Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines: new perspectives and evidence–based clinical guidelines

Endodontic Advances and Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors’ Biography
List of Contributors
About the Companion Website
Part I: Advances in Knowledge
	1 Tooth, Root, and Canal Anatomy
		Summary
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Different Perspectives in Characterizing Root and Canal Morphology
			1.2.1 Deficiencies of Current Classification Systems for Root Canal Morphology
			1.2.2 Introduction to the New Coding System for Root and Canal Morphology
		1.3 Advances in Apical Canal Morphology
			1.3.1 Cemento-dentinal Junction (CDJ)
			1.3.2 Apical Constriction (AC)
			1.3.3 Major Apical Foramen (MAF)
			1.3.4 Isthmus
			1.3.5 Accessory Canals and Apical Deltas
			1.3.6 Bifid Apex
			1.3.7 The Importance of Apical Canal Anatomy in Apical Surgery
		1.4 Root and Canal Morphology in Different Tooth Types
			1.4.1 Maxillary Anterior Teeth
			1.4.2 Maxillary First Premolar
			1.4.3 Maxillary Second Premolar
			1.4.4 Maxillary First Molar
			1.4.5 Maxillary Second Molar
			1.4.6 Mandibular Anterior Teeth
			1.4.7 Mandibular First Premolar
			1.4.8 Mandibular Second Premolar
			1.4.9 Mandibular First Molar
			1.4.10 Mandibular Second Molar
		References
	2 The Bioactive Properties of Dentine and Molecular Advances in Pulp Regeneration
		Summary
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Regenerative Endodontics
		2.3 The Role of Dentine in Pulpar Repair and Regeneration
		2.4 Infection, Inflammation, and Stem Cells Interaction in Pulp Regeneration
			2.4.1 Immune Response
			2.4.2 Inflammation and Regeneration
			2.4.3 Opportunities for Clinical Translation
		2.5 Regenerative Endodontic Procedures (REPs)
			2.5.1 Cell-Homing
			2.5.2 Cell-based Therapies
		2.6 Conclusion
		References
	3 Microbial Biofilms in Root Canal Systems
		Summary
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 General Characteristics of Microbial Biofilms
			3.2.1 How do Bacteria Build Biofilms?
			3.2.2 Formation of Biofilms in Root Canals
			3.2.3 Planktonic Versus Biofilm Lifestyles
			3.2.4 The Biofilm Phenotype
		3.3 Ecological Factors Affecting Biofilms in Root Canals
			3.3.1 The Inflammatory and Necrotic Environments
			3.3.2 The Post-Treatment Environment
		3.4 Survival of Biofilm Bacteria to Antimicrobials
		3.5 Biofilm Resistance in Endodontics
		3.6 Conclusion
		References
	4 Pulp, Root Canal, and Periradicular Conditions
		Summary
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 What Causes Pulp, Root Canal, and Periradicular Conditions?
		4.3 The Development and Progression of Pulp and Root Canal Conditions
		4.4 The Development and Progression of Periradicular Conditions
		4.5 Classifications of Conditions and/or Diseases
		4.6 Classification and Description of Pulp and Root Canal Conditions
		4.7 Classification and Description of Periradicular Conditions
		4.8 Summary
		References
	5 Root Resorption
		Summary
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Histopathology of Root Resorption
		5.3 Internal Root Resorption
			5.3.1 Internal Inflammatory Root Resorption
			5.3.2 Internal Replacement Resorption
		5.4 External Root Resorption
			5.4.1 External Inflammatory Resorption
			5.4.2 External Replacement Resorption
			5.4.3 External Surface Resorption
			5.4.4 External Cervical Resorption
		References
	6 Minimally Invasive Endodontics
		Summary
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Embracing the Concept of Minimally Invasive Endodontics
