Engineering hydrology of arid and semi-arid regions

Appendix A: Conversion Tables......Page 1
PRESSURE CONVERSIONS......Page 4
Appendix B: Glossary......Page 5
REFERENCES......Page 19
C.1.1 GENERAL REMARK......Page 20
C.1.2 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 21
C.1.3 GUMBEL’S METHOD......Page 22
C.1.3.1 Application of Gumbel’s Equation......Page 23
C.1.3.1.1 Gumbel Probability Paper......Page 27
C.1.3.1.2 Confidence Limits......Page 29
C.1.4 LOG-PEARSON TYPE-III DISTRIBUTION......Page 31
C.1.7 LIMITATION OF FREQUENCY STUDIES......Page 34
C.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS......Page 35
C.2.2 THE STOCHASTIC PROCESS......Page 37
C.2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF T......Page 38
C.2.4 DEFINITION OF F PARAMETERS......Page 40
C.2.5 THE HURST PHENOMENON......Page 45
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 46
D.2 MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 48
D.2.1 STEP 1 伀倀吀䤀伀一䄀䰀......Page 50
D.2.4 STEP 4......Page 51
D.2.5 STEP 5......Page 52
D.2.8 STEP 8......Page 53
CONCLUSION......Page 63
1.1 GENERAL REMARKS......Page 64
1.2 ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY FOR ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS......Page 65
1.2.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN......Page 66
1.2.2 MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES......Page 67
1.2.3 IRRIGATION......Page 68
1.2.4 FLOOD CONTROL......Page 69
1.2.5 EROSION CONTROL......Page 70
1.3 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE......Page 72
1.4 HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS......Page 74
1.5 WADI HYDROLOGY......Page 75
1.6 MODELING......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 78
HYDROLOGICAL REFERENCES......Page 79
HYDROLOGIC MODELS......Page 80
2.2 SOLAR AND EARTH RADIATION......Page 82
2.3.2 TERMINOLOGY......Page 83
2.4.1 PROPERTIES OF WATER VAPOR......Page 84
2.4.2.3 Relative Humidity......Page 86
2.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF WIND......Page 88
2.5.2 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF WIND......Page 90
2.6.1 CLIMATE AND HUMAN ACTIVITY......Page 91
2.6.2 SOLAR VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 95
3.2 FORMS OF PRECIPITATION......Page 97
3.2.6 HAIL......Page 98
3.3.2 CYCLONE......Page 99
3.3.4 CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION......Page 100
3.3.6 PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT......Page 101
3.4 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION......Page 102
3.4.2.1 Tipping-Bucket Gauges......Page 103
3.4.2.3 Float-Type Gauges......Page 104
3.4.4 RADAR MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL......Page 105
3.4.5.1 Polar-Orbiting or Active Satellites......Page 106
3.4.5.2 Geostationary Satellites......Page 107
3.5 PRECIPITATION GAUGE NETWORK......Page 108
3.6.1 ESTIMATING MISSING PRECIPITATION DATA......Page 110
3.6.2 DOUBLE-MASS ANALYSIS......Page 111
3.7.3 ISOHYETAL METHOD......Page 112
3.8 DESIGN STORMS......Page 114
3.8.1 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF POINT RAINFALL......Page 115
3.8.4 INTENSITY–DURATION–FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP......Page 119
3.8.5 DEPTH?DURATION?FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP IN ARID REGIONS......Page 120
3.8.6 PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION......Page 122
3.8.7 TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 127
4.2 EVAPORATION......Page 129
4.2.1 EVAPORIMETERS......Page 130
4.2.2 PAN COEFFICIENT, CP......Page 131
4.3 EMPIRICAL EVAPORATION EQUATIONS......Page 132
4.4 ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION BY ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 134
4.4.2 ENERGY-BUDGET METHOD......Page 135
4.5 RESERVOIR EVAPORATION AND METHODS FOR ITS REDUCTION......Page 137
4.6.1 TRANSPIRATION......Page 138
4.6.3 MEASUREMENT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 139
