Endocytosis in Plants

Endocytosis in Plants......Page 4
Editor Biography......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Abstract......Page 12
2.1 Using Conventional Chemical Inhibitors to Study Endocytosis......Page 13
2.3 Cell Fractionation and Isolation of Endosomes......Page 16
2.4 Isolation of Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts......Page 17
2.5 Proteomic Approaches to Study Endocytosis......Page 18
3.1 Cloning and Fluorescent Tagging of Endocytic Proteins for Visualization and Colocalization Studies......Page 19
4 Genetic Methods......Page 23
6.1 Fluorescently Labeled Endocytic Cargo......Page 25
6.3 Filipin and di-4-ANEPPDHQ......Page 26
7 Immunolocalization Methods for In Situ Localization of Endosomal Proteins......Page 27
8.1 Identification of New Endocytic Proteins by High-Throughput Microscopy Screen......Page 28
8.2 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy......Page 29
8.3 Light Sheet-Based Fluorescence Microscopy......Page 30
8.4 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching and Super-Resolution Microscopy......Page 32
8.5 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer......Page 33
8.6 Electron Microscopy and Electron Tomography......Page 34
Acknowledgments......Page 37
References......Page 38
Abstract......Page 48
1 Endomembrane Trafficking in Plants Cells......Page 49
2 Chemicals Known to Perturb Endomembrane Trafficking......Page 52
3 Chemical Genomic Screens to Dissect Vacuole Transport and Biogenesis......Page 54
4 Chemical Investigation of Development and Defense Responses......Page 57
5 Identifying New Inhibitors of Endosomes Involved in Polar Cell Growth......Page 60
6 Systematic Approach to Understand the Endomembrane Network......Page 62
7 Finding New Effectors and Pathways......Page 64
References......Page 66
1 Introduction......Page 74
2 Polarly Localized Proteins and their Roles......Page 75
3 Subcellular Trafficking in PIN Polarity......Page 79
4 PINOID Phosphorylation and ROP/RIC Interactions with Cytoskeleton: Common Mechanisms for PIN Polar Localization......Page 82
5 PIN Polarity Regulation in Response to Environmental Signals......Page 84
6 A Mechanism for PIN Polar Maintenance......Page 85
Acknowledgments......Page 86
References......Page 87
Abstract......Page 92
1 Introduction......Page 93
2 Structural and Functional Organization of Plant Tip-Growing Cells......Page 94
2.1 Tip Growth Requires Dynamic Cytoskeleton......Page 95
2.2 Vesicular Trafficking as an Integral Part of the Subcellular Membrane Flow......Page 98
3.1 Membrane Definition by Rab GTPases......Page 99
4.1 Membrane Lipids: Phosphoinositides and Sterols......Page 103
5 Root Hairs Versus Pollen Tubes: How Similar are Current Models of Endocytosis and Vesicular Recycling in the Tip?......Page 106
6 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 110
Acknowledgments......Page 111
References......Page 112
Abstract......Page 118
1 Introduction......Page 119
2 Evidence for a Distinct FPE System......Page 120
3 FPE is a Clathrin-Independent System......Page 123
4 Involvement of FPE in Nutrient and Photoassimilate Uptake......Page 125
5 Intracellular Routing of FPE......Page 128
References......Page 130
Abstract......Page 134
2 Thermodynamic Aspects of the PM Integrity, Electricity, and Endocytosis......Page 135
3 Endogenous Electric Fields: From Cell Polarity to Navigation of Pollen Tubes and Roots......Page 138
4 Electric Homeostasis: Resting and Activated States of the Membrane Potential......Page 139
4.1 Transient Reversal of the Membrane Potential Polarity During Action Potential: Possible Impacts on Membrane Properties, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis......Page 140
5 Mechanical and Structural Homeostasis: Endocytosis, Tubulation, and Autophagy......Page 141
6 Endocytosis and Endosomes: When Outside is Inside......Page 142
7 Control of Endocytosis by Diverse Physical Factors......Page 143
7.2 Endocytosis Induced by Electro-Magnetic Fields......Page 144
7.3 Control of Endocytosis by Pressure and Gravity......Page 145
7.4 Endocytosis Induced by Blue Light in Plants......Page 146
8 Electricity of the PM and Endosomes: Border Between Living and Non-Living......Page 147
9 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 148
References......Page 149
Abstract......Page 162
1 Introduction......Page 163
2.1 Plant Plasma Membrane Receptors, Ligands, and Their Endocytosis......Page 164
2.2 Mechanisms of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in Plants......Page 165
2.3.1 Phosphorylation......Page 166
3.1 Endocytosis Regulates Signalling at the Plasma Membrane......Page 167