			6.2.1 The Need for Patient-focused Approaches
			6.2.2 Technological Advancements in Endodontics that Has Made Minimally Invasive Strategies Possible
			6.2.3 What Does Minimum Intervention Root Canal Treatment Encompass?
		6.3 Rationale for Minimally Invasive Root Canal Treatment
			6.3.1 Failure of Root Canal Treatment: Microbial Causes
			6.3.2 Failure of Root Canal Treatment: Structural Causes
		6.4 Minimum Intervention in Endodontics: Prevention Is Better than Cure?
		6.5 Minimally Invasive Management of the Deep Carious Lesion
		6.6 Minimally Invasive Root Canal Treatment Procedures
		6.7 Access Cavity Terminology
		6.8 Minimally Invasive Root Canal Preparation
			6.8.1 Goals of Root Canal Preparation
			6.8.2 So, What Happens to These Untouched Walls?
			6.8.3 Apical Preparation Sizes and Root Canal Preparation Tapers – How Much Is Enough?
			6.8.4 Supplementary Irrigation Strategies in Minimally Prepared Root Canals
			6.8.5 Is It Possible to Clean Root Canals with No Instrumentation at All?
		6.9 Minimally Invasive Surgical Endodontics
		6.10 Conclusion
		References
	7 Systemic Health and Endodontics
		Summary
		7.1 From Focal Infection Theory to Endodontic Medicine
			7.1.1 The Discredited Focal Infection Theory
			7.1.2 Endodontic Medicine: Interrelation Between Systemic and Endodontic Pathosis
		7.2 Pathways Linking Periapical Inflammatory Lesions to Systemic Health Status
			7.2.1 The Spread of Endodontic Bacteria to Adjacent Tissues and Organs
			7.2.2 Local Production of Soluble Regulatory Molecules that
May Initiate or Sustain Inflammatory Events in Remote Tissues and Organs
			7.2.3 Extrinsic or Intrinsic Pathological Mechanisms Resulting or Contributing to Both Local and Systemic Inflammation
		7.3 Endodontic Implications of Systemic Diseases – Systemic Factors Affecting Periapical Repair
		7.4 Diabetes and Endodontics
			7.4.1 Scientific Evidence on the Association Between Diabetes and Endodontics
			7.4.2 Biological Mechanisms Involved in the Association Between Diabetes and Endodontics
			7.4.3 Endodontic Management of Diabetic Patients
		7.5 Cardiovascular Disease and Endodontics
			7.5.1 Scientific Evidence on the Association Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Endodontics
			7.5.2 Mechanisms Involved in the Association Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Endodontics
			7.5.3 Endodontic Management of Cardiovascular Patients
		7.6 Relationship Amongst Other Systemic States and Endodontics
			7.6.1 Smoking Habits
			7.6.2 Digestive Diseases and Other Systemic Diseases
		References
	8 Technology Enhanced Education
		Summary
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 E-learning in Dentistry
		8.3 Contemporary E-learning Models
		8.4 E-learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		8.5 Limitations of E-learning in Dental Education
		8.6 Advances in Endodontology Education
			8.6.1 3D Technology for Pre-clinical Training
			8.6.2 Augmented and Virtual Reality
		8.7 Digital Dentistry and Clinical Endodontics
			8.7.1 Guided Endodontics
			8.7.2 Surgical Endodontics
		8.8 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Advances in Materials and Technology
	9 Computed Tomography Imaging Devices and Techniques
		Summary
		9.1 Digital Dentistry and Impact on Clinical Training and Education
			9.1.1 3D Endodontic Rendering
			9.1.2 3D Endodontic Software
			9.1.3 Dynamic Navigation Systems (Software and Devices)
		9.2 Advances in Micro-CT and Nano-CT Technologies and Their Impact on Clinical Training and Education
			9.2.1 Fundamentals of Micro-CT and Nano-CT Imaging
