Energy Management Handbook

Energy Management Handbook......Page 1
FOREWORD TO THE FOURTH EDITION......Page 9
FOREWORD TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 10
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION......Page 11
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 12
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 13
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 14
CONTENTS......Page 3
1.1 BACKGROUND......Page 15
1.2 THE VALUE OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT......Page 16
1.3 THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROFESSION......Page 17
1.4 SOME SUGGESTED PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 20
2.2 ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM......Page 21
2.3.1 Energy Manager......Page 22
2.3.2 Energy Team......Page 23
2.3.3 Employees......Page 24
2.5 PLANNING......Page 25
2.6 AUDIT PLANNING......Page 26
2.7.2 Energy Team Training......Page 27
2.9 REPORTING......Page 28
2.11.1 Situation Analysis......Page 29
1. Energy Manager......Page 30
Appendix C......Page 31
3.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT......Page 35
Airflow Measurement Devices......Page 36
Rate Structures......Page 37
Physical and Operational Data for the Facility......Page 39
Audit Interviews......Page 40
What to Look for......Page 41
Lighting ECO......Page 42
Energy Audit Report Format......Page 43
3.4.2 Blower Door......Page 44
3.5.2 Audit Services......Page 45
Safety Considerations......Page 46
Specialized Equipment......Page 47
3.6.4 Conducting the Audit......Page 48
Particulates......Page 49
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 50
4.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 51
4.3.3 Cash Flow Diagrams......Page 52
4.4 SOURCES OF FUNDS......Page 53
4.5.1 After Tax Cash Flows......Page 54
4.5.2 Depreciation......Page 55
4.6.2 The Mathematics of Interest......Page 56
4.6.3 Simple Interest......Page 57
4.6.4 Compound Interest......Page 58
4.6.5 Single Sum Cash Flows......Page 59
4.6.7 Uniform Series Cash Flows......Page 60
4.6.9 Summary of Time Value of Money Factors......Page 62
4.6.10 The Concepts of Equivalence and Indifference......Page 63
4.7.2 Present Worth......Page 64
4.7.4 Internal Rate of Return......Page 66
4.7.5 Saving Investment Ratio......Page 67
4.7.6 Payback Period......Page 68
4.8.2 Deterministic Unconstrained Analysis......Page 69
4.8.3 Deterministic Constrained Analysis......Page 70
4.8.5 The Planning Horizon Issue......Page 73
4.9.2 Interpolating Interest Tables......Page 75
4.9.3 Non-Annual Interest Compounding......Page 76
4.9.4 Economic Analysis Under Inflation......Page 77
4.9.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Risk Analysis......Page 78
4.10 SUMMARY AND ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS......Page 80
4.11 References......Page 81
5.2.1 Boiler Energy Consumption......Page 98
5.2.3 Efficiency......Page 99
5.3 KEY ELEMENTS FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY......Page 100
5.3.1 Excess Air......Page 102
How to Test for Relative Efficiency......Page 103
Guidelines for Day-to-Day Operation......Page 106
Where to Look......Page 107
Modifications or Additions for Maximum Economy......Page 109
5.3.3 Waste-Heat-Steam Generation......Page 112
Equipment Efficiency Characteristics......Page 115
Guidelines for Day-to-Day Operation......Page 118
Where to Look For Energy-Saving Opportunities......Page 119
Tests and Evaluations......Page 120
Energy Conservation Methods......Page 121
Modifications Required for Maximum Economy......Page 126
Classifications......Page 127
Pour Point......Page 128
Atomization......Page 129
Enhancing Coal-Firing Efficiency......Page 130
How to Test for Relative Operating Efficiency......Page 131
