Energy Efficiency Manual

How to Use the Energy Efficiency Manual......Page 4
A PERSONAL NOTE: THE RIGHT WAY TO DO ENERGY CONSERVATION......Page 5
Expression of Gratitude......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
Section 1. BOILER PLANT......Page 30
1.1 Equipment Scheduling and Operating Practices......Page 32
MEASURE 1.1.3 Operate boiler auxiliary equipment......Page 44
MEASURE 1.1.3.1 Interlock auxiliary equipment with......Page 46
MEASURE 1.1.4 Distribute the heating load among......Page 47
MEASURE 1.1.4.1 Install an automatic boiler......Page 51
MEASURE 1.1.5 In steam systems, keep steam......Page 53
MEASURE 1.1.1 Minimize the duration of boiler plant operation.......Page 33
MEASURE 1.1.1.1 For applications with regular......Page 35
MEASURE 1.1.1.2 In applications that require a......Page 36
MEASURE 1.1.1.3 If the boiler plant is used only for......Page 38
MEASURE 1.1.1.4 In applications where automatic......Page 40
MEASURE 1.1.2 With multi-fuel boilers, select the......Page 41
MEASURE 1.1.2.1 Install automatic fuel changeover.......Page 43
1.2 er Plant Efficiency Measurement......Page 56
MEASURE 1.2.1 Test boiler efficiency on a continuing......Page 57
MEASURE 1.2.2 Install efficiency instrumentation......Page 67
MEASURE 1.2.3 Calibrate boiler plant instruments at......Page 70
MEASURE 1.2.4 Keep operators proficient in using......Page 71
1.3 Air-Fuel Ratio......Page 72
MEASURE 1.3.1 Optimize the air-fuel ratio.......Page 73
MEASURE 1.3.2 Install automatic air-fuel......Page 78
MEASURE 1.3.3 Adjust and repair air-fuel......Page 82
1.4 Burner and Fan Systems......Page 84
MEASURE 1.4.1 Clean, adjust, and repair burner......Page 85
MEASURE 1.4.2 Eliminate air leaks in air casings,......Page 87
MEASURE 1.4.3 In boilers that are fired at......Page 88
MEASURE 1.4.4 Install burner systems that provide......Page 91
MEASURE 1.4.6 Replace continuous pilot flames with......Page 102
MEASURE 1.4.7 Install variable-output fan drives on......Page 103
1.5 Draft Control......Page 106
MEASURE 1.5.1 Adjust draft for maximum efficiency.......Page 107
MEASURE 1.5.2 Correct defects in flue systems and......Page 112
MEASURE 1.5.3 Minimize standby losses.......Page 115
MEASURE 1.5.3.1 Control all fans in the combustion......Page 116
MEASURE 1.5.3.2 Install an automatic flue damper.......Page 117
1.6 Firesides and Watersides......Page 121
MEASURE 1.6.1 Clean firesides at appropriate......Page 122
MEASURE 1.6.2 Install soot blowers in boilers that......Page 124
MEASURE 1.6.3 Optimize soot blower operation.......Page 127
MEASURE 1.6.4 Clean watersides at appropriate......Page 128
MEASURE 1.6.5 Avoid leaving waterside deposits......Page 130
1.7 Combustion Gas Heat Transfer And Heat Recovery......Page 131
MEASURE 1.7.1 Install a flue gas heat exchanger to......Page 132
MEASURE 1.7.1.1 Install a conventional......Page 133
MEASURE 1.7.1.2 Install a heat recovery air......Page 138
MEASURE 1.7.1.3 Install a condensing economizer.......Page 141
MEASURE 1.7.1.4 Install a water spray heat......Page 143
MEASURE 1.7.2 In firetube boilers, install......Page 145
1.8 Condensate, Feedwater, and Water Treatment......Page 148
MEASURE 1.8.1 Test and treat boiler water on a......Page 153
MEASURE 1.8.1.1 Hire a qualified consultant and......Page 161
MEASURE 1.8.1.2 Install automatic water treatment......Page 163
MEASURE 1.8.2 Control top and bottom blowdown to......Page 164
MEASURE 1.8.2.1 Install automatic blowdown control.......Page 168
MEASURE 1.8.3 Install blowdown heat recovery.......Page 169
MEASURE 1.8.4 Maximize condensate return.......Page 174