			9.2.2 Micro-CT Versus Nano-CT Technology
			9.2.3 CT Technology in Dental Education and Training
			9.2.4 Advances in Micro-CT and Nano-CT Applications
		9.5 Conclusion
		References
	10 Advances in Working Length Determination
		Summary
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Morphology of the Root Canal Terminus
		10.3 Determining the Root Canal Terminus
		10.4 An Overview of Basic Electronics
			10.4.1 Atom Structure
			10.4.2 Ions and Electrolytes
			10.4.3 Electrical Charge, Voltage, and Current
			10.4.4 Resistance
			10.4.5 Electric Circuits and the Human Body
			10.4.6 Ohm’s Law
			10.4.7 Direct Current and Alternating Current
			10.4.8 Capacitor
			10.4.9 Impedance and its Measurement
		10.5 Electrical Features of Tooth Structure
		10.6 Electronic Root Canal Length Measurement Devices (ERCLMDs)
			10.6.1 Fundamental Assumption
			10.6.2 Background
			10.6.3 Resistance-based ERCLMDs
			10.6.4 Low-frequency Oscillation ERCLMDs
			10.6.5 High-frequency Devices (Capacitance-based Devices; ERCLMDs)
			10.6.6 Capacitance and Resistance ERCLMDs (Look-up Tables)
			10.6.7 Voltage Gradient ERCLMDs (Difference in Impedance with Three Nodes)
			10.6.8 Two Frequencies: Impedance and Difference ERCLMDs
			10.6.9 Two Frequencies: Impedance Ratio (Quotient) ERCLMDs
			10.6.10 Multifrequency ERCLMDs
			10.6.11 Root Canal Length Measurement Devices Integrated Into Rotary Endodontic Motors
			10.6.12 Effect of ERCLMDs on Cardiac Devices
			10.6.13 Application of ERCLMDs in the Primary Dentition
		References
	11 Advances in Materials and Techniques for Microbial Control
		Summary
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Biofilms
		11.3 Sodium Hypochlorite
		11.4 Detoxification of the Root Canal System by Endodontic Procedures
		11.5 Inactivation of Root Canal Irrigants
		11.6 Etidronic Acid and the Continuous Chelation Concept
		11.7 Cetrimide and Surfactants
		11.8 Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation
		11.9 Negative Apical Pressure
		11.10 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy
		11.11 Laser-activated Irrigation
		11.12 Multisonic Technique
		11.13 Conclusion
		References
	12 Nickel-Titanium Metallurgy
		Summary
		12.1 Introduction and Classification of Current NiTi Alloy Phases
		12.2 Properties of Each Phase (Austenitic, Martinsitic, R-phase)
		12.3 Surface Treatment of NiTi Alloys
		12.4 Post-machining Heat Treatment of NiTi Alloys
		12.5 Effects of Irrigants and Sterilisation Procedures on NiTi Alloys
		12.6 Relevance of Current Studies
		12.7 Conclusion
		References
	13 Rotary and Reciprocating Motions During Canal Preparation
		Summary
		13.1 Goals and Limitations of Engine-driven Root Canal Preparation
		13.2 Current Instrument Designs, Movements, and Manufacturing Methods
		13.3 Clinical Recommendations for Rotary and Reciprocating Canal Preparation
			13.3.1 Preparation for Treatment
			13.3.2 Early Coronal Modification
			13.3.3 Working Length and Patency
			13.3.4 Glide Path Preparation
			13.3.5 Canal Preparation
		13.4 Physical Properties of Engine-driven Root Canal Instruments
			13.4.1 Cutting Efficiency
			13.4.2 Cyclic Fatigue Resistance
			13.4.3 Torsional Performance
		13.5 Surrogate and Clinical Parameters Affecting Outcomes
			13.5.1 Geometry of Root Canals After Preparation
			13.5.2 Induction of Dentinal Micro-crack Formation
			13.5.3 Debris Extrusion and Postoperative Pain
			13.5.4 Functionality in Retreatment
		13.6 Clinical Experiences with Rotary and Reciprocating Root Canal Instruments
		References
	14 Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Cements