Modifications for Maximum Economy......Page 132
Bibliography......Page 133
ULTRA HIGH EFFICIENCY......Page 134
WATER QUALITY AND EMISSIONS......Page 135
OVERALL DIRECT CONTACT EFFICIENCY......Page 136
6.1.1 Components of Steam and Condensate Systems......Page 137
6.2.1 Definitions and Terminology......Page 138
6.2.3 Properties of Superheated Steam......Page 142
6.2.4 Heat-Transfer Characteristics of Steam......Page 144
6.3.1 Determining Steam Requirements......Page 145
6.3.2 Estimating Surface and Leakage Losses......Page 147
6.3.3 Measuring Steam and Condensate Rates......Page 148
6.3.4 Computing the Dollar Value of Steam......Page 150
6.4.1 Functions of Steam Traps......Page 151
6.4.2 Types of Steam Traps and Their Selection......Page 152
6.4.3 Considerations in Steam Trap Sizing......Page 154
6.4.4 Maintaining Steam Traps for Efficient Operation......Page 157
6.5.1 Estimation of Heat and Mass Losses in Condensate Systems......Page 159
6.5.2 Methods of Condensate Heat Recovery......Page 160
6.5.3 Overall Planning Considerations in Condensate Recovery Systems......Page 165
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 166
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 167
7.2.1 General Considerations and Definitions......Page 169
7.2.2.1 Steam Turbine Systems......Page 171
7.2.2.2 Gas Turbine Systems......Page 176
7.2.2.4 Distributed Generation......Page 179
Reciprocating Engines......Page 180
Photovoltaics......Page 181
7.2.4.1 General Approaches For Design and Evaluation......Page 182
7.2.4.3 Cogeneration System Selection and Sizing.......Page 183
7.3.1 CELCAP......Page 184
7.3.2 COGENMASTER......Page 186
Cogeneration Facilities......Page 187
Avoided Costs......Page 188
7.5.1 General Considerations......Page 189
7.5.2 Cogeneration Evaluation Case Examples......Page 190
7.6 CLOSURE......Page 196
APPRECIATION......Page 198
8.1.3 Potential for Waste-Heat Recovery in Industry......Page 199
8.1.5 Matching Loads to Source......Page 200
8.1.6 Classifying Waste-Heat Quality......Page 201
8.1.7 Storage of Waste Heat......Page 202
8.1.8 Enhancing Waste Heat with Heat Pumps......Page 204
8.1.10 Open Waste-Heat Exchangers......Page 205
8.1.13 Runaround Systems......Page 206
8.2.2 Measurements......Page 207
8.2.4 Constructing the Heat-Balance Diagram......Page 209
8.2.5 Constructing Daily Waste-Heat Source and Load Diagrams......Page 212
Stack-Gas Stream......Page 213
8.3.2 Steady-State Heat Exchangers......Page 214
8.3.4 Filtering or Fouling......Page 215
8.3.6 Corrosion Control......Page 216
8.4.1 Introduction......Page 217
8.4.2 Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers: Recuperators......Page 218
8.4.3 Heat Wheels......Page 220
8.4.4 Passive Air Preheaters......Page 221
8.4.5 Gas or Liquid-to-Liquid Regenerators: The Boiler Economizer......Page 223
8.4.7 Waste-Heat Boilers......Page 224
8.5.1 General......Page 225
References......Page 226
9.1.1 Characteristics of Building Energy Consumption......Page 227
9.1.3 Temperatures for Instantaneous Calculations......Page 228
9.2.1 Heat Loss Through Opaque Envelope Components......Page 229
9.2.3 Insulation Penetrations......Page 230
9.3 METAL ELEMENTS IN ENVELOPE COMPONENTS......Page 231
9.3.1 Using Parallel-Path Correction Factors......Page 232
9.3.5 Metal Elements in Metal Building Walls......Page 233
9.3.7.2 Use “Thermal” Girts......Page 234
9.3.8 Calculating U-factors for Metal Building Walls......Page 235
9.4.2 Insulation Installed “Over-the-Purlin”......Page 236
9.4.2.1 Calculating Roof Performance for "Over-the-Purlin" Installations......Page 237
9.4.3.2 Use Thermal Spacers Between Purlin and Standing Seam Roof Deck......Page 238
9.5.1 Floors Over Crawl Spaces......Page 239
9.5.2 Floors On Grade......Page 240
9.6.2 Gas Space Between Panes......Page 241