MEASURE 1.8.4.1 Recover the heat from condensate......Page 177
MEASURE 1.8.4.2 Recover the energy of hightemperature......Page 178
MEASURE 1.8.5 Keep vacuum condensate systems......Page 180
MEASURE 1.8.6 Replace pump motors with models......Page 182
1.9 Fuel Oil Systems......Page 183
MEASURE 1.9.1 Adjust fuel oil temperature to provide......Page 184
MEASURE 1.9.1.1 Install automatic fuel oil viscosity......Page 186
MEASURE 1.9.2 Use the most economical heat source......Page 187
MEASURE 1.9.3 Use fuel oil additives to improve......Page 188
MEASURE 1.9.4 Replace pump motors with models......Page 190
1.10 Steam And Water Leakage......Page 191
MEASURE 1.10.1 Monitor boiler system water loss.......Page 192
MEASURE 1.10.2 Locate and repair steam and water......Page 193
MEASURE 1.10.3 Use the most efficient type of steam......Page 197
MEASURE 1.10.4 Test and repair steam traps on a......Page 208
MEASURE 1.10.4.1 Install accessory devices to assist......Page 213
MEASURE 1.10.4.2 Hire specialists to perform......Page 217
MEASURE 1.10.5 Recover heat and water from......Page 218
1.11 Conduction and Radiation Losses......Page 220
MEASURE 1.11.1 Locate and repair defective......Page 221
MEASURE 1.11.2 Minimize cooling or ventilation of......Page 225
MEASURE 1.11.3 Route combustion air to the boiler......Page 227
1.12 System Design for Efficient Low-Load Heating......Page 233
MEASURE 1.12.1 In facilities that operate for......Page 234
MEASURE 1.12.2 Install localized heating units to......Page 238
MEASURE 1.12.3 If it is desirable to reduce the boiler......Page 240
MEASURE 1.12.4 If a facility has several boiler plants,......Page 241
Section 2. CHILLER PLANT......Page 244
2.1 Equipment Scheduling And Operating Practices......Page 245
MEASURE 2.1.1 Distribute the cooling load among......Page 246
MEASURE 2.1.1.1 Install an automatic chiller......Page 249
MEASURE 2.1.2 Use automatic controls to shut down the entire......Page 251
MEASURE 2.1.2.1 Control chiller plant operation by......Page 252
MEASURE 2.1.2.2 Limit the operation of the chiller......Page 253
MEASURE 2.1.2.4 In applications where pre-cooling is......Page 255
MEASURE 2.1.2.5 In applications where automatic......Page 256
MEASURE 2.1.4 In plants with multiple water chillers,......Page 259
MEASURE 2.1.5 Install power switching that prevents......Page 266
MEASURE 2.1.6 Turn off compressor sump/crankcase......Page 267
2.2 Optimum Operating Temperatures......Page 268
MEASURE 2.2.1 Keep the chilled water supply temperature as......Page 269
MEASURE 2.2.1.1 Reset chilled water......Page 270
MEASURE 2.2.1.2 Install an automatic chilled water......Page 271
MEASURE 2.2.2 Optimize the condensing temperature.......Page 272
MEASURE 2.2.2.1 Adjust the condenser......Page 275
MEASURE 2.2.2.2 Install automatic condenser......Page 277
2.3 Condenser and Evaporator Heat Transfer Efficiency......Page 279
MEASURE 2.3.1 In systems with open-loop cooling......Page 280
MEASURE 2.3.1.1 Install automatic condenser......Page 281
MEASURE 2.3.2 With water chillers, clean evaporator......Page 283
MEASURE 2.3.3 With wet condenser cooling systems,......Page 284
MEASURE 2.3.3.2 Install and maintain automatic......Page 286
MEASURE 2.3.4 With wet cooling systems, adjust the......Page 287
MEASURE 2.3.4.1 Install and maintain an automatic......Page 289
MEASURE 2.3.5 In chilled water systems, install......Page 290
2.4 Heat Rejection Equipment......Page 292
MEASURE 2.4.1 Modulate fan output in heat rejection units to......Page 294
MEASURE 2.4.1.1 Install variable-frequency......Page 298
MEASURE 2.4.1.2 Install variable-pitch......Page 300