		Summary
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Material Properties
			14.2.1 Cement Characteristics
			14.2.2 Radiopacifier Characteristics
			14.2.3 Admixtures, Additives, and Vehicles
		14.3 Classification of Hydraulic Cements
		14.4 Specific Uses and Material Properties
			14.4.1 Application on the Coronal Pulp
			14.4.2 Intraradicular Use
			14.4.3 Extraradicular Use
		14.5 Current Challenges and Conclusions
		References
	15 Nanomaterials in Endodontics
		Summary
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Applications and Challenges
		15.3 Nanomaterials in Endodontics
			15.3.1 Application of Nanomaterials for Endodontic Disinfection
			15.3.2 Nanomaterials in Root Canal Fillings
			15.3.3 Nanomaterials in Restorative Materials
			15.3.4 Nanomaterials in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
			15.3.5 Nanomaterials as Bioactive Molecule Delivery Systems
			15.3.6 Nanomaterials in Scaffolds
		References
Part III: Advances in Clinical Management
	16 Vital Pulp Treatment
		Summary
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Caries: Current Thinking and Radiographic Classification
		16.3 Role of Pulp and Dentine in Repair
		16.4 What Does Vital Pulp Treatment Encompass?
		16.5 How Do We Classify and Diagnose Pulpal Disease?
		16.6 How Do We Treat Pulpal Disease? Techniques to Avoid Pulpal Exposure
			16.6.1 Indirect Pulp Capping
			16.6.2 Selective Carious-tissue Removal in One Visit
			16.6.3 Stepwise Excavation
			16.6.4 When Should Pulp Exposure Be Avoided?
			16.6.5 Follow-up
			16.6.6 Outcome Analysis
		16.7 How Do We Treat Pulpal Disease? Techniques When the Pulp Is Exposed
			16.7.1 When Should We Expose the Pulp and How Much Tissue Should We Remove?
			16.7.2 Direct Pulp Capping
			16.7.3 Pulpotomy
			16.7.4 Pulpectomy
			16.7.5 Assessing Success
			16.7.6 Future Opportunities and Therapies
		16.7 Conclusion
		References
	17 Detection of Canal Orifices, Negotiation, and Management of Calcified and Curved Canals
		Summary
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Detection of Canal Orifices
			17.2.1 The Significance of Missed Anatomy on the Prognosis of Root Filled Teeth
			17.2.2 Anatomical Landmarks for Detection of Root Canals
			17.2.3 Clinical Detection of Canal Orifices
			17.2.4 Magnification and Ultrasonics: The Perfect Tools for Detection of Canal Orifices
			17.2.5 Radiographic Techniques for Detection of Root Canals
			17.2.6 Guided Endodontics for Detection of Root Canals
		17.3 Negotiation of Calcified and Curved Canals
			17.3.1 Background
			17.3.2 Negotiation, Glide Path, and Preflaring
			17.3.3 Clinical Strategies for the Negotiation of Easily Scoutable Canals
			17.3.4 Clinical Strategies for the Negotiation of Complex Canals
		17.4 Shaping of Calcified and Curved Canals
			17.4.1 Basic Principles
			17.4.2 The Ideal Instruments for Shaping Calcified and Curved Canals
		17.5 Conclusion
		References
	18 Management of Fractured Instruments
		Summary
		18.1 Aetiology of Instrument Fracture
			18.1.1 Factors Affecting Instrument Fracture
			18.1.2 Incidence of Instrument Fracture
			18.1.3 Mechanisms for Instrument Fracture
		18.2 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning of Fractured Instruments
			18.2.1 Factors Affecting the Success of Instrument Retrieval
			18.2.2 Diagnostic Examination Using CBCT for Instrument Retrieval
			18.2.3 Treatment Planning for Instrument Retrieval
		18.3 Root Canal Preparation Techniques
			18.3.1 Potential Accidents in Ultrasonic Activation
			18.3.2 Refinement of the Damaged Ultrasonic Tip
