Energy for Sustainable Development: Demand, Supply, Conversion and Management

Energy for Sustainable Development
Copyright
Contributors
1 -
Introduction to energy and sustainable development
	1.1 Energy and civilization
	1.2 Global energy resources
		1.2.1 Coal
		1.2.2 Oil
		1.2.3 Natural gas
		1.2.4 Nuclear energy
		1.2.5 Hydropower
		1.2.6 Bioenergy
		1.2.7 Solar
		1.2.8 Geothermal
		1.2.9 Wind energy
		1.2.10 Marine energy
		1.2.11 Waste-to-energy
		1.2.12 Carbon capture and storage
		1.2.13 E-storage
		1.2.14 Energy efficiency
	1.3 Energy management, energy policy, and energy strategy
		1.3.1 Energy management
		1.3.2 Energy policy
		1.3.3 Energy strategy
	1.4 Energy management for sustainable development
	References
	Further reading
2 -
Modern energy conversion technologies
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Fossil fuel energy conversion
		2.2.1 Internal combustion engines
		2.2.2 Steam turbines
		2.2.3 Gas turbines
		2.2.4 Combined-cycle power plants
		2.2.5 Advanced combustion technologies
			2.2.5.1 Clean coal technology
			2.2.5.2 Pulverized coal combustion
			2.2.5.3 Fluidized bed combustion
			2.2.5.4 Gasification technology
			2.2.5.5 Carbon capture and storage
	2.3 State-of-the-art energy conversion technologies
		2.3.1 Stirling engine
		2.3.2 Nuclear power
		2.3.3 Fuel cells
		2.3.4 Thermionic power conversion
		2.3.5 Thermoelectric generators
		2.3.6 Magneto-hydrodynamic power generation
		2.3.7 Waste-to-energy conversion
			2.3.7.1 Thermochemical conversion
			2.3.7.2 Biochemical conversion
			2.3.7.3 Chemical conversion (esterification)
	2.4 Renewable energy conversion systems
		2.4.1 Solar energy conversion systems
			2.4.1.1 Solar photovoltaics
			2.4.1.2 Solar thermal technologies
		2.4.2 Bioenergy technologies
			2.4.2.1 Biomass for power and heat
			2.4.2.2 Biogas
			2.4.2.3 Biofuels
		2.4.3 Wind energy conversion systems
		2.4.4 Ocean or marine energy technology
			2.4.4.1 Ocean thermal energy conversion
			2.4.4.2 Wave energy
			2.4.4.3 Tidal power
		2.4.5 Geothermal power generation
		2.4.6 Hydropower generation
	References
	Further reading
3 -
Energy demand
	3.1 Introduction to energy demand
	3.2 Demand classification
		3.2.1 Elastic demand
			3.2.1.1 Elastic demand formulation
		3.2.2 Inelastic demand
		3.2.3 Unit elastic demand
		3.2.4 Demand curve
	3.3 Energy demand analysis in different sectors
	3.4 Building sector energy demand analysis
		3.4.1 Structural condition
		3.4.2 Building materials
		3.4.3 Energy consumption of building systems
		3.4.4 Air conditioner energy consumption
		3.4.5 Lighting energy consumption
		3.4.6 Lift and escalator
			3.4.6.1 Lift energy calculation
			3.4.6.2 Escalator energy consumption
		3.4.7 Energy consumption calculation of ventilation system
		3.4.8 Household appliances energy consumption
		3.4.9 Evaluating energy use for small power appliances
		3.4.10 Building energy index
		3.4.11 Green building index
	3.5 Industrial sector
		3.5.1 Energy-intensive manufacturing (IEO, 2016)
		3.5.2 Non-energy-intensive manufacturing
		3.5.3 Nonmanufacturing
			3.5.3.1 Motor energy consumption
			3.5.3.2 Pump energy consumption
			3.5.3.3 Compressed air
			3.5.3.4 Conveyor systems
				3.5.3.4.1 Energy to move the vacant conveyor
				3.5.3.4.2 Energy to run material horizontally
				3.5.3.4.3 Energy to raise or lower material
				3.5.3.4.4 Total energy for the belt conveyor system
			3.5.3.5 Energy consumption of boiler
			3.5.3.6 Boiler efficiency
				3.5.3.6.1 Combustion efficiency
				3.5.3.6.2 Thermal efficiency
				3.5.3.6.3 Indirect and direct boiler efficiency
				3.5.3.6.4 Direct efficiency
					3.5.3.6.4.1 Indirect efficiency
			3.5.3.7 Energy intensity of industry
	3.6 Transport sector
		3.6.1 Calculation based on transport energy rating
			3.6.1.1 Energy consumption by nonelectric road transportation sector
				3.6.1.1.1 Instantaneous fuel consumption model
				3.6.1.1.2 Influence of engine properties on fuel consumption
				3.6.1.1.3 Influence of car properties on fuel consumption
			3.6.1.2 Electric vehicle energy consumption calculation
		3.6.2 Calculation based on transport activity
			3.6.2.1 Energy consumption by nonelectric vehicle
			3.6.2.2 Electric vehicle energy consumption
	References
4 -
Energy supply
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Energy supply
	4.3 Renewable energy supply chain
		4.3.1 Renewable energy supply chain process flow
		4.3.2 Renewable energy supply chain limitations and issues
	4.4 Energy supply indicators for sustainable development
	4.5 Sustainability indicators of renewable energy technologies
		4.5.1 Social dimension
		4.5.2 Environmental dimension
