Engineering Data Book

Z......Page 10
Steam tables......Page 11
Flash steam......Page 14
Saturated steam pipeline capacities at specific velocities......Page 15
Velocity method......Page 16
Chart......Page 17
Pressure drop method......Page 18
Chart......Page 19
Steam pressure reduction and potential for superheat......Page 20
Flash steam velocity method......Page 21
Warming up losses......Page 22
Running losses......Page 23
One hour warm up/running loads (kg/h) per 50m of steam main......Page 24
General......Page 25
Stall chart (to use)......Page 26
Sizing......Page 27
Other examples of how to use the stall chart......Page 28
Steam/fuel wastage through leaks......Page 29
pH value......Page 30
pH chart......Page 31
Softening......Page 32
Dealkalization......Page 33
Demineralization......Page 34
Boiler water TDS measurement......Page 35
Controlling the TDS......Page 36
SECTION 2 - Steam consumption and heating......Page 37
Comparison of steam, high temperature hot water and high temperature oil......Page 38
Tanks and vats......Page 39
Heating calorifiers......Page 42
Hot water storage calorifiers......Page 43
General......Page 44
Steam tracer loads......Page 48
Tank water heating......Page 52
Relative densities/specific heat capacities of various materials......Page 45
Various materials......Page 46
Gases and vapours......Page 47
Rule of thumb heat loss......Page 53
U values, definitions and symbols......Page 54
U values......Page 55
U values for external walls (Curtain wall construction)......Page 56
U values for external walls (Framed construction)......Page 57
U values for flat or pitched roofs......Page 58
U values for pitched roofs (35 o Slope)......Page 59
U values for suspended timber floors directly above ground.......Page 60
U values for glazing (without frames)......Page 61
Typical HWS storage and boiler power......Page 62
Effects of various condition alterations to pump characteristics......Page 64
Flow of water at 75 o C in black steel pipes......Page 66
Velocity head factor for pipe fittings and equipment......Page 71
SECTION 3 - Humidification......Page 74
Psychrometric chart......Page 75
Explained......Page 76
Calculating humidification loads......Page 77
Relationship of effective temperature, wet-bulb/dry-bulb temperatures and relative humidity......Page 78
Steam .v. water......Page 79
SECTION 4 - Metering......Page 80
terminology......Page 81
Errors due to absence of density compensation......Page 82
SECTION 5 - Controls......Page 84
Process control devices, typical mix with system elements......Page 85
Valve authority......Page 86
Steam (saturated and superheated) sizing......Page 87
sizing chart......Page 88
Water sizing......Page 89
Sizing chart......Page 90
Characteristics......Page 92
Rangeability......Page 93
Types......Page 94
PN Controls - combinations of valve & actuator actions......Page 98
Safety valve selection and sizing......Page 99
Selection and sizing......Page 100
Relationship of system design pressure to safety valve set pressure etc.......Page 101
SECTION 6 - Standards and materials......Page 102
Standards - national, european and international......Page 103
Piping systems......Page 104
Guidance notes......Page 105
Steel......Page 109
Cast iron......Page 115
SG (ductile) iron......Page 118
Copper alloy......Page 121
Screwed......Page 125
Butt weld......Page 126
materials comparison, quick reference......Page 128
Typical mechanical properties SG iron, gunmetal, cast steel and cast iron......Page 129
Stainless steels — properties and composition......Page 130
Austenitic steels - comparison table......Page 131
Product limitations......Page 132
Product limitations (cont’d)......Page 133
General......Page 134
for group B austenitic steel flanges......Page 135
SECTION 7 - Sundries......Page 136
Cost of steam......Page 137
Steam produced per unit of fuel......Page 139
Area of circles and cubic capacity in litres/metre of length (cont'd)......Page 140
Units......Page 141
Conversion tables......Page 142
Approximate conversion factors......Page 145
IP Classification of enclosures......Page 146
Valves-specific types......Page 147
Pipeline flexibility......Page 148
Pipeline features and general equipment......Page 149
Electrical circuit symbols and notations......Page 150
Switches, fuses and contacts......Page 151
Switches, fuses and contacts (cont'd)......Page 152
Circuit components......Page 153
Circuit components (cont'd)......Page 154
Thermal expansions of pipes......Page 155
Corrosion resistance of metals and elastomers......Page 156
Compressed air......Page 174
Power required to compress air......Page 175
Sizing mains and interconnecting pipework......Page 176
Volume of compressed air carried by medium grade steel pipes......Page 177
Pressure drop in steel pipes 15-100mm (nomogram)......Page 178
Pressure drop in pipes and tubes 2.5 - 15 mm (nomogram)......Page 179
Pipe carrying capacities at varying velocities (nomogram)......Page 180
Pipe/tube dimensions......Page 181
Typical compressed air installation......Page 182
INDEX......Page 186
P + I Control......Page 96
Proportional Control (P control)......Page 95
P + I + D Control......Page 97
Pump curves (typical)......Page 63