			18.3.3 Root Canal Preparation Techniques for Visible Instrument Retrieval
			18.3.4 Root Canal Preparation for Nonvisible Instrument Retrieval
		18.4 Instrument Retrieval Techniques
			18.4.1 Type of fluid used in instrument removal attempts
			18.4.2 Use of Ultrasonic Activation
			18.4.3 Use of the Loop
			18.4.4 Use of the XP-endo Shaper
			18.4.5 Mechanical Techniques Other than Ultrasonics
			18.4.6 Non-mechanical Techniques
		18.5 Prognosis
		References
	19 Repair of Pulp Chamber and Root Perforations
		Summary
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Occurrence and Diagnosis of Perforations During Root Canal Treatment
		19.3 Diagnosis of Perforations
		19.4 Classification of Perforations and Factors Affecting Prognosis
			19.4.1 Time of Repair
			19.4.2 Size of Perforation
			19.4.3 Location of Perforation
			19.4.4 MTA as a Perforation Repair Material
			19.4.5 Alternative Materials for Perforation Repair in Specific Indications
		19.5 Techniques and Considerations to Clinically Repair Perforations
			19.5.1 Appropriate Material Selection
			19.5.2 Use of a Matrix
		19.6 Nonsurgical Management of Perforations
			19.6.1 Crown, Pulpal Floor, and Furcation Areas
			19.6.2 Middle One Third of the Root Canal
			19.6.3 Apical One Third of the Root Canal
		19.7 Surgical Management of Perforations
		19.8 Clinical Outcomes
		19.9 Conclusion
		References
	20 Removal of Root Canal Filling Materials
		Summary
		20.1 Indications for Root Canal Retreatment
		20.2 Objectives of Root Canal Retreatment Procedures
		20.3 Removal of Crowns and Posts
			20.3.1 Indications
			20.3.2 Post Removal Techniques
			20.3.3 Complications of Post Placement and Removal
			20.3.4 Custom Cast Core Posts
			20.3.5 Ceramic Posts
			20.3.6 Removal of Fibre Posts (Tooth 26 Case with Video 3)
			20.3.7 Prognostic Assessment of Post Removal
		20.4 Methods for Removal of Gutta-percha
			20.4.1 Hand Instruments
			20.4.2 Softening of Gutta-percha
			20.4.3 Engine-driven NiTi Instruments
			20.4.4 Adjunctive Instruments and Techniques
		20.5 Removal of Carrier-based Root Canal Filling Materials
		20.6 Retrieval of Silver Cones
			20.6.1 Need for Removal
			20.6.2 Methods of Retrieval
			20.6.3 Success of Silver Point Removal and Outcome
		20.7 Removal of Calcium Silicate-based Cements
		20.8 Removal of Calcium Silicate-based Sealers
		20.9 Removal of Resorcinol-formaldehyde Resin Paste (Russian Red)
		References
	21 Restoration of Root filled Teeth
		Summary
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Examination of Root filled Teeth Before Selection of a Treatment Approach
			21.2.1 Ferrule
			21.2.2 Remaining Coronal Walls
			21.2.3 Marginal Ridges
		21.3 Evidence from Clinical Studies Regarding Factors Affecting the Prognosis of Root filled Teeth
			21.3.1 Outcome Measures and Clinical Questions Addressed by Clinical Studies
		21.4 Decision-making for Restoration of Root filled Teeth
			21.4.1 Root filled Teeth with Minimal Loss of Coronal Structure
			21.4.2 Root filled Teeth with Significant Loss of Coronal Structure
		21.5 Clinical Considerations for the Management of Root filled Teeth Using Posts
			21.5.1 Relevance of Tooth Anatomy
			21.5.2 Classification of Posts
			21.5.3 Effect of Post Space Preparation and Post Placement on the Fracture Resistance of Root filled Teeth
			21.5.4 Clinical Steps to Cement a Post
		21.6 Importance of the Final Restoration
		21.7 Conclusion
		References
	22 Classifications and Management of Endodontic-Periodontal Lesions
		Summary
		22.1 Communication Pathways Between the Pulp and Periodontal Tissues