		4.5.3 Economic dimension
			4.5.3.1 Energy security
			4.5.3.2 Energy dependency
			4.5.3.3 Energy supply diversity
	4.6 Energy supply forecasting
		4.6.1 Renewable energy forecasting methodology
		4.6.2 Renewable energy forecasting: global overview
		4.6.3 Renewable energy forecasting: 2016–40
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
5 -
Energy demand forecasting
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Importance of energy demand forecasting
	5.3 Challenges in energy demand forecasting
	5.4 Forecasting process
	5.5 Forecasting methods
		5.5.1 Averaging method
			5.5.1.1 Simple moving average
			5.5.1.2 Exponential smoothing
		5.5.2 Regression methods
	5.6 Simple and multiple linear regression
		5.6.1 Simple linear regression
		5.6.2 Multiple linear regressions
	5.7 Multivariate linear regression
	5.8 Nonlinear regression
		5.8.1 Autoregressive model
		5.8.2 Artificial neural networks
	5.9 Forecast accuracy
		5.9.1 General metrics of forecasting accuracy
	5.10 Mean absolute deviation
	5.11 Mean square error
	5.12 Mean absolute percent error
	5.13 Symmetric mean absolute percent error
	References
6 -
Energy storage technologies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Battery energy storage technologies
		6.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries
			6.2.1.1 Lithium-O2 battery
			6.2.1.2 Lithium cobalt oxide battery
			6.2.1.3 Lithium manganese oxide battery
			6.2.1.4 Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery
			6.2.1.5 Lithium iron phosphate battery
			6.2.1.6 Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery
			6.2.1.7 Lithium titanate battery
			6.2.1.8 Li–sulfur battery
			6.2.1.9 Li–iodine battery
		6.2.2 Flow batteries
			6.2.2.1 Redox flow battery
			6.2.2.2 Vanadium-based flow battery
			6.2.2.3 Membrane-less flow battery
			6.2.2.4 Dual-liquid redox battery
		6.2.3 Nickel-based batteries
			6.2.3.1 Nickel–cadmium battery
			6.2.3.2 Nickel–metal–hydride battery
			6.2.3.3 Nickel–iron battery
			6.2.3.4 Nickel–zinc battery
			6.2.3.5 Nickel–hydrogen battery
		6.2.4 Metal-air batteries
			6.2.4.1 Zinc–air battery
			6.2.4.2 Iron–air battery
		6.2.5 Lead-acid batteries
		6.2.6 Sodium–sulfur batteries
		6.2.7 Aluminum-ion batteries
		6.2.8 Copper–zinc batteries
	6.3 Hydro energy storage
		6.3.1 General classification of pump hydro energy storage plant
		6.3.2 Performance analysis of a pump hydro energy storage plant
		6.3.3 Design considerations for pump hydro energy storage plants
			6.3.3.1 Head
			6.3.3.2 Flow rates
			6.3.3.3 Waterways
			6.3.3.4 Upper and lower reservoirs
			6.3.3.5 Turbine selection
			6.3.3.6 Plant capability
			6.3.3.7 Investment costs
			6.3.3.8 Profitability
				6.3.3.8.1 Price arbitrage
				6.3.3.8.2 Grid services
				6.3.3.8.3 Capacity subsidies
		6.3.4 Applications of pump hydro energy storage plant
			6.3.4.1 Energy arbitrage
			6.3.4.2 Power rating
			6.3.4.3 Emergency and telecommunication backup power
			6.3.4.4 Time shifting
			6.3.4.5 Peak shaving
			6.3.4.6 Seasonal energy storage
			6.3.4.7 Black start
			6.3.4.8 Frequency regulation
			6.3.4.9 Standby reserve
		6.3.5 Site selection for pump hydro energy storage plant
	6.4 Thermal energy storage
		6.4.1 General classification of thermal energy storage system
		6.4.2 Sensible heat storage
			6.4.2.1 SHS system
		6.4.3 Latent heat storage
			6.4.3.1 Phase change materials and characteristics for latent heat storage system
	References
7 -
Energy economics
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Cost concept
		7.2.1 Fixed and variable costs
		7.2.2 Breakeven point, profit and loss region
	7.3 Money value or time value of money
		7.3.1 Simple interest
		7.3.2 Compound interest
		7.3.3 Net present value
		7.3.4 Internal rate of return
		7.3.5 Least cost planning (levelized cost)
		7.3.6 Simple payback period
	7.4 Business models
		7.4.1 Demand response and energy management system model
		7.4.2 Electricity and thermal storage model
		7.4.3 Solar photovoltaic model
		7.4.4 Ownership business models
		7.4.5 Service business models
		7.4.6 Analysis of business models
	7.5 Barriers to renewable energy
	References
8 -
World energy policies
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mapping global energy policies
		8.2.1 America
		8.2.2 Europe
		8.2.3 Asia
		8.2.4 Australia
		8.2.5 Africa
	8.3 Government roles in perspective: initiatives and impacts of energy policy
		8.3.1 Subsidies for renewable energy
		8.3.2 Feed-in tariffs and net energy metering
		8.3.3 Monetary incentives
		8.3.4 Tax exemption
		8.3.5 Impacts of renewable energy policy
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z