9.6.5 Spacers......Page 242
9.6.8 Doors......Page 243
9.7.2 Estimating Infiltration for Complex Commercial Buildings......Page 244
9.7.3 An Infiltration Estimate Example......Page 245
9.10.1 Degree Days......Page 246
9.10.3 Using Linear Regression for Envelope Analysis......Page 248
9.10.5 Improving the Accuracy of the Building Load Coefficient Estimate......Page 250
9.11.1 The Temperature Bin Method......Page 251
9.12.1.2 The Building Envelope Tradeoff Option......Page 252
9.14.1 References......Page 253
10.2 SURVEYING EXISTING CONDITIONS......Page 254
10.3 HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT......Page 255
10.4 HVAC SYSTEM TYPES......Page 256
Single Duct Systems......Page 257
Dual Duct Systems......Page 261
10.4.2 All-Water Systems......Page 262
Fan-coils......Page 263
10.4.3 Air & Water systems - Induction......Page 264
10.4.4 Packaged systems......Page 265
10.5 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES......Page 266
Indoor Air Quality......Page 267
Operating Schedule......Page 268
Warm-up and Cool-down......Page 269
10.5.5 Economizers......Page 270
10.5.6 Control Strategies......Page 271
10.5.7 HVAC Equipment......Page 273
Equipment Efficiency......Page 274
System Modifications......Page 275
10.6.1 Chillers......Page 276
10.6.2 Absorption Chillers......Page 277
10.6.7 Water treatment......Page 278
References......Page 279
11.2 POWER SUPPLY......Page 280
11.4.4 Currents (MG 1 20.56.5)......Page 281
Code Letter......Page 282
Insulation Class......Page 283
Service Factor......Page 284
Pull Out Torque......Page 285
MAJOR BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR MPROVEMENT ARE:......Page 286
POWER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS6......Page 287
POWER SURVEY......Page 288
Loads......Page 289
11.13 AMPERAGE READINGS4......Page 291
Determination of Motor Efficiency and Losses (MG-1-12.54.1)......Page 292
Efficiency Levels of Energy Efficient Polyphase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors (MG 1-12.55A)......Page 293
Affinity Laws or Fan Laws......Page 297
Applications Involving Throttling or By-pass Control.......Page 298
11.20 MOTOR PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS (MPMP)......Page 300
11.21 HOW TO START MPMP.......Page 301
11.22 NAMEPLATE GLOSSARY......Page 304
References......Page 305
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE TYPES......Page 306
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE APPLICATIONS......Page 308
Industrial Chiller Plant......Page 309
References......Page 310
Shaft-Mounted Styles......Page 314
ENERGY SAVINGS......Page 315
For Retrofit Applications:......Page 317
Method 1: Pulley Ratio Method......Page 318
Method 2: Rpm Ratio Method......Page 319
12.1.1 Direct Digital Control......Page 321
12.1.2 Hardware......Page 322
12.1.3 Software......Page 324
12.1.4 Control Strategies......Page 325
12.2 JUSTIFICATION OF EMCSs......Page 327
12.2.1 An EMCS Opportunity......Page 328
12.2.2 The EMCS Retrofit......Page 330
12.3.3 Input/Output Point Definition......Page 332
12.3.5 Specifics of Software Logic......Page 333
Communications Technology......Page 335
12.3.8 Tackling the Human Dimension in EMCS Specifications......Page 337
12.3.9 Equipment and Contractor Qualification and Selection......Page 338
12.A1.0 GENERAL......Page 339
12.A2.0 ADMINISTRATIVE SEQUENCE LOGIC......Page 340
12.A3.0 SYSTEM SEQUENCE LOGIC......Page 341
12.A4.0 OPERATING SEQUENCE LOGIC......Page 342
12.B2.0 INSTALLATION PARTICULARS......Page 346
12.B7.0 DEVICES......Page 348
12.B8.0 OPERATING SYSTEM......Page 349
12.B9.0 SOFTWARE......Page 350
12.B10.0 ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS......Page 351
12.B12.0 SYSTEMS MANUAL......Page 352
12.B16.0 CONTRACTOR’S VERIFICATION OF SYSTEM PROGRAMMING......Page 353