			22.1.1 Endo-perio Lesions: A Terminological Controversy
			22.1.2 Classifications of Endo-perio Lesions
			22.1.3 Foce Classification System for Endo-perio Lesions
			22.1.4 Ahmed Classification System for Endoperio Lesions
		22.2 Management and Prognosis of Endo-perio Lesions
			22.2.1 Crown-down Plaque-induced Periodontal Lesions Without Pulpal Involvement
			22.2.2 Crown-down Plaque-induced Periodontal Lesions With Pulpal Involvement
			22.2.3 Down-crown Periodontal Lesions of Endodontic Origin
			22.2.4 Combined Endo-perio Lesions
		22.3 Conclusion
		References
	23 Management of Coronal Discolouration
		Summary
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Aetiology
		23.3 Prevention of Coronal Discolouration Related to Endodontic Procedures
		23.4 Management Guidelines
			23.4.1 History
			23.4.2 Evaluation and Preparation
			23.4.3 Selection of the Appropriate Treatment Approach
			23.4.4 Types of Intracoronal Bleaching
		23.5 Bleaching of Teeth with Calcified Pulp Chambers and Root Canals
		23.6 Prognosis of Intracoronal Bleaching
			23.6.1 Initial Results of Intracoronal Bleaching
			23.6.2 Colour Stability
		23.7 Complications After Intracoronal Bleaching
		23.8 Other Treatment Options
			23.8.1 Restoration of Teeth After Bleaching
		23.9 Tooth Discolouration Following Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
		23.10 Management of Tooth Discolouration Following Regenerative Endodontic Procedures
		References
	24 Surgical Endodontics
		Summary
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Historical Perspective
		24.3 Indications for Surgical Endodontics with Root-end Resection and Treatment Alternatives
		24.4 Endodontic Microsurgery (EMS) Technique
			24.4.1 Diagnosis
			24.4.2 Anaesthesia
			24.4.3 Mucoperiosteal Flap
			24.4.4 Bone Access
			24.4.5 Root-end Management
			24.4.6 Root-end Filling Materials, Types, and Current Advances
			24.4.7 Management of the Bone Cavity
		24.5 Prognosis and Outcome Evaluation
		24.6 Case Difficulty Classification for Surgical Endodontics
			24.6.1 Patient Level
			24.6.2 Tooth Level
		24.7 Other Surgical Endodontics Procedures
			24.7.1 Incision and Drainage
			24.7.2 Exploratory Surgery
			24.7.3 Periradicular Curettage and Biopsy
			24.7.4 Root Resection
			24.7.5 Tooth Resection
			24.7.6 Extraction with Replantation
		References
	25 Alternatives to Root Canal Treatment: Tooth Autotransplantation
		Summary
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Indications for Autotransplantation
		25.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tooth Autotransplantation
		25.4 The Role of Interdisciplinary Team Planning
		25.5 Pretransplantation Bone Management
		25.6 Case Selection
			25.6.1 Availability of a Donor Tooth
			25.6.2 Donor Tooth Assessment
			25.6.3 Recipient Site Characteristics
		25.7 Success and Survival of Tooth Autotransplantation
			25.7.1 Factors Affecting Prognosis of Autotransplanted Teeth
		25.8 Presurgical Preparations
		25.9 Tooth Autotransplantation Surgical Technique and Considerations
		25.10 Socket Assessment
		25.11 Antibiotic Prophylaxis
		25.12 Postoperative Instructions
			25.12.1 Post-transplantation Pulpal and Periodontal Management
		25.13 Interim Restorative Camouflage
		25.14 Pulpal Management
		25.15 Orthodontic Tooth Movement
		25.16 Definitive Restoration
		25.17 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines
	26 Endodontic Diagnosis
		Summary
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 History Taking
			26.2.1 Presenting Problem
			26.2.2 Dental History
			26.2.3 Medical History
			26.2.4 Antibiotic Cover
