.1 Soil Nailing    5.5.2 Drainage Systems    5.6 Ground Improvement    5.7 Tunnels    5.8 Observations    Chapter 6 Geotechnical Structures - Spread Foundations, Piled Foundations and Retaining Structures    6.1 Introduction    6.2 Design Philosophy    6.3 Methods of Analysis    6.3.1 Factors of Safety    6.3.2 Design Factors    6.3.3 Partial Factors of Safety    6.4 Geotechnical Design Report    6.5 Spread Foundation    6.5.1 Bearing Resistance    6.5.2 Settlement    6.5.3 Caissons and Piers    6.5.4 Recommendations    6.6 Piled Foundation    6.6.1 Pile Design    6.6.2 Axially Loaded Piles    6.6.2.1 Compressive Capacity    6.6.2.2 Coarse Grained Soils    6.6.2.3 Fine Grained Soils    6.6.2.4 Other Design Methods    6.6.3 Vertical Displacements    6.6.4 Pile Groups    6.6.5 Tensile Capacity    6.6.6 Transverse Loaded Piles    6.6.7 Pile Tests in Glacial Soils    6.6.8 Case Studies of Piles in Glacial Soils    6.6.9 Recommendations    6.7 Retaining Structures    6.7.1 Earth Pressures    6.7.2 Limit States    6.7.3 Recommendations    6.8 Anchors    6.8.1 Recommendations    6.9 Observations    Chapter 7 Recommendations    7.1 Introduction    7.2 The Strategy    7.2.1 Topographical Survey    7.2.2 Geomorphological Study    7.2.3 Geological Investigation    7.2.4 Hydrogelogical Model    7.2.5 Geotechnical Model    7.3 Selection of Design Properties    7.4 Observations    References    Appendix 1 Symbols    Appendix 2 Glossary