12.B18.0 AS BUILT DRAWINGS......Page 354
THE DDC DICTIONARY......Page 355
EMCS MANUFACTURERS DIRECTORY......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
13.2.1.1 Units......Page 359
13.2.1.2 IES Recommended Light Levels......Page 360
13.2.2 Lighting Quality......Page 361
Color Rendering Index (CRI)......Page 362
13.2.3.1 Lamps......Page 363
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)......Page 364
High Intensity Discharge (HID)......Page 365
Low Pressure Sodium......Page 366
Electronic......Page 367
Reflectors......Page 368
Light Distribution/Mounting Height......Page 369
Switches......Page 370
Occupancy Sensors......Page 371
Occupancy Sensors’ Effect on Lamp Life......Page 372
13.3.1 Identify necessary light quantities and qualities to perform tasks.......Page 373
Task lighting......Page 374
13.4.3 Group Re-lamping......Page 375
13.5.1 Fluorescent Ballasts......Page 376
Metal Halide Systems......Page 377
Remote Source Lighting and Fiber Optics......Page 378
Electrical Considerations......Page 379
Harmonics......Page 381
Crest Factor......Page 382
Implementation Tactics......Page 383
13.7 DAYLIGHTING......Page 384
13.8.1 Sample Retrofits......Page 386
13.10 SUMMARY......Page 390
13.11 GLOSSARY10......Page 398
13.12 REFERENCES......Page 401
14.1.1 Determine the Present Condition of the Facility......Page 403
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems......Page 404
Electrical System......Page 406
Hot-Water Distribution System......Page 407
Air Compressors and the Air Distribution System......Page 408
The Manufacturing Equipment System......Page 409
14.1.2 Prepare a List of Routine Maintenance Actions with Time Estimates, Materials, and Frequency for Each......Page 410
14.1.3 Prepare a Maintenance Schedule......Page 413
14.1.4 Follow-up and Monitoring......Page 414
Excess O2 in Stack Gas......Page 415
Flame Appearance......Page 417
14.2.2 Package Boilers......Page 418
Problems if Trap Fails Open......Page 420
Open Bucket Traps......Page 421
Float and Thermostatic Traps......Page 422
Steam Distribution System, Maintenance Frequency......Page 423
Engine......Page 424
14.4.1 Management Decisions......Page 425
Tires......Page 426
Choosing the Most Economical Speed......Page 427
Power-Factor Meter......Page 428
Industrial Light Meter......Page 429
14.5.5 Temperature Measurement......Page 430
14.5.7 Vibration Measurement......Page 431
14.6.2 Walk-Through Audit......Page 432
14.6.4 Monitoring......Page 433
14.7.1 Energy Maintenance Management Systems......Page 435
References......Page 436
Convection......Page 438
Thermal Resistance......Page 439
15.2.1 Important Properties......Page 440
Available Forms......Page 441
Expanded Perlite......Page 442
15.3 INSULATION SELECTION......Page 443
Operating Temperature......Page 444
Location......Page 445
Maintenance Cost......Page 447
The Heat Plant......Page 448
15.4 INSULATION THICKNESS DETERMINATION......Page 449
Thermal Equilibrium......Page 450
15.4.3 Personnel Protection......Page 451
Calculation......Page 452
Graphical Method......Page 454
Calculation......Page 455
Graphical Method......Page 456
Heat Flow for a Specified Thickness......Page 457
Thickness for a Specified Heat Loss......Page 458
Temperature Drop in a System......Page 459
15.4.6 Operating Conditions......Page 461
15.5 INSULATION ECONOMICS......Page 462
Lost Heat Costs......Page 463
Procedure......Page 464
Economic Calculations......Page 465
Minimum Annual Cost Analysis......Page 466
15.5.4 Economic Thickness (ETI) Calculations......Page 467
Historical development......Page 468
Computer Programs......Page 469
References......Page 471
16.2. 1 Availability......Page 472
16.2.2 Solar Collectors......Page 474
16.2.3 Thermal Storage Systems......Page 480