			26.2.5 Social History
		26.3 Clinical Examination
			26.3.1 Extraoral assessment
			26.3.2 Intraoral assessment
			26.3.3 Routine Tests
			26.3.4 Special Tests
			26.3.5 Radiography
		26.4 Classification of Pulp and Periradicular Diseases
			26.4.1 American Association of Endodontists Classification System
			26.4.2 Limitations of the American Association of Endodontists Classification System
			26.4.3 Endolight Classification
		26.5 Referred Pain
		References
	27 The Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics
		Summary
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Detection of Apical Periodontitis
		27.3 Root Canal Anatomy
		27.4 Root Canal Retreatment
		27.5 Endodontic Surgery
		27.6 Dental Trauma
		27.7 Diagnosis and Management of Root Resorption
		27.8 Vertical Root Fractures
		27.9 Limitations
		27.10 Conclusion
		References
	28 Endodontic Emergencies and Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics
		Summary
		28.1 Endodontic Emergencies
			28.1.1 Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Endodontic Emergencies
			28.1.2 Emergency Treatment of Symptomatic Reversible Pulpitis
			28.1.3 Emergency Treatment of Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
			28.1.4 Emergency Treatment of Acute Periapical Abscess
			28.1.5 Cracked Tooth
			28.1.6 Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
		28.2 Systemic Antibiotics in Endodontics
			28.2.1 Antibiotics as Antimicrobial Medicaments in Endodontic Infections
			28.2.2 Indications for Systemic Antibiotics as Adjuvants in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections: European Society of Endodont
			28.2.3 Indications for Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Endodontics: European Society of Endodontology Position Statement
			28.2.4 Systemic Antibiotics for the Treatment of Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth
		28.3 Conclusion
		References
	29 Revitalization Procedures
		Summary
		29.1 Regeneration and Repair Processes in the Dental Pulp
		29.2 Revitalization – Terminological Aspects
		29.3 Position Statements of the ESE and AAE
		29.4 Case Selection, Indications, and Contra-indications
		29.5 Clinical Procedure
			29.5.1 Disinfection
			29.5.2 Provocation of Bleeding
		29.6 Outcome
		29.7 Future Perspectives
		References
	30 Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in the Permanent Dentition
		Summary
		30.1 Introduction and Epidemiological Data
		30.2 Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
		30.3 Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injuries
		30.4 Enamel Cracks and Crown Fractures
			30.4.1 Vital Pulp Treatment
			30.4.2 Materials for Vital Pulp Treatment
			30.4.3 Success Rates of Vital Pulp Treatment in Traumatised Teeth
			30.4.4 Reattachment Restoration
			30.4.5 Direct Resin Composite Restoration
			30.4.6 Indirect Ceramic Restoration
		30.5 Crown-root Fractures
			30.5.1 Adhesive Fragment Reattachment
			30.5.2 Two-step Direct Composite Restoration
			30.5.3 Restorative Treatment of the Accessible Regions
			30.5.4 Surgical Crown Lengthening
			30.5.5 Extrusion
		30.6 Splinting of Traumatised Teeth (Root Fractures and Luxation Injuries)
		30.7 Root Fractures
		30.8 Luxation Injuries (Concussion, Subluxation, Extrusion, Lateral Luxation)
		30.9 Luxation Injuries (Intrusion)
		30.10 Luxation Injuries (Avulsion)
			30.10.1 Avulsed Teeth with Favourable Storage Conditions
			30.10.2 Avulsed Teeth with Unfavourable Storage Conditions
		30.11 Systemic Doxycycline Administration
		30.12 Tetanus Prophylaxis
		30.13 Conclusion
		References
Index
EULA