Endophytes: Potential Source of Compounds of Commercial and Therapeutic Applications

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Alternaria Species
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Pharmaceutically Active Metabolites
		1.2.1 Antimicrobial Agents
		1.2.2 Anti-Viral Agents
		1.2.3 Anti-Parasitic Agents
		1.2.4 Cytotoxic Agents
		1.2.5 Enzyme Inhibitors
		1.2.6 Miscellaneous Pharmacological Activities
	1.3 Agrochemically Active Metabolites
	1.4 Future Perspectives
	References
2: Endophytic Fungi of Wild and Domesticated Crop Plants and Their Prospect for Applications in Sustainable Agriculture
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Wild and Domesticated Crop Plants
	2.3 Application of Endophytic Fungi in Sustainable Agriculture
		2.3.1 Phytostimulants
		2.3.2 Phosphate Solubilizers
	2.4 Store House of Bioactive Metabolites
		2.4.1 Nematicide
		2.4.2 Biocontrol Agent
	2.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
3: Recent Update on Novel Anticancer Compounds from Endophytes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Anticancer Compounds from Endophytes
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
4: Indo-Pak Medicinal Plants and Their Endophytes: An Emphasis on Nutraceutical and Bioactive Potential
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Ethnobotany Prevailing in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent
	4.3 Traditional Systems of Medicine Prevailing in the Indo-Pak Region
		4.3.1 Tibb e Unani
		4.3.2 Ayurveda
		4.3.3 Siddha
	4.4 Indo-Pak Medicinal Plants
		4.4.1 Azadirachta indica
		4.4.2 Ocimum sanctum
	4.5 Nutraceutical Potential
		4.5.1 Tamarindus indica (Linn.)
		4.5.2 Emblica officinalis (Gatertn)
		4.5.3 Moringa oleifera (Lam.)
	4.6 Endophytes
		4.6.1 Endophytic Actinomycetes
		4.6.2 Association of Endophytic Actinomycetes with Their Host Plant
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5: Pharmacological Applications of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Plant-Endophyte Association: Selection of Suitable Plants for Endophyte Isolation and Subsequent Metabolite Studies
	5.3 Structural Diversity and Bio-activities of Endophytic Secondary Metabolites
	5.4 Pharmaceutical Application of Natural Products Obtained from Endophytes
		5.4.1 Endophytic Products as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents
		5.4.2 Anticancer Activity of Endophytic Natural Compounds
		5.4.3 Endophyte Derived Antioxidant Agents
		5.4.4 Antidiabetic and Immunosuppressant Compounds from Endophytes
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6: Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Some Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants of Assam, India
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Endophytic Fungi from Ethnomedicinal Plants
	6.3 Endophytic Fungi of Epiphytic Orchids
	6.4 Endophytic Fungi from Wild Leafy Vegetables
	6.5 Selection of Plants and Epiphytic Orchids from Assam
		6.5.1 Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Selected Plants
		6.5.2 Preparation of Endophytic Fungal Extract to Obtain Secondary Metabolites
		6.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity Assay of the Crude Extracts of Endophytic Fungi
	6.6 Results and Discussion
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7: Endophytic Fungi: A Source of Novel Pharmaceutical Compounds
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Why Endophytic Fungi Now Become an Important Topic to the Researchers?
	7.2 Endophytic Fungi as a Source of Plant Secondary Metabolites
	7.3 Antimicrobial Compounds from Endophytic Fungi
		7.3.1 Echinocandins A
		7.3.2 Sordaricin
		7.3.3 Pestalotheol C
		7.3.4 Phomopsichalasin
	7.4 Anticancer Compounds from Endophytic Fungi
		7.4.1 Taxol
		7.4.2 Camptothecin
		7.4.3 Vinca Alkaloids
		7.4.4 Podophyllotoxin
		7.4.5 Cytochalasins
	7.5 Mechanisms of Action of the Anticancer Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Fungi
	7.6 Anti-inflammatory Compounds from Endophytic Fungi
		7.6.1 Ergoflavin
		7.6.2 Xylariphilone
		7.6.3 Ambuic acid
		7.6.4 Subglutinol A
		7.6.5 Aspernolide F
	7.7 Mechanisms of Action of the Anti-inflammatory Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Fungi
	7.8 Future Perspective
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
8: Endophytic Microflora of Sri Lankan Plants: An Overview of the Therapeutic and Agricultural Applications of the Secondary M...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Host-Endophyte Relationship
	8.3 The Endophytic Reservoir of Bioactive Compounds
		8.3.1 Therapeutic Applications of Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Fungi in Sri Lanka
			8.3.1.1 Antibiotic Compounds
			8.3.1.2 Anticancer Compounds
			8.3.1.3 Other Bioactive Compounds
		8.3.2 Agricultural Applications of Compounds Isolated from Endophytic Fungi in Sri Lanka
			8.3.2.1 Phytotoxic Compounds
			8.3.2.2 Anti-plant Pathogenic Compounds
			8.3.2.3 Other Applications in Agriculture
	8.4 The Way Forward
	References
9: In Situ Probing of Endophyte Natural Products with DESI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Dynamics of Bioactive Metabolites in Endophytic Microorganisms
	9.3 Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) for In Situ Probing of Metabolites of Endophytic Organisms
		9.3.1 Sample Preparation
	9.4 Application of DESI-IMS in Profiling of Endophyte NPs
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10: Role of Phytohormones-Producing Fungal Endophytes in Plant-Microbial Interactions Under Stress
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Plant Hormones: Structures, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action
		10.2.1 Developmental Hormones
		10.2.2 Stress Hormones
	10.3 Microbiome in Plants-Interactions
	10.4 Role of Endophytic Fungi in Mitigating Abiotic Stresses
	10.5 Impact of EF Phytohormones in Fitness and Growth Promotion of Host Plants
	10.6 Genomics and Metabolomics of Endophytic Microbes
	10.7 Future Outlook and Conclusions
	References
11: Strategies for Tapping into Hidden Potential of Endophytic Fungi as Sources of Novel Biomolecules: Need for an Integrated ...
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Activation of BGCs
		11.2.1 One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC)
		11.2.2 Co-cultivation
		11.2.3 Small Molecule Elicitors (SMEs)
	11.3 Genome Mining for the Discovery of Novel Metabolites
		11.3.1 Bioinformatics Tools for In Silico Prediction of Gene Cluster
		11.3.2 Strategies for Genome Mining
		11.3.3 Linking Genome Mining with Bioactivity Studies
		11.3.4 Gene-Knockout Studies and Pathway Analysis
		11.3.5 Heterologous Expression
	11.4 Untargeted Metabolomics and Dereplication
		11.4.1 Molecular Networking (MN): A New Strategy for Dereplication and Metabolite Annotation
		11.4.2 Combining MN with Bioactivity Studies
	11.5 Integrating Genomics to Metabolomics
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12: Endophytic Fungi: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for Commercial and Therapeutic Applications
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Interaction Between Plant and the Endophytic Fungi
		12.1.2 Phytochemical Constituents
	12.2 Bioactive Compounds
		12.2.1 Enzyme Production by Endophytes
		12.2.2 Anticancer Compounds
		12.2.3 Other Therapeutic Bioactive Compounds
			12.2.3.1 Antimicrobial Compounds
			12.2.3.2 Antioxidant Compounds
			12.2.3.3 Immunosuppressive Compounds
			12.2.3.4 Antidiabetic Compounds
			12.2.3.5 Biopesticide Compounds
	12.3 Conclusion
	References