4.6.4 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION EQUATIONS......Page 140
4.7 INTERCEPTION......Page 142
4.9.1 HOLTON INFILTRATION EQUATION......Page 143
4.9.2 GREEN–AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION......Page 144
4.9.3 NRCS CURVE-NUMBER MODEL......Page 148
4.9.4 INITIAL LOSS PLUS UNIFORM LOSS RATE......Page 153
4.10.2 RAINFALL SIMULATORS......Page 157
4.11 INFILTRATION INDEXES......Page 158
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 159
5.2 CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS......Page 161
5.2.2 DRAINAGE DENSITY......Page 163
5.2.3 SHAPE OF A DRAINAGE BASIN......Page 164
5.2.5 CHANNEL SLOPE......Page 165
5.2.7 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS......Page 166
5.2.8.1 Influent and Effluent Streams......Page 168
5.2.9.1 Kinematic-Wave Equation......Page 169
5.2.9.2 NRCS Method......Page 171
5.2.9.3 Kirpich Equation......Page 172
5.2.9.5 Kerby Equation......Page 173
5.2.11 FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF......Page 176
5.3.1 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS, CURVES, AND TABLES......Page 177
5.3.3 RATIONAL METHOD......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 180
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 181
6.2.1 STAFF GAUGES......Page 182
6.2.2 AUTOMATIC STAGE RECORDERS......Page 183
6.2.3 STAGE DATA......Page 184
6.3.1 VELOCITY MEASUREMENT BY FLOATS......Page 185
6.3.2 CHEMICAL GAUGING FOR STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 186
6.3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD......Page 187
6.3.4 ULTRASONIC METHOD......Page 188
6.4.1 WEIRS......Page 189
6.4.1.1 Clear over Fall Weir......Page 190
6.4.1.2 Standing Wave Weir......Page 191
6.4.2 CUT-THROAT FLUMES......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDROGRAPH......Page 194
7.3 HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION......Page 199
7.4 UNIT HYDROGRAPH CONCEPT......Page 200
7.4.3 AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF RUNOFF......Page 201
7.5 DERIVATION OF UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FROM SIMPLE HYDROGAPHS......Page 202
7.6 DERIVATION OF UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FROM COMPLEX STORMS......Page 203
7.7 UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FOR VARIOUS DURATIONS......Page 205
7.8.1 SNYDER METHOD......Page 208
7.8.2 NRCS DIMENSIONLESS UNIT HYDROGRAPH......Page 211
7.8.3 TRANSPOSING UNIT HYDROGRAPHS......Page 213
7.9 HYDROGRAPH OF OVERLAND FLOW......Page 215
7.9.1 DESIGN OF THE SIDE CHANNEL OF THE GUTTER......Page 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 222
8.2.1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION......Page 224
8.3.2 CHANNEL ROUTING......Page 226
8.3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSKINGUM ROUTING EQUATION......Page 227
8.3.4 MUSKINGUM–CUNGE CHANNEL ROUTING......Page 229
8.3.4.2 Data Requirements......Page 230
8.3.6 MODIFIED PULS RESERVOIR ROUTING......Page 233
8.4.1 MODEL DEVELOPMENT......Page 236
8.4.1.1 Model Constraints......Page 238
8.4.1.2.1 Effect of Varying HAD Releases......Page 239
8.4.1.2.2 Effect of Varying the Initial Water Level......Page 240
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 243
9.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSURFACE WATER......Page 244
9.3 GROUNDWATER FLOW THEORIES......Page 245
9.3.1 STEADY-STATE GROUNDWATER FLOW IN AQUIFERS......Page 247
9.3.2 UNSTEADY-STATE GROUNDWATER FLOW IN CONFINED AQUIFERS......Page 249
9.3.2.1 Basic Modified Equation......Page 250
9.3.2.2 Adjustment of the Modified Equations for Free-Aquifer Conditions......Page 252
9.3.2.3 Recovery Equation......Page 253
9.3.2.4 Drawdown Equation for Water-Table Conditions......Page 254
9.3.2.5 Unsteady-State Flow in Semiconfined Aquifers......Page 258
9.3.3 EFFECTS OF PARTIAL PENETRATION OF A WELL......Page 259
9.4.2 EFFECTIVE RADIUS......Page 262