16.2.5 Sizing and Economics......Page 482
16.2.6 Solar Cells......Page 483
16.3. 1 Availability......Page 485
16.3.4 Wind Characteristics—Siting......Page 487
16.3.5 Performance of Turbines and Systems......Page 489
16.4.1 Process Wastes......Page 490
16.4.2 Refuse Preparation......Page 492
16.4.4 Refuse Combustion......Page 493
16.5 FUEL CELLS......Page 494
References......Page 497
17.1.4 Shift of Materials used in Construction......Page 498
17.1.11 “It’s No Problem Boss!”......Page 499
17.2.2 Causes of IEQ Problems......Page 500
17.3 SOLUTIONS AND PREVENTION OF IEQ PROBLEMS......Page 501
17.3.4 Establish Proactive Monitoring!......Page 502
17.3.6 Test, Adjust and Balance Again!......Page 503
17.3.11 Diligent Maintenance!......Page 504
References......Page 506
18.2 UTILITY COSTS......Page 507
Demand Charge......Page 508
18.4 INNOVATIVE RATE TYPES......Page 509
Energy Usage Measured in kWh per kW Demand......Page 510
Time-of-Use Rates......Page 512
18.6 CONDUCTING A LOAD STUDY......Page 513
18.7.2 Effect on Gas Rates......Page 516
GLOSSARY......Page 517
BACKGROUND......Page 518
Survey Methodology......Page 519
Results......Page 520
Comments......Page 521
Special Alternatives......Page 522
Hourly Prices......Page 523
Customer Charges......Page 524
Calculation Examples......Page 525
Case 3—Maintain load profile and use natural-gas-driven electric generator to supply electricity above the contracted demand......Page 527
Acknowledgments......Page 528
References......Page 529
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 531
19.2 STORAGE SYSTEMS......Page 533
19.3.1 Chilled Water Storage......Page 535
19.3.3 Phase Change Materials......Page 537
19.4.1 Chiller System Capacity......Page 538
19.4.2 Storage System Capacity......Page 541
19.5 ECONOMIC SUMMARY......Page 544
References......Page 546
Energy Efficiency Provisions......Page 550
20.2 STATE CODES......Page 551
20.4 FEDERAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS......Page 552
20.5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) STANDARDS1......Page 553
20.6 REGULATIONS & STANDARDS IMPACTING CRCs......Page 554
20.7.2 Kyoto Protocol......Page 555
20.8.5 Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935......Page 556
Basics of the Spot Market......Page 557
20.10 THE CLIMATIC CHANGE ACTION PLAN......Page 558
20.11 SUMMARY......Page 559
21.1 PREFACE......Page 560
21.2 INTRODUCTION......Page 561
21.3 NATURAL GAS AS A FUEL......Page 564
21.3.1 Supply......Page 566
21.3.2 Transportation......Page 569
21.3.3 Economics......Page 575
21.4.1 Physical and Financial Markets......Page 577
21.4.2 Actually Buying the Gas......Page 578
21.4.3 Natural Gas Marketers......Page 579
21.4.4 Finding the Seller......Page 580
21.4.5 Natural Gas Pricing......Page 581
21.4.6 Contracts for Purchasing Natural Gas......Page 585
21.5 NEW FRONTIERS FOR THE GAS INDUSTRY......Page 588
22.2.1 Self Contained Controls Systems......Page 589
22.3.1 Temperature Sensors......Page 590
22.4.1.1 Two position controls......Page 592
22.4.1.3 Floating......Page 593
22.4.3 Proportional Plus Integral Action......Page 594
22.4.4 Proportional Plus Integral Action plus derivative......Page 595
2.5.1 Valves......Page 596
22.5.3 Actuators for Valves and Dampers......Page 597
22.6.2 Operations......Page 598
22.8.2 Open Loop Systems......Page 600
22.9.3 Zoning......Page 601
22.9.4.2 Reheat Coils......Page 602
22.9.4.6 Thermostat Placement and Tampering......Page 603
22.10.1.2. Return Air Control......Page 604
22.10.1.5 Room or Return Air Control......Page 605
22.10.2.2 Enthalpy Switch-over......Page 606
22.11.1 Hot Water Systems......Page 607
22.11.3 Cooling Towers......Page 608
22.12.1 Fans—Volume and Pressure Control......Page 609
22.13 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FOR EFFECTIVE FACILITY CONTROL......Page 610