MEASURE 2.4.1.3 Install dual or multi-speed motors.......Page 302
MEASURE 2.4.2 In multiple-cell cooling units,......Page 304
MEASURE 2.4.3 Clean heat rejection units at......Page 305
MEASURE 2.4.3.1 Install and screen heat rejection......Page 308
MEASURE 2.4.4 In gravity-flow cooling towers, ensure......Page 310
MEASURE 2.4.5 Keep heat rejection unit housings......Page 311
MEASURE 2.4.6 Avoid recirculation of air through......Page 313
MEASURE 2.4.7 Install fan and pump motors having......Page 318
2.5 Pump Energy Consumption......Page 319
MEASURE 2.5.1.1 Trim pump impellers.......Page 320
MEASURE 2.5.2 Install variable-flow chilled......Page 321
MEASURE 2.5.3 Install pump motors having the......Page 332
2.6 Compressors......Page 333
MEASURE 2.6.1 If the compressor motor fails, replace......Page 334
MEASURE 2.6.2 Replace inefficient compressors with......Page 335
MEASURE 2.6.3 In centrifugal chillers,......Page 337
2.7 Refrigerant Condition......Page 339
MEASURE 2.7.1 Repair chiller system leaks.......Page 340
MEASURE 2.7.2 Maintain the proper......Page 344
MEASURE 2.7.3 Operate purge units appropriately.......Page 349
MEASURE 2.7.3.1 Install high-efficiency purge units.......Page 352
MEASURE 2.7.4 Install accessories that prevent air......Page 354
MEASURE 2.7.5 Drain the water from the evaporators......Page 356
2.8 System Design for Efficient Low-Load Cooling......Page 357
MEASURE 2.8.1 Install chillers and auxiliary......Page 359
MEASURE 2.8.2 Install local cooling units to allow......Page 363
MEASURE 2.8.3 If a facility has several chiller plants,......Page 366
2.9 Exploiting Low Ambient Temperature for Water Chilling......Page 369
MEASURE 2.9.1 Install chiller “free cooling.”......Page 373
MEASURE 2.9.2 Cool chilled water with a heat......Page 375
MEASURE 2.9.3 Install a strainer system to use......Page 377
MEASURE 2.9.4 Install a “waterside economizer”......Page 381
MEASURE 2.9.5 Install a closed-loop atmospheric......Page 384
2.10 Heat Recovery From Chillers......Page 386
MEASURE 2.10.1 Use condenser water directly for......Page 390
MEASURE 2.10.2 Use an auxiliary condenser or......Page 392
MEASURE 2.10.3 To recover large amounts of heat at......Page 395
MEASURE 2.10.4 To recover small quantities of heat......Page 398
MEASURE 2.10.5 Improve the quantity or economics......Page 401
2.11 Cooling Thermal Storage......Page 406
MEASURE 2.11.1 Install cooling thermal storage.......Page 407
Section 3. SERVICE WATER SYSTEMS......Page 438
3.1 Reducing Service Water Consumption......Page 439
MEASURE 3.1.1 Repair water fixtures regularly.......Page 440
MEASURE 3.1.2 Install efficient wash basin fixtures.......Page 443
MEASURE 3.1.3 Install efficient shower heads.......Page 445
MEASURE 3.1.4 Install shower valves that allow easy......Page 448
MEASURE 3.1.5 Provide instructions for efficient use......Page 450
MEASURE 3.1.6 Install efficient toilets.......Page 451
MEASURE 3.1.7 Install efficient urinals or improve......Page 453
3.2 Water Heating Systems......Page 457
MEASURE 3.2.1 Minimize the hot water temperature.......Page 458
MEASURE 3.2.1.1 Use low-temperature detergents.......Page 461
MEASURE 3.2.2 Install a separate high-temperature......Page 462
MEASURE 3.2.3 Install water heaters that have the......Page 463
MEASURE 3.2.4 Install supplemental insulation......Page 468
MEASURE 3.2.5 Install automatic flue dampers on......Page 469
MEASURE 3.2.6 Clean and adjust the combustion......Page 470
MEASURE 3.2.7 Clean out scale from water heaters......Page 471
MEASURE 3.2.8 Exploit interruptible or storage rates......Page 473
MEASURE 3.2.9 Control electric water heating to......Page 477