9.4.4 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION......Page 263
9.5 SLUG TESTS......Page 264
9.6 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE......Page 267
9.7.1.1 Confined Aquifer......Page 271
9.7.1.2 Semiconfined Aquifer......Page 273
9.7.1.3 Water-Table Condition......Page 274
9.7.2 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE APPLICATION......Page 275
9.8 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION......Page 278
9.8.1 MIGRATION OF POLLUTANTS IN AQUIFERS......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 281
10.2 SEDIMENT-YIELD THEORIES......Page 282
10.2.1 DETERMINATION OF THE SOIL-ERODIBILITY FACTOR K......Page 284
10.2.3 DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS INFLUENCING EROSION-CONTROL PRACTICES......Page 285
10.3 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION......Page 286
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 290
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 291
11.2 CROSSING WORKS......Page 292
11.2.1.1 Calculating the Heading Up......Page 293
11.2.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERTS......Page 295
11.2.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SIPHONS......Page 298
11.2.4 HYDRAULIC DESIGN FOR AQUEDUCTS......Page 299
11.3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 300
11.3.2.1 Percolation or Seepage......Page 301
11.3.2.2 Uplift......Page 303
11.3.3 STORAGE WORKS......Page 305
11.3.3.1 Rainfall-Harvesting Storage System......Page 306
11.3.3.2 Check Dams......Page 307
11.3.3.3 Cistern Systems......Page 308
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 312
12.1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 314
12.1.2 MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 315
12.1.4 METHODOLOGY......Page 316
12.1.5 HYDROLOGIC STUDIES......Page 318
12.1.6 RAINFALL ANALYSIS......Page 319
12.1.8 APPLICATION OF WMS PROGRAM......Page 321
12.1.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 325
12.2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 326
12.2.2.1 Catchment Characteristics......Page 327
12.2.2.2 Rainfall Analysis......Page 329
12.2.2.3 Runoff Analysis......Page 331
12.2.3.2 Rainfall Analysis......Page 335
12.2.3.3 Runoff Analysis......Page 337
12.2.3.4 Cyclone Gonu Analysis......Page 339
12.2.3.5 Urbanized Study Area......Page 341
12.2.4 CONCLUSION......Page 344
12.3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 346
12.3.2 INITIAL AND CONSTANT LOSS METHOD......Page 347
12.3.3 SCS LOSS METHOD......Page 348
12.3.4 GREEN–AMPT METHOD......Page 349
12.3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLOOD EVENTS STUDIED......Page 350
12.3.6 DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS......Page 351
12.3.8 CALIBRATION PHASE......Page 352
12.3.9 VALIDATION PHASE......Page 355
12.3.10 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 356
12.4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 358
12.4.2.2 Hydrometeorological Data......Page 359
12.4.2.2.1 Curve Fitting of Intensity–Duration–Frequency Data......Page 362
12.4.2.2.3 Hydrologic Characteristics......Page 363
12.4.3.1 Construction of the Hydrologic Model......Page 366
12.4.3.3 Rainfall Input......Page 367
12.4.3.4 Design Flood Hydrographs......Page 370
12.4.4.1 Design Criteria......Page 372
12.4.4.3 Minimum Hydraulic Dimensions......Page 373
12.4.4.4 Proposed Alternatives for Main Wadis A and B......Page 376
12.4.4.5 Alternatives for Small Wadis......Page 377
12.4.4.5.1 Alternative 1 for Small Wadis: Culverts under the Wadis......Page 378
12.4.4.6 Recommended Flood Protection Scheme......Page 379
12.4.4.7 Fill Methodology......Page 380
12.4.4.8 Comments on the Preliminary Proposed Master Plan......Page 381
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 382
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY of ARID and SEMI-ARID REGIONS......Page 384
Contents......Page 386
Preface......Page 394
Author......Page 396