Endophthalmitis in Clinical Practice

Foreword
Conflict of Interest
Endophthalmitis
How to Use This Book
Contents
Chapter 1: Endophthalmitis: Classification and Most Frequently Reported Organisms
Chapter 2: Differential Diagnosis of Endophthalmitis
	Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (Fig. 2.1)
	Retained Lens Fragments (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3)
	Flare-Up of Pre-existing Uveitis
	Vitreous Hemorrhage
	Retinoblastoma
	Uveal Melanoma
	Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide
	Viral Retinitis
	Noninfectious Inflammation from Intravitreal Injections
	Brolucizumab-Related Intraocular Inflammation
	Drug-Associated Uveitis (a Rare Cause of Pseudoendophthalmitis)
Chapter 3: Diagnosis of Endophthalmitis: Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Microbiology, and Echography
	Clinical Presentations
	Microbiology
		How to Perform TAP and Inject
		Intravitreal Antimicrobial Injection
		Results of Anterior Chamber TAP Versus Vitreous TAP
		Culture Media
		Other Testing
	Echography
Chapter 4: Acute-Onset Endophthalmitis: Clinical Categories, Incidence Rates, Signs/Symptoms, Risk Factors, Microbiology, Treatment, and Follow-Up
	Acute-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Acute-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis
		Intravitreal antimicrobials (Fig. 4.5)
		Follow-Up Management of Acute-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis (Fig. 4.6)
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Acute-Onset Endophthalmitis Following Pars Plana Vitrectomy
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors (Table 4.1)
		Microbial Isolates
		Endophthalmitis after Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Vitreous Floaters (Fig. 4.7)
		Initial Management of Acute-Onset Endophthalmitis Following Vitrectomy
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Acute-Onset Endophthalmitis Following Vitrectomy
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Endophthalmitis Associated with Intravitreal Injection
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms of Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Injections
		Risk Factors
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Endophthalmitis Associated with Intravitreal Injection
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Endophthalmitis Associated with Intravitreal Injection
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Additional Discussion Points
		Vitreous TAP Versus AC TAP/Paracentesis
		Controversies in Care
		Systemic Immunosuppressives and the Risk of Post-Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis
Chapter 5: Delayed-Onset (Chronic) Endophthalmitis and Miscellaneous Categories: Incidence Rates, Signs/Symptoms, Risk Factors, Microbiology, Treatment, and Follow-Up
	Delayed-Onset (Chronic) Post-Operative Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Delayed-Onset Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Delayed-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
		Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Conjunctival Filtering Bleb: Associated Infection and Endophthalmitis
		Incidence of Bleb-Associated Endophthalmitis
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Conjunctival Filtering Bleb-Associated Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Conjunctival Filtering Bleb-Associated Infection or Endophthalmitis
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
		Endophthalmitis Associated with Glaucoma Drainage Devices
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Microbiology
		Initial Management of Glaucoma Drainage Device-Associated Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Endophthalmitis Associated with Glaucoma Drainage Devices
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	Delayed-Onset Endophthalmitis Associated with Keratitis
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors for Keratitis that May Lead to Endophthalmitis
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Endophthalmitis Associated with Keratitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Endophthalmitis Associated with Keratitis
			First Morning after Initial Treatment
			Two to Three Days after Initial Treatment
	The Role of Corneal Collagenous Cross-Linking (CXL) in the Treatment of Keratitis and Corneal Ulcers
	The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Advanced Keratitis with Threat of Endophthalmitis
	Endophthalmitis after Pterygium Removal
	Endophthalmitis After Strabismus Surgery
	Endophthalmitis Post-Suture Removal
	Endophthalmitis after Blepharoplasty (Fig. 5.14)
Chapter 6: Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Incidence Rates, Signs/Symptoms, Risk Factors, Microbiology, Treatment, and Follow-Up
	Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Malignancy
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Endogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis
			First Morning After Initial Treatment (Based on Clinical Examination)
			Two to Three Days After Initial Treatment (Based on Clinical Examination)
	Screening of Endogenous Candida Endophthalmitis in the Hospital Setting
	Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis
		Incidence
		Signs/Symptoms
		Risk Factors
		Malignancy
		Microbial Isolates
		Initial Management of Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis
		Follow-Up Management in Patients with Endogenous Bacterial Endophthalmitis.
			First Morning After Initial Treatment (Based on Clinical Exam).
			Two to Three Days After Initial Treatment (Based on Clinical Exam).
Chapter 7: Pars Plana Vitrectomy for the Management of Endophthalmitis: Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study and Beyond
	Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study
		Early Vitrectomy for Endophthalmitis (beyond the EVS)
		Endophthalmitis in Phakic Eyes
		Endoscopic Vitrectomy for Endophthalmitis
Chapter 8: Antimicrobial Treatment, Resistance, and Alternatives
	Antimicrobial Routes
	Summary of Antimicrobial Dosages (Table 8.1)
	Preparation of Antimicrobials
		Preparation of Intravitreal Antimicrobials (Table 8.2)
		Preparation of Subconjunctival Antibiotics (Table 8.3)
		Preparation of Fortified Topical Antimicrobials (Table 8.4)
	Adverse Effects of Antimicrobials
	Antimicrobial Resistance and Alternatives
		Data on Antimicrobial Resistance
	Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobials
Chapter 9: Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis
	Antisepsis
	Topical Antibiotics
	Topical Antibiotics: Literature
		Systemic Antibiotics
	Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis for Specific Case Scenarios
		Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis for Cataract Surgery
	Corneal Wound Closure
	Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis for Intravitreal Injections
	Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis for Open Globe Injuries
Chapter 10: Retinal Detachment (RD) and Endophthalmitis
	Frequency: Retinal Detachment in Endophthalmitis
	Visual Outcomes: Retinal Detachment in Endophthalmitis
	Presentation: Retinal Detachment in Endophthalmitis
	Risk Factors Associated with Poor Visual Outcomes in Eyes with RD and Endophthalmitis
	Role of Silicone Oil in Endophthalmitis Patients (Fig. 10.1)
	Hyperoleon
		Antimicrobial Properties of Silicone Oil
		Literature: Silicone Oil in Endophthalmitis and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Chapter 11: Antibiotic Stewardship
Chapter 12: Outcomes (Anatomic and Functional) and Treatment-Related Complications
	Treatment Outcomes of Acute-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery
		Outcomes as Reported by the EVS
		Lalwani et al. 2008
		Yannuzzi et al. 2016
	Treatment Outcomes of Delayed-Onset Post-Operative Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery
		Clark et al.
		Shirodkar et al. (2012)
	Treatment Outcomes of Endophthalmitis after Pars Plana Vitrectomy
	Treatment Outcomes of Endophthalmitis Following Glaucoma Surgery
		Conjunctival Filtering Bleb-Associated Infection and Endophthalmitis
			Leng et al. (2011)
		Endophthalmitis Associated with Glaucoma Drainage Devices
			Medina et al. (2016)
	Treatment Outcomes of Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis
		Colyer et al. (Ophthalmology 2007)
		Mieler et al. (Ophthalmology 1990)
		Banker et al. (OSLI Retina, 2017)
	Treatment Outcomes of Endogenous Endophthalmitis
		Schiedler et al. (2004)
		Lingappan et al. (2012)
		Sridhar et al. (2013)
	Treatment Outcomes of Endophthalmitis Associated with Intravitreal Injection
		Goldberg et al. (Ophthalmology 2013)
		Gregori et al. (Retina 2015)
		Yannuzzi et al. (OSLI-Retina 2018)
	Complications Associated with Endophthalmitis Prophylaxis/Treatment