3.3 Service Water Pumping......Page 479
MEASURE 3.3.1 In facilities that have their own service water pumps,......Page 480
MEASURE 3.3.1.1 Use multiple pressurization pumps.......Page 484
MEASURE 3.3.1.2 Install gravity tanks or pressurized......Page 488
MEASURE 3.3.2 Design hot water recirculation to......Page 492
MEASURE 3.3.4 Install power switching that prevents......Page 495
MEASURE 3.3.5 Install pump motors having the......Page 496
Section 4. AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS......Page 497
4.1 Minimizing Duration of Operation......Page 504
MEASURE 4.1.1 Turn off air handling systems when they......Page 505
MEASURE 4.1.1.1 Where spaces operate on regular......Page 506
MEASURE 4.1.1.2 Install optimum-start controllers to......Page 508
MEASURE 4.1.1.3 In spaces with irregular usage,......Page 510
MEASURE 4.1.1.4 In spaces with irregular usage,......Page 512
MEASURE 4.1.1.5 Assign responsibility for operating......Page 514
MEASURE 4.1.1.6 In applications where automatic......Page 515
4.2 Outside Air Intake and Building Pressurization......Page 516
MEASURE 4.2.1 Adjust outside air intake to the......Page 518
MEASURE 4.2.1.2 Control outside air intake by......Page 529
MEASURE 4.2.1.1 During periods of reduced......Page 526
MEASURE 4.2.2 Provide accurate control of outside......Page 531
MEASURE 4.2.3 Where once-through air handling......Page 537
MEASURE 4.2.4 Use air cleaning to reduce the need......Page 538
MEASURE 4.2.5 Provide outside air economizer cycle......Page 546
MEASURE 4.2.6 Install enthalpy control of......Page 550
MEASURE 4.2.7 Install a purge cycle for......Page 552
MEASURE 4.2.8 Install an exhaust air heat......Page 554
MEASURE 4.2.9 Improve the envelope penetrations of......Page 562
MEASURE 4.2.10 Minimize the use of extra heat for......Page 567
MEASURE 4.2.11 Eliminate air handling system......Page 572
4.3 Single-Zone Systems......Page 578
MEASURE 4.3.1 Install placards at user controls to......Page 580
MEASURE 4.3.2 If conditioning cannot be turned off......Page 582
MEASURE 4.3.3 Match fan output to the conditioning load.......Page 584
MEASURE 4.3.3.2 Cycle the running of the fans and......Page 587
MEASURE 4.3.3.3 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 590
MEASURE 4.3.3.4 Convert the system to......Page 592
MEASURE 4.3.4 Install thermostatic controls that allow space......Page 595
MEASURE 4.3.4.1 Install thermostats that require......Page 596
MEASURE 4.3.4.2 Install deadband thermostats.......Page 599
MEASURE 4.3.4.3 Adjust or modify the coil controls to......Page 602
4.4 Single-Duct Reheat Systems......Page 604
MEASURE 4.4.1 Set the cooling coil discharge......Page 606
MEASURE 4.4.1.1 Install automatic chilled air......Page 609
MEASURE 4.4.2 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 611
MEASURE 4.4.3 Turn off reheat coils when practical.......Page 612
MEASURE 4.4.4 In terminal units that blend supply......Page 613
MEASURE 4.4.5 Trim the fan output.......Page 614
MEASURE 4.4.6 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 615
MEASURE 4.4.7 Convert the system to variable-airvolume......Page 617
MEASURE 4.4.8 Replace all reheat coils in a system......Page 630
MEASURE 4.4.9 Install self-contained heating/cooling......Page 633
4.5 Dual-Duct Reheat Systems......Page 635
MEASURE 4.5.1 Keep the temperature of the cold......Page 638
MEASURE 4.5.1.1 Install temperature reset......Page 640
MEASURE 4.5.2 Turn off the heating coil and/or the......Page 641
MEASURE 4.5.5 Convert the system to variable-airvolume......Page 642
4.6 Multizone Systems......Page 649
MEASURE 4.6.2 Turn off the cooling coil or the......Page 652