4 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 168
References......Page 171
Abstract......Page 176
1 Auxin Transport Machinery for Differential Auxin Distribution......Page 177
2 Entering the Intracellular Trafficking Pathway by Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis......Page 178
3 PIN Early Endocytic Recycling......Page 180
4 PINs on the Late Endocytic Route......Page 181
5 PIN-Specific Tags for Distinct Polar Destinations......Page 184
6 Regulation of PIN Trafficking in Answer to Developmental Stimuli......Page 185
7 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 187
References......Page 188
Abstract......Page 196
1 Aquaporin Functions and Regulations and the Importance of Aquaporin Trafficking......Page 197
2.1 Protein Components Involved in the Cycling of PM Cargoes in Plant Cells......Page 198
2.2 Novel Approaches for Exploring the Cycling of PIPs......Page 200
3.1 Physiological Effects of Salinity and Oxidative Stress on Root Water Transport......Page 203
3.2 Cell Surface Dynamics and Cycling of PIPs in Response to Salinity and Oxidative Stress......Page 204
4 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 206
References......Page 207
Abstract......Page 212
1 Conserved Actions of RAB and SNARE Proteins......Page 213
2 Unique Aspects of Plant RAB and SNARE Proteins......Page 214
3 Conventional RAB Functioning in Diverse Plant Activities......Page 215
4 ARA6/RABF1 Group, a Subfamily of RAB GTPases Unique to Plants......Page 216
5 Function of the RAB7/RABG Group in the Vacuolar Trafficking Pathway......Page 217
7 SNAREs in the Endocytic Pathway......Page 218
9 Various Functions of SNAREs at the Plasma Membrane......Page 219
11 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 221
References......Page 222
Abstract......Page 228
1 Introduction......Page 229
2 SCAMPs and Endocytosis......Page 231
3 VSRs and Secretory Trafficking......Page 232
4 Essential Roles of SCAMPs and VSRs in Pollen Tube Growth......Page 234
5 PM Localization of VSR and its Implication in Endocytosis......Page 235
6 Targeting Mechanisms of SCAMPs......Page 236
7 Targeting Mechanisms of VSRs......Page 237
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 238
References......Page 239
Abstract......Page 244
1 SNX Proteins in Eukaryotes: Variations on the Same Theme......Page 245
1.1 The PX Domain: Phox Homology Domain Common to All SNXs......Page 246
1.2 The SNX Protein Family in Plants......Page 248
2 Binding and Tubulation of Biological Membranes by SNXs......Page 249
3.1 SNXs in Yeast and Mammalian Cells......Page 251
3.2 SNXs in Plants: Emergence of Specificities......Page 252
4 Conclusions......Page 254
References......Page 255
1 Late Endosomal Functions......Page 260
2 The ESCRT Complexes......Page 261
3 The Mechanism of ILV Formation......Page 269
4 The Role of Ubiquitination in Plant MVB Sorting......Page 272
Acknowledgments......Page 274
References......Page 275
Abstract......Page 282
2 Rhizobial Infection......Page 283
3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection......Page 286
4 signalling in Symbiosis......Page 287
5 Symbiotic Interface Identity......Page 292
6 Recruitment of Specific Exocytosis Pathways......Page 294
7 The Establishment of a Pathogenic Host–Microbe Interface......Page 295
References......Page 298
1 Plant Defense Responses......Page 308
1.1 Plant Defense Receptors......Page 309
2 Endocytosis in Plant Defense Responses......Page 310
3 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Substrate-15 (EPS-15) Homology Domain Containing Proteins in Plant Cells......Page 311
3.1 EHD1 and Recycling......Page 312
3.2 EHD2 and Inhibition of Endocytosis......Page 313
3.3 Functional Analysis of EHD2 Domains......Page 314
4.1 Parameters of LeEix2 Endocytosis......Page 315
4.2 Characterization of EIX Endocytosis......Page 316
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 317
References......Page 319
Abstract......Page 324
2 Actin Cytoskeleton and Endocytosis......Page 325
2.1.1 Clathrin-dependent Endocytosis......Page 326
2.1.2 Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis......Page 327
2.1.5 Macro Scale Endocytosis (Phagocytosis and Macropinocytosis)......Page 328
2.1.6 Endocytic Pathways in Plants......Page 329
2.1.7 Myosins and Endocytosis......Page 331
2.2.1 Actin Regulatory Proteins......Page 332
2.2.2 Small GTPase Regulators of Actin Cytoskeleton and Endocytosis......Page 333
3 Microtubules and Endocytosis......Page 334
3.1 Microtubule-Associated Motors and Their Roles in Endocytic Processes......Page 337
4 Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 338
References......Page 339
Index......Page 344