Engineering Drawing for PTU (Subject Code: ME-102)

Cover
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Abbreviations, Symbols and Notations
	Abbreviations
	Symbols and Notations
Preface
Roadmap to the Syllabus
Chapter 1: Basics of Engineering Drawing
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Drawing Instruments
		1.2.1 Drawing Board
		1.2.2 Minidrafter
		1.2.3 Precision Instrument Box
		1.2.4 Set Squares
		1.2.5 Engineers’ Scales
		1.2.6 Protractor
		1.2.7 Irregular or French Curves
		1.2.8 Spring Clips
		1.2.9 Drawing Papers
		1.2.10 Pencils
		1.2.11 Erasers
		1.2.12 Erasing Shields
		1.2.13 Templates
		1.2.14 Dusters
		1.2.15 Flexible Curves
		1.2.16 Tracing Paper
		1.2.17 T-Square
	1.3 Title Block
	Review Questions
Chapter 2: Symbolic Lines and Lettering
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Symbolic Lines
	2.3 Lettering
	2.4 General Rules for Lettering
	Exercises
Chapter 3: Scales
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Representative Fraction
	3.3 Construction of Scales
	3.4 Types of Scales
		3.4.1 Plain Scales
		3.4.2 Diagonal Scales
		3.4.3 Vernier Scales
		3.4.4 Comparative Scales
		3.4.5 Scale of Chords
	Exercises
Chapter 4: Projections of Points and Lines
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Orthographic Projections
	4.3 First-angle Projections
	4.4 Second-, Third- and Fourth-angle Projections
	4.5 Projections of Lines
	4.6 Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes
	4.7 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined to the Other Reference Plane
	4.8 Projections of Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
	4.9 Problems Related to Lines Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
		4.9.1 To Find the True Length of a Line
		4.9.2 To Find the Angle of Inclination
	4.10 Traces of a Line
	4.11 Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT
	4.12 Procedure when the HT and/or the VT is Given
	4.13 Side Views
	4.14 Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB
and Ground Line XY
	Exercises
Chapter 5: Projections on Auxiliary Reference Planes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Auxiliary Plane Method
		5.2.1 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP)
		5.2.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP)
	5.3 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View (AFV)
	5.4 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View (ATV)
	Exercises
Chapter 6: Projections of Planes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Positions of Planes
		6.2.1 Planes Parallel to the VP
		6.2.2 Planes Parallel to the HP
		6.2.3 Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP
		6.2.4 Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP
		6.2.5 Planes Inclined to Both the Reference Planes
		6.2.6 Trace of a Plane
	6.3 Positions When the Shape and Size in the Front View and/or Top View are Given
	Exercises
		Two Step Problems
		Three Step Problems
Chapter 7: Projections of Solids
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Solids
		7.2.1 Prisms and Pyramids
		7.2.2 Cylinders and Cones
		7.2.3 Frustums
	7.3 Orthographic Projections of Solids
		7.3.1 Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to One of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two
		7.3.2 Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other
	7.4 Additional Points for Two-step Problems
		7.4.1 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP
		7.4.2 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP and Inclined at φ to the VP
	7.5 Deciding the Position of the Axis
	7.6 Visibility of Surfaces
	7.7 Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to Both the HP and the VP
	7.8 Projections of Spheres
	7.9 Projections of Oblique Solids
	Exercises
Chapter 8: Multiview Orthographic Projections
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Multiview Orthographic Projections
	8.3 Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces
	8.4 Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection
		8.4.1 Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface of an Object in a Pictorial View
		8.4.2 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views
	Exercises
Chapter 9: Auxiliary Views
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Front Auxiliary View
	9.3 The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation
	9.4 The Side Auxiliary View
	9.5 Partial Views
	9.6 Drawing the Apparent Shapes of Surfaces