MEASURE 4.6.4 Install multi-speed fan motors.......Page 653
MEASURE 4.6.5 Convert the system to......Page 654
4.7 Variable-Air-Volume Single-Duct Systems......Page 658
MEASURE 4.7.1 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 659
MEASURE 4.7.2 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 661
MEASURE 4.7.3 If the air handling systems cannot be......Page 664
MEASURE 4.7.4 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 666
MEASURE 4.7.5 Minimize the minimum-flow settings......Page 667
MEASURE 4.7.6 Set the cooling coil discharge at......Page 669
MEASURE 4.7.6.1 Install automatic chilled air......Page 670
MEASURE 4.7.7 With minimum-flow terminals,......Page 671
MEASURE 4.7.8 Improve the efficiency of......Page 674
4.8 Variable-Air-Volume Dual-Duct Systems......Page 678
MEASURE 4.8.2 In spaces with shutoff VAV terminals,......Page 680
MEASURE 4.8.4 Turn off the heating coil and/or the......Page 681
MEASURE 4.8.5 Adjust minimum-flow terminals to......Page 682
MEASURE 4.8.6 Keep the cold duct temperature as......Page 684
MEASURE 4.8.7 Improve the efficiency of......Page 685
MEASURE 4.8.8 Install an outside air economizer......Page 686
4.9 Induction Systems......Page 688
MEASURE 4.9.1 Maximize the primary air......Page 690
MEASURE 4.9.1.1 Install automatic temperature reset......Page 691
MEASURE 4.9.2 Turn off the air handling unit cooling......Page 692
MEASURE 4.9.3 Install temperature setback.......Page 693
MEASURE 4.9.4 Clean, adjust, and repair induction......Page 695
MEASURE 4.9.5 Avoid discharging conditioned air on......Page 696
Section 5. ROOM CONDITIONING UNITS......Page 697
5.1 Minimizing Equipment Operation......Page 699
MEASURE 5.1.1 Install placards at the controls of......Page 700
MEASURE 5.1.2 Assign responsibility for turning......Page 704
MEASURE 5.1.3 Install automatic controls to turn off conditioning......Page 705
MEASURE 5.1.3.1 Where spaces operate on regular......Page 707
MEASURE 5.1.3.4 Connect the power to conditioning......Page 710
MEASURE 5.1.4 Install proximity switches......Page 712
5.2 Radiators and Convectors......Page 715
MEASURE 5.2.1 Clean and repair radiators and......Page 716
MEASURE 5.2.2 Install thermostatic control valves on......Page 717
MEASURE 5.2.3 On units with manual control valves,......Page 720
MEASURE 5.2.4 Ensure that convection and radiation......Page 721
MEASURE 5.2.5 Avoid trapping heat output......Page 723
MEASURE 5.2.6 Thermally isolate radiators and......Page 725
MEASURE 5.2.7 With steam heating, install a vacuum......Page 727
MEASURE 5.2.8 Convert steam heating to......Page 729
MEASURE 5.2.9 Replace electric resistance convectors......Page 732
MEASURE 5.2.10 Provide separate thermostatic......Page 734
5.3 Fan-Coil Units......Page 737
MEASURE 5.3.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 738
MEASURE 5.3.2 Select high-efficiency motors in new......Page 740
MEASURE 5.3.3 Keep conditioned air from......Page 741
MEASURE 5.3.4 Install thermostatic controls that......Page 743
MEASURE 5.3.5 Convert 3-pipe systems to......Page 744
MEASURE 5.3.6 Convert 3-pipe systems to......Page 747
MEASURE 5.3.7 Replace electric resistance heating......Page 748
5.4 Self-Contained Air Conditioners......Page 749
MEASURE 5.4.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 750
MEASURE 5.4.2 Install high-efficiency......Page 752
MEASURE 5.4.3 Seal through-wall conditioning units......Page 753
MEASURE 5.4.4 In units that provide outside air......Page 754
MEASURE 5.4.5 Install air conditioning units and heat......Page 755
MEASURE 5.4.6 If electric heating elements are......Page 757
