Energy and the Environment

Contents......Page 8
List of Tables......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.1.1 An Overview of This Text......Page 25
1.2 Energy......Page 29
1.2.1 Electric Power......Page 30
1.2.2 Transportation Energy......Page 31
1.2.3 Energy as a Commodity......Page 32
1.3 The Environment......Page 33
1.3.1 Managing Industrial Pollution......Page 34
2.2 Global Energy Consumption......Page 35
2.3 Global Energy Sources......Page 37
2.4 Global Electricity Consumption......Page 39
2.5 Global Carbon Emissions......Page 41
2.6 End-Use Energy Consumption in the United States......Page 42
2.6.1 Industrial Sector......Page 43
2.6.3 Commercial Sector......Page 44
2.7.1 Coal Reserves......Page 45
2.7.2 Petroleum Reserves......Page 47
2.7.4 Natural Gas Reserves......Page 48
2.7.5 Unconventional Gas Resources......Page 49
2.8 Conclusion......Page 50
Problems......Page 51
Bibliography......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 53
3.2.1 The Mechanical Energy of Macroscopic Bodies......Page 54
3.2.3 Chemical and Nuclear Energy......Page 55
3.3 Work and Heat Interactions......Page 56
3.3.1 Work Interaction......Page 57
3.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 58
3.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 59
3.6 Thermodynamic Properties......Page 60
3.8 Heat Transfer and Heat Exchange......Page 62
3.9 Combustion of Fossil Fuel......Page 64
3.9.1 Fuel Heating Value......Page 65
3.10 Ideal Heat Engine Cycles......Page 68
3.10.1 The Carnot Cycle......Page 69
3.10.2 The Rankine Cycle......Page 71
3.10.3 The Otto Cycle......Page 74
3.10.4 The Brayton Cycle......Page 76
3.10.5 Combined Brayton and Rankine Cycles......Page 78
3.11 The Vapor Compression Cycle: Refrigeration and Heat Pumps......Page 79
3.12 Fuel Cells......Page 81
3.13 Fuel (Thermal) Efficiency......Page 85
3.14 Synthetic Fuels......Page 86
3.14.1 The Hydrogen Economy......Page 87
3.15 Conclusion......Page 88
Problems......Page 89
Bibliography......Page 91
4.1 Introduction......Page 92
4.2 Electromechanical Power Transformation......Page 95
4.3 Electric Power Transmission......Page 99
4.4.1 Electrostatic Energy Storage......Page 101
4.4.2 Magnetic Energy Storage......Page 103
4.4.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage......Page 104
4.4.4 Mechanical Energy Storage......Page 106
4.4.5 Properties of Energy Storage Systems......Page 107
4.5 Conclusion......Page 108
Problems......Page 109
Bibliography......Page 110
5.1 Introduction......Page 111
5.2.1 Fuel Storage and Preparation......Page 112
5.2.2 Burner......Page 113
5.2.3 Boiler......Page 114
5.2.4 Steam Turbine......Page 116
5.2.5 Gas Turbine......Page 118
5.2.6 Condenser......Page 119
5.2.7 Cooling Tower......Page 120
5.2.8 Generator......Page 121
5.2.9 Emission Control......Page 122
5.2.10 Waste Disposal......Page 135
5.3.1 Combined Cycle......Page 136
5.3.2 Coal Gasification Combined Cycle......Page 137
5.3.3 Cogeneration......Page 138
5.4 Conclusion......Page 139
Problems......Page 140
Bibliography......Page 142
6.1 Introduction......Page 143
6.2 Nuclear Energy......Page 144
6.3 Radioactivity......Page 145
6.3.2 Units and Dosage......Page 147
6.4 Nuclear Reactors......Page 150
6.4.1 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)......Page 152
6.4.2 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)......Page 153
6.4.4 Breeder Reactor (BR)......Page 155
6.5.1 Mining and Refining......Page 157
6.5.2 Gasification and Enrichment......Page 158
