Energy: Crises, Challenges and Solutions

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Energy Crisis
	1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development
	1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis
	1.5 Climate Change
		1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change
		1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming
	1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change
		1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal
		1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy
		1.6.3 Hydrogen
	1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand
	1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC)
	1.9 Conclusion
	1.10 Future Considerations
	References
Chapter 2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy
	2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy
		2.3.1 Solar Energy
		2.3.2 Wind Energy
		2.3.3 Hydropower
		2.3.4 Geothermal Energy
		2.3.5 Bioenergy
		2.3.6 Ocean Energy
	2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen
		2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources
	2.5 Challenges
		2.5.1 Efficiency
		2.5.2 Large-Scale Production
		2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production
	2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy
	2.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy
		3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power)
		3.2.2 Hydropower
		3.2.3 Wind Energy
		3.2.4 Geothermal Energy
		3.2.5 Biomass Energy
		3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel
	3.3 Environmental Impacts
	3.4 Future Prospects
	3.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century – A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development
	4.3 Environmental Issues – A Corollary of Economic Development
	4.4 Air Quality – Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars
	4.5 Carbon Footprints – Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth
	4.6 Sustainable Development
		4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
		4.6.2 Paris Accord
		4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission
	4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Energy and Economic Development
		5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy
		5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption
		5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations
		5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand
	5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations
	5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations
	5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector
	6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil
		6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil
		6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009
		6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006)
	6.4 Market Structure
		6.4.1 Government Players
		6.4.2 Private and Public Players
	6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil
	6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil
		6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013)
		6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development
	6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences
		6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways
	6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility
		6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways
	6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience
	6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct
		6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS
	6.11 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy
		7.2.1 Solar Energy
		7.2.2 Wind Energy
		7.2.3 Hydropower
		7.2.4 Geothermal Energy
		7.2.5 Biomass
		7.2.6 Tidal Energy
	7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources
	7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy
	7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society
	7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals
	7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy
	7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy
		8.2.1 Hydro Energy
		8.2.2 Wind Energy
		8.2.3 Geothermal Energy
		8.2.4 Solar Energy
		8.2.5 Ocean Energy
	8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources
	8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources
	8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy
	8.6 Alternative Energy Resources
		8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi
		8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS)
		8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology
		8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel
		8.6.5 Fuel Cell
		8.6.6 Radiant Energy
	8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy
		8.7.1 Social Barriers
		8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues
		8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability
		8.7.4 Material Requirement
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
		Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Energy Sector of India
		9.2.1 Energy Reserves
		9.2.2 Production of Energy
		9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity
		9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission
	9.3 India’s Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources
		9.3.1 Solar Energy
		9.3.2 Wind Energy
		9.3.3 Hydropower
		9.3.4 Biomass Energy
	9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives
		9.4.1 India’s Electricity Act
		9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005
		9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008
		9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord
		9.4.5 India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
	9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India
		9.5.1 Coal Tax
		9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels
		9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
		9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme
		9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance
	10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex
		10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change
	10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime
	10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
	Websites
Chapter 11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 History of Bioluminescence
	11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms
	11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules
	11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi
		11.5.1 Diversity
		11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi
		11.5.3 Significance
	11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence
		11.6.1 Glowing Tree
		11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity
		11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging
		11.6.4 Animal Model Study
		11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB
		12.2.2 Detoxification
		12.2.3 Hydrolysis
		12.2.4 Fermentation
		12.2.5 Product Recovery
	12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides
		12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols
		12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes
	12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules
		12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels
		12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels
		12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels
	12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics
	13.3 Brief History of Biofuels
	13.4 Classification of Biofuels
		13.4.1 First Generation (1G)
		13.4.2 Second Generation (2G)
		13.4.3 Third Generation (3G)
		13.4.4 Fourth Generation (4G)
	13.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells, an Opportunity for Energy Sources: Current Perspective and Future Challenges
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 General Introduction of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
		14.2.1 FCs
		14.2.2 Electrode of MFCs
		14.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane
		14.2.4 Microorganisms and Their Electron Transfer Mechanism
	14.3 Factor Affecting the MFCs’ Performance
		14.3.1 Configuration of Reactor
		14.3.2 Buffer
		14.3.3 Substrate
		14.3.4 Electrolyte Resistance
	14.4 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells
		14.4.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
		14.4.2 Candida melibiosica
		14.4.3 Hansenula anomala
	14.5 Other Fungi Used as a Biocatalyst in Microbial Fuel Cells
	14.6 Batteries Design with the Use of Fungal Electrode
		14.6.1 Batteries Design
		14.6.2 Structure and Composition of Lithium-Based Batteries
		14.6.3 Lithium–Sulphur (Li-S) Batteries
		14.6.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		14.6.5 Lithium-Air Batteries
		14.6.6 Role of Fungi in Batteries Design
	14.7 Application of MFCs
		14.7.1 Bioelectricity Production
		14.7.2 Biohydrogen Production
		14.7.3 Biosensor
		14.7.4 Wastewater Treatment
		14.7.5 Bioremediation
		14.7.6 Dye Decolorization
	14.8 Challenges and Future Prospective
	14.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 15 Current Perspective of Sustainable Utilization of Agro Waste and Biotransformation of Energy in Mushroom
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Sustainable utilization of Agro waste Through Mushroom Cultivation Technology
	15.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
		15.3.1 Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass
		15.3.2 Cellulose
		15.3.3 Hemicelluloses
		15.3.4 Lignin
	15.4 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
		15.4.1 Biotechnological Importance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
		15.4.2 Applications of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
	15.5 Biotransformation of the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) Into Energy
		15.5.1 Biohydrogen Production from SMS
		15.5.2 Biogas Production from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
		15.5.3 Bioethanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
		15.5.4 Biobutanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
		15.5.5 Bio-Coke
		15.5.6 Electricity Generation Using Mushroom Technology
		15.5.7 Solar Steam Generation Device
	15.6 Challenges
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Index
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