5.5 Remotely Cooled Air Conditioning Units......Page 759
MEASURE 5.5.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 761
MEASURE 5.5.2 Replace fan, pump, and compressor......Page 762
MEASURE 5.5.3 Install compressors or new......Page 763
MEASURE 5.5.4 Optimize the condenser......Page 764
MEASURE 5.5.6 Drain cooling towers and evaporative......Page 766
MEASURE 5.5.7 Replace electric heating elements in......Page 767
MEASURE 5.5.8 With cooling towers and evaporative......Page 768
MEASURE 5.5.9 Recover condenser heat for......Page 769
MEASURE 5.5.10 Improve cooling efficiency by using......Page 771
5.6 Heat Pump Loop Systems (Additional Measures)......Page 775
MEASURE 5.6.1 Install controls to optimize the loop......Page 781
MEASURE 5.6.2 Install automatic valves and bypass......Page 785
MEASURE 5.6.3 Improve efficiency by substituting a......Page 787
MEASURE 5.6.4 Add thermal storage to the......Page 790
5.7 Direct-Fired Heating Units......Page 793
MEASURE 5.7.1 Clean, adjust, lubricate, and repair......Page 794
MEASURE 5.7.2 Install high-efficiency heating units.......Page 795
MEASURE 5.7.3 Install automatic flue dampers......Page 798
MEASURE 5.7.4 Set the anticipators of space......Page 800
Section 6. BUILDING AIR LEAKAGE......Page 801
6.1 Personnel Doors......Page 803
MEASURE 6.1.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and sealing......Page 804
MEASURE 6.1.2 Install appropriate weatherstripping......Page 805
MEASURE 6.1.3.1 If manual opening of doors is......Page 807
MEASURE 6.1.3.2 If manual opening of doors is......Page 808
MEASURE 6.1.4 Install high-efficiency doors.......Page 810
MEASURE 6.1.5 If a pressure differential at the......Page 811
MEASURE 6.1.6 If a revolving door is installed,......Page 813
MEASURE 6.1.7 Install storm doors.......Page 814
MEASURE 6.1.8 Install vestibules for doors with......Page 816
MEASURE 6.1.9 Seal abandoned doors.......Page 819
6.2 Garage, Loading, and Equipment Doors......Page 820
MEASURE 6.2.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and sealing......Page 821
MEASURE 6.2.2 Install infiltration seals on......Page 822
MEASURE 6.2.3 Install powered door operators.......Page 825
MEASURE 6.2.4 Install efficient exterior doors.......Page 828
MEASURE 6.2.5 Install lightweight quick-acting doors to......Page 834
MEASURE 6.2.5.1 Install strip curtains.......Page 835
MEASURE 6.2.5.2 Install fabric swing doors.......Page 837
MEASURE 6.2.5.3 Install impact doors.......Page 838
MEASURE 6.2.5.4 Install powered quick-acting vehicle......Page 841
MEASURE 6.2.6 Install dock-to-truck seals.......Page 849
6.3 Window Air Leakage......Page 854
MEASURE 6.3.1 Maintain the fit, closure, and......Page 855
MEASURE 6.3.2 Install weatherstripping on......Page 856
MEASURE 6.3.4 Install high-efficiency windows.......Page 857
6.4 Other Envelope Leakage......Page 858
MEASURE 6.4.1 Seal gaps in the envelope structure.......Page 859
MEASURE 6.4.2 Install gaskets at wall switches and......Page 863
MEASURE 6.4.3 Install roof and attic hatches that......Page 864
MEASURE 6.4.4 Adjust and repair space air......Page 865
MEASURE 6.4.5 Ventilate elevator shafts rationally.......Page 867
Section 7. BUILDING INSULATION......Page 868
7.1 Roofs and Attics......Page 869
MEASURE 7.1.1 Increase the quantity of......Page 870
MEASURE 7.1.2 Add rigid insulation to the top......Page 873
MEASURE 7.1.3 Apply sprayed foam insulation to the......Page 876
MEASURE 7.1.4 Install insulation on the......Page 878
MEASURE 7.1.5 Install a suspended insulated ceiling.......Page 880
7.2 Walls and Soffits......Page 882