22.13.1 Integrated Control—Distributed Networks......Page 611
Types of Communication between Devices on the Network......Page 612
22.13.3 Large Facility Systems......Page 613
22.14.2 Optimal Run Time (ORT)......Page 614
22.14.4 Demand Limiting......Page 615
22.14.6 Supply Air Reset (SAR)......Page 616
22.14.8 Condenser Water Reset......Page 617
22.14.13 Alarm Reporting......Page 618
22.15.1 Summary......Page 619
23.1.1 Principals of Security......Page 621
23.1.3 Threats to Utility Systems......Page 622
23.2.1 Inductive Methods......Page 624
23.2.2 Deductive Method......Page 629
23.3.2 Component Reliability......Page 631
23.3.5 Contingency Principals of Security......Page 632
23.4 ECONOMICS OF ENERGY SECURITY AND RELIABILITY......Page 633
23.5 LINKS TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT......Page 634
23.6 IMPACT OF UTILITY DEREGULATION......Page 635
24.1 AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY......Page 636
24.2 THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AND THE FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISION'S (FERC)ROLE IN PROMOTING COMPETITION IN WHOLESALE POWER......Page 637
24.5 TRADING ENERGY —MARKETERS AND BROKERS......Page 638
24.6 THE IMPACT OF RETAIL WHEELING......Page 639
24.7 THE TEN-STEP PROGRAM TO SUCCESSFUL UTILITY DEREGULATION......Page 641
24.9 IN-HOUSE VS. OUTSOURCING ENERGY SERVICES......Page 642
Disadvantages......Page 643
Financial Issues......Page 644
Risk Management......Page 645
Some Useful Internet Resources......Page 646
25.2.1 Purchase the Truck with a Loan or Bond......Page 647
25.2.3 Rent the Truck......Page 648
25.2.4 Subcontract Pizza Delivery to a Third Party......Page 649
25.3.2 Explanation of Figures and Tables......Page 650
25.4 APPLYING FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS:A CASE STUDY......Page 651
25.4.2.1 Application to the Case Study......Page 652
25.4.3.1 Application to the Case Study......Page 653
25.4.4 Selling Stock......Page 655
25.4.5 Leases......Page 656
25.4.5.2 Application to the Case Study......Page 657
25.4.5.5 The Synthetic Lease......Page 658
25.4.6 Performance Contracting......Page 659
25.4.6.1 Application to the Case Study......Page 660
25.4.8 Additional Options......Page 661
25.5 “PROS” & “CONS” OF EACH FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT......Page 662
25.6 CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE WHICH FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT IS BEST......Page 663
25.9 GLOSSARY......Page 664
25.10 REFERENCES......Page 666
I.2.1 Properties and States......Page 668
I.2.3 Thermodynamic Laws......Page 669
I.2.4 Efficiency......Page 671
I.2.5 Power and Refrigeration Cycles......Page 672
I.2.6 Combustion Processes......Page 673
I.2.7 Psychrometry......Page 675
I.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer......Page 676
I.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer......Page 679
I.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer......Page 682
I.4.1 Fluid Dynamics......Page 683
I.4.2 First Law—Fluid Dynamics......Page 684
I.4.3 Fluid-Handling Equipment......Page 686
Thermodynamics......Page 688
Subscripts......Page 689
APPENDIX II: CONVERSION FACTORS AND PROPERTY TABLES......Page 690
III.2.1 Review......Page 739
III.2.3 Multiplication and Division of Vectors......Page 740
III.3. 1 Resistance......Page 741
III.3.3 Capacitance......Page 742
III.4.1 Circuits with Resistance and Inductive Reactance......Page 743
III.5.1 Power in a Circuit Containing......Page 744
III.5.2 The Power Triangle......Page 745
III.5.3 Power-Factor Improvement......Page 746
III.6.1 The Four-Wire Wye-Connected System......Page 747
III.6.1.1 Balanced Four-Wire Wye-Connected System......Page 750
III.6.2 Summary......Page 751