6.5.3 Spent Fuel Reprocessing and Temporary Waste Storage......Page 159
6.5.4 Permanent Waste Disposal......Page 160
6.6 Fusion......Page 161
6.6.2 Laser Fusion......Page 162
6.7 Summary......Page 163
Problems......Page 164
Bibliography......Page 165
7.1 Introduction......Page 166
7.2 Hydropower......Page 168
7.3 Biomass......Page 171
7.3.1 Environmental Effects......Page 174
7.4 Geothermal Energy......Page 175
7.4.1 Environmental Effects......Page 177
7.5 Solar Energy......Page 178
7.5.1 The Flat Plate Collector......Page 182
7.5.2 Focusing Collectors......Page 184
7.5.3 Photovoltaic Cells......Page 187
7.6 Wind Power......Page 189
7.7 Tidal Power......Page 195
7.8 Ocean Wave Power......Page 199
7.9 Ocean Thermal Power......Page 203
7.10 Capital Cost of Renewable Electric Power......Page 204
Problems......Page 206
Bibliography......Page 209
8.1 Introduction......Page 211
8.2 Internal Combustion Engines for Highway Vehicles......Page 214
8.2.1 Combustion in SI and CI Engines......Page 216
8.3 Engine Power and Performance......Page 218
8.3.1 Engine Efficiency......Page 220
8.4 Vehicle Power and Performance......Page 222
8.4.1 Connecting the Engine to the Wheels......Page 224
8.5.1 U.S. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Regulations and Test Cycles......Page 226
8.5.2 Improving Vehicle Fuel Economy......Page 228
8.6.1 Vehicles Powered by Storage Batteries......Page 231
8.6.2 Hybrid Vehicles......Page 233
8.6.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles......Page 234
8.7.1 U.S. Vehicle Emission Standards......Page 237
8.7.2 Reducing Vehicle Emissions......Page 239
8.8 Conclusion......Page 245
Problems......Page 246
Bibliography......Page 248
9.1 Introduction......Page 249
9.2 Air Pollution......Page 250
9.2.1 U.S. Emission Standards......Page 251
9.2.2 U.S. Ambient Standards......Page 254
9.2.3 Health and Environmental Effects of Fossil-Fuel-Related Air Pollutants......Page 256
9.2.4 Air-Quality Modeling......Page 257
9.2.5 Photo-oxidants......Page 265
9.2.6 Acid Deposition......Page 270
9.2.7 Regional Haze and Visibility Impairment......Page 279
9.3.1 Acid Mine Drainage and Coal Washing......Page 281
9.3.2 Solid Waste from Power Plants......Page 282
9.3.4 Atmospheric Deposition of Toxic Pollutants onto Surface Waters......Page 283
9.5 Conclusion......Page 285
Problems......Page 286
Bibliography......Page 289
10.1 Introduction......Page 290
10.2.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation......Page 292
10.2.2 Sun–Earth–Space Radiative Equilibrium......Page 293
10.2.3 Modeling Global Warming......Page 295
10.2.4 Feedback Effects......Page 297
10.2.6 Observed Trend of Global Warming......Page 299
10.2.7 Other Effects of Global Warming......Page 300
10.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Carbon Cycle......Page 302
10.3.3 Nitrous Oxide......Page 304
10.3.5 Ozone......Page 305
10.4.1 End-Use Efficiency Improvements and Conservation......Page 306
10.4.2 Supply-Side Efficiency Improvements......Page 307
10.4.3 CO[sub(2)] Capture......Page 308
10.4.4 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration......Page 311
10.4.5 CO[sub(2)] Utilization......Page 315
10.5 Conclusion......Page 317
Problems......Page 319
Bibliography......Page 320
11.1 Energy Resources......Page 321
11.2 Regulating the Environmental Effects of Energy Use......Page 322
11.3 Global Warming......Page 323
Appendix A: Measuring Energy......Page 326
C......Page 330
E......Page 331
F......Page 332
H......Page 333
N......Page 334
R......Page 335
T......Page 336
Z......Page 337