MEASURE 7.2.1 Insulate wall cavities.......Page 883
MEASURE 7.2.2 Insulate the inside surfaces of walls.......Page 889
MEASURE 7.2.3 Insulate the outside surfaces of walls.......Page 894
MEASURE 7.2.4 Increase the thermal resistance of......Page 896
7.3 Glazing Insulation......Page 900
MEASURE 7.3.2 Install storm windows or......Page 901
MEASURE 7.3.4 Install thermal shutters.......Page 904
MEASURE 7.3.5 Use window films that reflect heat......Page 905
Section 8. CONTROL AND USE OF SUNLIGHT......Page 906
8,1 Reducing Cooling Load: Windows & Skylights......Page 910
MEASURE 8.1.1 Install external shading devices......Page 912
MEASURE 8.1.2 Install internal shading devices.......Page 923
MEASURE 8.1.3 Install high-efficiency glazing.......Page 927
MEASURE 8.1.4 Install solar control films on......Page 937
MEASURE 8.1.5 Reduce the area of glazing.......Page 942
8.2 Reducing Cooling Load: Opaque Surfaces and Overall......Page 945
MEASURE 8.2.2 Apply paint, coating, or sheathing......Page 946
MEASURE 8.2.3 Provide effective ventilation of attics.......Page 949
MEASURE 8.2.4 Plant trees and other foliage to......Page 953
8.3 Daylighting......Page 957
MEASURE 8.3.1 Install skylights or light pipes.......Page 958
MEASURE 8.3.2 Install diffusers for existing......Page 971
8.4 Passive Solar Heating......Page 975
MEASURE 8.4.1 Keep open the window shades of......Page 976
MEASURE 8.4.2 Install combinations of sunlight......Page 977
MEASURE 8.4.3 Install solar enclosures over areas......Page 980
Section 9. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING......Page 985
9.1 Lamps and Fixtures, Incandescent......Page 989
MEASURE 9.1.1 Eliminate excessive lighting......Page 991
MEASURE 9.1.2.1 Substitute screw-in fluorescent......Page 993
MEASURE 9.1.2.2 Substitute tungsten halogen lamps......Page 999
MEASURE 9.1.3 Substitute lamps that minimize light......Page 1001
MEASURE 9.1.4.1 In fixtures having shades that......Page 1004
MEASURE 9.1.4.2 Install reflective inserts in fixtures......Page 1006
MEASURE 9.1.4.3 For task lighting, install focussing......Page 1007
MEASURE 9.1.5 Replace incandescent fixtures with......Page 1008
MEASURE 9.1.6 Modify or replace incandescent exit......Page 1009
MEASURE 9.1.7 Install dimmers.......Page 1010
9.2 Lamps and Fixtures, Fluorescent......Page 1012
MEASURE 9.2.1 Eliminate excessive lighting by......Page 1013
MEASURE 9.2.1.1 To remove single tubes from 2-tube......Page 1017
MEASURE 9.2.1.2 To remove single tubes where......Page 1018
MEASURE 9.2.1.3 To remove single tubes from groups......Page 1019
MEASURE 9.2.2 Where fixtures have been delamped,......Page 1020
MEASURE 9.2.3 Replace fluorescent lamps with highefficiency......Page 1021
MEASURE 9.2.4 Replace ballasts with high-efficiency......Page 1024
MEASURE 9.2.5 Install current limiters.......Page 1031
MEASURE 9.2.6 Install fluorescent dimming......Page 1033
MEASURE 9.2.7 Consider retrofit “reflectors” for......Page 1036
9.3 Lamps and Fixtures, H.I.D. and L.P.S.......Page 1038
MEASURE 9.3.1 Install the most efficient HID lamps,......Page 1040
MEASURE 9.3.1.1 For lowest retrofit cost, replace......Page 1045
MEASURE 9.3.2 Install HID dimming equipment.......Page 1046
MEASURE 9.3.3 In appropriate applications,......Page 1048
9.4 Lighting Controls, Manual......Page 1052
MEASURE 9.4.1 Install effective placards at......Page 1053
MEASURE 9.4.2 Use security forces, watch engineers,......Page 1057
MEASURE 9.4.4 Replace rheostat dimmers with......Page 1058
MEASURE 9.4.5 Where fixtures are not easily visible......Page 1060
MEASURE 9.4.6 Draw attention to switches that......Page 1061
