Endophyte biotechnology: potential for agriculture and pharmacology

Cover......Page 1
CABI Series......Page 3
 Endophyte BiotechnologyPotential for Agriculture and Pharmacology......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
 1.1 Microbes: Ancient Allies in Sustaining Plant Life......Page 12
 1.2 The Plant Endosphere as Habitat for Microorganisms......Page 13
 References......Page 14
 2.1 Endophytes Defined......Page 17
 2.3 Diversity of Fungal Endophytes......Page 18
 2.4 How Different Are Endophytic Fungi from Pathogenic Fungi?......Page 19
 2.5 The Influence of the Host Plant on Asymptomatic Proliferation......Page 21
 2.6 The Diversity and Distribution of Fungal Endophytes Inside a Plant......Page 22
 2.7 Ecological Roles of Endophytes in Plant Life......Page 23
 2.8 Competition between Endophytes and Pathogens......Page 25
  2.10.2 Competition for space and resources......Page 26
  2.10.3 Chemical antibiosis......Page 27
  2.10.4 Induced plant defences and tolerance......Page 28
 References......Page 32
 3.1 Introduction......Page 43
  3.2.2 From roots to above-ground organs......Page 44
  3.3.1 Colonization through stomata, other natural openings and wounds......Page 46
  3.4.1 Colonization of flowers......Page 47
  3.4.3 Colonization of seeds and transmission of endophytic bacteria to the plant offspring......Page 48
 3.5 Conclusions......Page 49
 References......Page 50
 4.1 Introduction......Page 53
  4.2.2 Seed activation and extractionof endophytes......Page 54
  4.2.4 Phenotyping......Page 57
  4.3.2 Differentiation between livingand dead cells......Page 58
   16S rRNA......Page 59
   Computational data analysis for microbial community reconstruction......Page 60
   Metatranscriptomics......Page 61
  4.4 Microscopic Visualizationof Seed Endophytes......Page 62
   4.4.2 Scanning electronmicroscopy......Page 63
  4.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 64
  References......Page 65
 5.1 Introduction......Page 70
 5.2 Fungal Endophytes and Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Plants......Page 71
 5.3 Alternating Symbiotic Lifestyles of Fungal Endophytes......Page 72
 5.4 Endophyte Commercialization......Page 73
 5.5 BioEnsure® Field Performance......Page 74
 5.6 Climate Mitigation and the Future of Poverty, Food Security and Political Stability......Page 75
 References......Page 77
 6.1 Introduction......Page 79
 6.2 The Nature of the Endophyte Literature......Page 80
 6.3 Endophyte Distributions within Plants......Page 81
 6.4 Endophytes and Insect Herbivores......Page 84
 6.5 Endophytes and Higher Trophic Levels......Page 88
 6.6 Endophytes and Plant Pathogens......Page 89
 6.7 Conclusions......Page 90
 References......Page 91
 7.1 Introduction......Page 96
  7.2.1 Obligate, systemic mutualists located in aerial tissues – Epichloë endophytes......Page 97
   Discovering Epichloë endophytes......Page 98
   Epichloë endophyte chemistry......Page 99
    Benefits to the host plant from Epichloë endophyte associations......Page 100
    Host responses to Epichloë endophyte associations......Page 101
  7.2.2 Facultative, systemic mutualists located in shoot and root tissue......Page 102
 7.3 Interactions between Endophytic Taxa in Temperate Grasses......Page 104
 7.4 Economic Importance of Fungal Endophytes in Temperate Grasses......Page 106
 7.5 The Future for Fungal Endophytes of Temperate Grasses......Page 107
 References......Page 108
 8.1 Introduction......Page 120
 8.2 Epichloid Endophytes of Grasses – a Private Symbiont with Multiple Effects within the Host Neighbourhood......Page 123
 8.3 Co-occurrence of Functionally Distinct Symbionts that Can Share the Same Host: Epichloid Endophytes and AMF......Page 124
 8.4 Co-occurrence of Functionally Distinct Symbioses that Can Share the Neighbourhood: Grass- Endophyte, Legume-Rhizobia and Mycorrhiza......Page 125
 8.5 Concluding Remarks: Multisymbioses Public Benefits that Impact on the Symbiosphere......Page 127
 References......Page 129
 9.1 Plants Are a Poor Food Source......Page 133
 9.2 Plants and the Costs of Secondary Metabolism......Page 134
  9.2.2 Sequestering: lowering the nutritional value of plants......Page 136
 9.3 Outsourcing of Secondary Metabolism through Endophytes......Page 137
   Indole acetic acid (IAA)......Page 139
   Additional roles of ABA......Page 142
   Additional roles of 4-HBA......Page 143
 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 144
 References......Page 146
 10.1 Introduction......Page 156
 10.2 Cytotoxic Metabolites from Endophytes......Page 157
 10.3 Anti-infective Metabolites from Endophytes......Page 163
 Conclusion......Page 170
 References......Page 171
 11.1 Introduction......Page 175
 11.2 Functional Metagenomics of Endophytes......Page 177
 11.3 Natural Products from Endophytes......Page 181
 11.4 Enzymes from Endophytes......Page 183
 11.5 Conclusion......Page 184
 References......Page 185
 12.1 Short Introduction to the Levels of Interaction between Plants and Microbes......Page 191
 12.2 Role of Secondary Metabolites in Plants and Fungi......Page 192
 12.3 Potential of Endophyte–Plant Interactions to Synthesize Secondary Metabolites......Page 193
  12.3.1 Synthesis in plant and metabolism by fungus......Page 195
   Potential of bioconversions by endophytic fungi for industrial applications......Page 197
  12.3.2 Synthesis in fungus and metabolism by plant......Page 198
  12.3.3 Sharing responsibilities: Plants and fungi contribute alike? The case of paclitaxel......Page 200
 12.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 203
 References......Page 204
Index......Page 210
Back Cover......Page 215