	Exercises
Chapter 10: Sections of Solids
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Cutting Planes
	10.3 Sections and Sectional Views
	10.4 Drawing Sectional Views
	10.5 Locating the CP Position When the True Shape
of a Section is Known
		10.5.1 Hints to Remember
		10.5.2 The Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane
	Exercises
Chapter 11: Sectional Views
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Projections of Sectional Views
	11.3 Hatching Lines
	11.4 Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts
	11.5 Types of Sectional Views
		11.5.1 Full-sectional View
		11.5.2 Half-sectional View
		11.5.3 Offset Sections
		11.5.4 Revolved Sections
		11.5.5 Removed Sections
		11.5.6 Partial Section or Broken Section
	Exercises
Chapter 12: Isometric Projections
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Types of Pictorial Projections
	12.3 Isometric Projections
		12.3.1 The Isometric Scale
		12.3.2 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects
		12.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object
		12.3.4 The Isometric Projection of a Sphere
Chapter 13: Dimensioning and Free-Hand Sketching
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Dimensioning
		13.2.1 Dimension Lines
		13.2.2 Extension or Projection Lines
		13.2.3 Leaders
	13.3 Dimensioning Systems
	13.4 Dimensioning Principles
	13.5 Dimensioning Pictorial Views
	13.6 Free-Hand Sketching
		13.6.1 Materials Required for Sketching
		13.6.2 Sketching Straight Lines
		13.6.3 Sketching Circles
		13.6.4 Sketching Multiview Orthographic Projections
	Exercises
Chapter 14: Reading Orthographic Projections
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Reading Orthographic Projections
	14.3 Reading Orthographic Projections by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces
	14.4 Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane Surface
		14.4.1 Missing Views and Lines in Orthographic Projections
	Exercises
Chapter 15: Development of Surfaces
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Understanding the Development of Surfaces
	15.3 Methods for Development
	15.4 Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces
		15.4.1 The Line Method
		15.4.2 The Cutting Plane Method
	Exercises
Chapter 16: Intersection of Surfaces
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Determination of the Curve of Intersection
	16.3 The Line Method
	16.4 Procedure for the Line Method
	16.5 Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection
		16.5.1 Determining Cut-off Portions of Lines
on the Penetrated Solid
		16.5.2 Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole
	16.6 The Cutting Plane Method
	Exercises
Chapter 17: Oblique Parallel Projections and Perspective 0Projections
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Oblique Parallel Projections
	17.3 The Oblique Parallel Projections of a Cube
	17.4 Perspective Projections
		17.4.1 Terminology
		17.4.2 Theory of Perspective Projections
		17.4.3 The Visual Ray Method
		17.4.4 The Vanishing Point Method
		17.4.5 Important Points About Perspective Projections
	Exercises
Chapter 18: Computer-Aided Drafting
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Using AutoCAD
		18.2.1 A Mouse
		18.2.2 A Keyboard
	18.3 AutoCAD Command Access
	18.4 Menus and Toolbars
	18.5 Toolbars
		18.5.1 Opening a File
		18.5.2 Saving a File
	18.6 Execution of Commands
		18.6.1 The Donut and Spline Commands
		18.6.2 The Line Command
		18.6.3 The Coordinate Systems Command
		18.6.4 The Polygon Command
		18.6.5 The Circle Command
		18.6.6 The Arc Command
		18.6.7 The Ellipse Command
		18.6.8 The Hatch Command
		18.6.9 The Zoom Command
		18.6.10 The Regen Command
		18.6.11 The UCS Command
		18.6.12 The Units Command
		18.6.13 Drawing Limits
		18.6.14 The Grid Command
		18.6.15 The Offset Command
		18.6.16 The Change Command
		18.6.17 The Chprop Command
		18.6.18 The Erase Command
		18.6.19 The Trim Command
		18.6.20 The Array Command
		18.6.21 The Mirror Command
		18.6.22 The Copy Command
		18.6.23 The Move Command
		18.6.24 The Chamfer Command
		18.6.25 The Fillet Command
		18.6.26 The Pedit Command
		18.6.27 The Dimension Command
		18.6.28 The Extend Command
		18.6.29 The Lengthen Command
		18.6.30 The Rotate, Extrude and Revolve Commands
	18.7 Three-Dimensional Modelling
		18.7.1 The Wire Frame Model
		18.7.2 The Surface Model
		18.7.3 The Solid Model
	Exercises
Short-Answer Questions
Solved Question Papers
	Solutions
Index