MEASURE 9.4.7 In applications where fixtures may be......Page 1062
9.5 Lighting Controls, Automatic......Page 1063
MEASURE 9.5.1 Where lighting is needed on a......Page 1064
MEASURE 9.5.1.1 To combine time switching with......Page 1066
MEASURE 9.5.2 Control exterior lighting with......Page 1067
MEASURE 9.5.3 Install interior photocontrols to......Page 1070
MEASURE 9.5.4 Where the need for lighting is......Page 1075
MEASURE 9.5.5 Where lighting can be turned off......Page 1077
MEASURE 9.5.6 If a door remains open when lighting......Page 1079
9.6 Lighting Layout......Page 1080
MEASURE 9.6.1 Make the surfaces of spaces......Page 1081
MEASURE 9.6.2 Lay out lighting using the task......Page 1084
MEASURE 9.6.2.1 Disconnect or remove fixtures......Page 1095
MEASURE 9.6.2.2 Relocate and reorient fixtures to......Page 1098
MEASURE 9.6.2.3 Replace fixtures and improve......Page 1100
MEASURE 9.6.3 Install fixtures or combinations of......Page 1104
MEASURE 9.6.4 Install a separate control circuit......Page 1106
MEASURE 9.6.4.1 Where light fixtures are needed......Page 1109
MEASURE 9.6.5 Install lighting controls at visible,......Page 1110
MEASURE 9.6.5.1 Provide localized control of ceiling......Page 1112
9.7 Fixture Maintenance and Marking......Page 1115
MEASURE 9.7.1 Clean fixtures and lamps at......Page 1116
MEASURE 9.7.2 Replace darkened diffusers.......Page 1117
MEASURE 9.7.3 In fixtures where the type or number......Page 1119
Section 10. INDEPENDENT ENERGY USING COMPONENTS......Page 1122
10.1 A. C. Induction Motors......Page 1124
MEASURE 10.1.1 Install motors having the highest......Page 1125
10.2 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 1140
MEASURE 10.2.1 Trim pump impellers to......Page 1141
MEASURE 10.2.2 Throttle the discharge of pumps to......Page 1146
10.3 Fans......Page 1150
MEASURE 10.3.1 Adjust the output of constant-flow......Page 1151
10.4 Standby Equipment......Page 1155
MEASURE 10.4.1 Install power switching that......Page 1156
Section 11. REFERENCE NOTES......Page 1158
10 Clock Controls and Programmable Thermostats......Page 1160
11 Personnel Sensors......Page 1166
12 Placards......Page 1174
13 Energy Management Control Systems......Page 1179
14 Control Signal Polling......Page 1187
15 Infrared Thermal Scanning......Page 1188
16 Measurement of Liquid, Gas, and Heat Flow......Page 1192
17 Energy Analysis Computer Programs......Page 1198
20 Fossil Fuels......Page 1205
21 Electricity Pricing......Page 1209
22 Low-Temperature Heat Sources & Heat Sinks......Page 1216
23 Non-Fossil Energy Sources......Page 1223
24 Characteristics of Sunlight......Page 1239
30 Boiler Types and Ratings......Page 1244
31 How Cooling Efficiency is Expressed......Page 1251
32 Compression Cooling......Page 1253
33 Absorption Cooling......Page 1276
34 Refrigerants......Page 1284
35 Building Air Leakage......Page 1292
41 How Insulation Works......Page 1295
42 Vapor Barriers......Page 1299
43 Insulation Selection......Page 1303
44 Insulation Integrity......Page 1308
45 Insulation Economics......Page 1310
46 Daylighting Design......Page 1311
47 Passive Solar Heating Design......Page 1320
50 Measuring Light Intensity......Page 1328
51 Factors in Lighting Quality......Page 1330
52 Comparative Light Source Characteristics......Page 1342
53 Lighting Efficiency Standards......Page 1349
54 Incandescent Lighting......Page 1350
55 Fluorescent Lighting......Page 1361
56 H.I.D. and L.P.S. Lighting......Page 1372
57 Light Distribution Patterns of Fixtures......Page 1382
CONTRIBUTORS OF ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 1384
DISCLAIMER & WARNING......Page 1386
INDEX......Page 1387