Endangered Metaphors

Endangered Metaphors......Page 2
Editorial Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Lcc Data......Page 5
Table Of Contents......Page 6
1. Background To Metaphor Studies......Page 8
2. How To Describe Metaphors......Page 9
3. Metaphors And Language Endangerment......Page 12
4. Arguments For Linguistic Diversity......Page 13
5. Documentation Of Metaphor......Page 15
6. The Work Metaphors Do......Page 16
7. How To Identify Metaphors......Page 17
8. Conclusions......Page 19
References......Page 20
Endangered Metaphors......Page 22
References:......Page 26
1. Introduction......Page 28
2. Conceptual And Typological Patterns Of Lexicalization......Page 30
2.1 Metaphor......Page 31
2.2 Metonymy......Page 32
2.3 Some Proposals About Lexicalization Tendencies......Page 33
3. A Semi-structured Inventory Of Metaphors And Metonymies In Dene Suliné......Page 35
3.1 Naming Others And Describing The Human Condition......Page 37
3.2 Body Parts, Functions, And Dysfunctions......Page 41
3.3 Fauna And Their Feathers, Fur, Fins, And Feelers......Page 53
3.4 Places And Spaces......Page 56
3.5 Terms Of Acculturation......Page 58
3.6 The Temporal Landscape And Time Expressions......Page 68
3.7 Miscellaneous States And Processes......Page 70
4.1 Patterns In The Dene Suliné Data......Page 73
4.2 Related Tendencies Across The Dene World......Page 75
5. Discussion......Page 76
5.1 Exoterogeny And Esoterogeny......Page 77
5.2 Idiomaticity And Analyzability......Page 78
5.3 Lexicalization And Revitalization......Page 79
Acknowledgements......Page 80
References......Page 81
1. Introduction......Page 84
2. Beaver Language And Culture......Page 85
3.1 Embodiment......Page 86
3.2 Cultural Models......Page 87
4. Emotions And Body Parts......Page 88
4.1 Basic Emotions: Linguistic And Cognitive Evidence......Page 89
4.2 Beaver “heart” Idioms Denoting Emotions And Personality Traits......Page 90
5. Linguistic Patterns Of Body Part Expressions......Page 98
6. Conclusion And Discussion......Page 106
References......Page 107
1. Introduction......Page 110
2.1 Linguistic, Geographical And Cultural Background; Data......Page 112
2.2 Data, Definitions, Methodology......Page 114
2.3 Formal Observations......Page 115
3.1 Type I Expressions: Observation......Page 116
3.2 Type Ii Idioms: Grounded In Mythology......Page 119
3.3 Summary......Page 121
4.1 Idiomaticity And Figurativeness......Page 122
4.2 Metaphor, Metonymy And Polysemy......Page 123
4.3 Beyond Upper Tanana: Animal Idioms In Other Alaskan Athabascan Languages......Page 124
4.4 Use Of Animal Idioms......Page 125
5. Conclusion......Page 126
References......Page 127
1. Introduction......Page 130
2. Zazanilli, Sa:sa:ne:hli, Sa:sa:ni:hli......Page 131
3. Structure......Page 132
4. Methodology......Page 135
5.1 The Green Tomato......Page 136
5.2 The Burnt (field)......Page 138
5.3 The Needle......Page 141
5.4 The Snail......Page 142
5.5 The Nose......Page 144
5.6 The Ants......Page 145
5.6 The Chile......Page 146
6. Conclusion......Page 148
Abbreviations......Page 149
References......Page 150
Bodily-based Conceptual Metaphors In Ashéninka Perené Myths And Folk Stories......Page 152
References......Page 159
Mamaro ‘demonic Owl’ By Segundo Yamane Guzman......Page 160
Illustration Of The Mamaro Story Made By The Native Speaker Daniel Bernales Quillatupa (aroshi)......Page 165
Abbreviations......Page 166
1. Introduction......Page 168
2. The Use Of Metaphor In Everyday Speech......Page 169
2.2 The Aspectual Morphemes......Page 170
3. Ascend Is Going To The Unknown......Page 171
4. Climbing The Mountain......Page 173
4.1 ‘ka’ And ‘ma’......Page 174
4.2 ‘pro’ And ‘ndek’......Page 175
5.1 The Link ‘kande’......Page 177
5.2 The Different Ways ‘kande’ Is Used......Page 178
5.4 The Link ‘ndeta’......Page 185
5.5 The Use Of ‘nde’ In Sentences Expressing Possibility......Page 188
6. Conclusion......Page 189
List Of Abbreviations......Page 190
1. Introduction......Page 192
2. Kewa Idioms......Page 194
3.1 Saa Agaa......Page 198
3.2 Tabooed Speech......Page 199
3.4 Ritualized Speech......Page 200
4. Coded Speech As Warnings And Prohibitions......Page 201
5. Descriptive Idioms And Metaphors......Page 207
Abbreviations......Page 209
References......Page 210
1. Introduction......Page 212
2.1 Metaphors Of Code......Page 214
2.2 Metaphor Of Threat......Page 216
2.4 Metaphor Of Pride......Page 217
3.2 Compounding......Page 218
4.1 Metaphor Of Code......Page 219
4.2 Metaphor Of Pregnancy......Page 220
5. Morphological Processes In Rabha Metaphors......Page 221
6. Reconstruction Of Dimasa And Rabha Metaphors......Page 222
7. Social Relevance......Page 223
8. Factors Behind The Change And Loss Of Metaphors......Page 224
9. Conclusion......Page 225
References......Page 226
Prologue......Page 228
1. Figurative Use Of Numbers......Page 229
2.1 Using The Hands For Counting......Page 231
2.2 The Cardinal Numerals......Page 232
2.3 Zero......Page 233
2.5 Once, Twice, Three Times......Page 234
2.6 Ordinal Numbers – First, Second, Third......Page 235
2.7 Special Names For Children......Page 236
3. One......Page 237
3.2 One Plus Body Part......Page 238
3.3 Unity Of Group......Page 239
4. Two......Page 240
4.3 Two Body Parts......Page 241
4.4 Two Better Than One......Page 242
5.2 Plain Three......Page 243
5.4 Three In Stories......Page 244
6. Three-four......Page 245
7.2 Five......Page 247
8.2 Symbolic Six......Page 248
9.1 Symbolic......Page 249
10.2 Nine......Page 250
10.4 Conclusion About Eight, Nine And Ten......Page 251
11.1 Ten To Hundreds......Page 252
11.2 Thousand And Above......Page 254
12. Money......Page 255
13.1 Conclusion About The Chumburung Data......Page 256
13.2 Why Metaphors And Figurative Units Are Endangered......Page 257
References......Page 258
The Importance Of Unveiling Conceptual Metaphors In A Minority Language......Page 260
1. Conceptual Metaphor In Language, Thought And Culture......Page 261
2. Body Parts In Basque......Page 264
2.1 Space And External Body-parts: Buru ‘head’, Begi ‘eye’, And Oin ‘foot’......Page 265
2.2 Emotions And Internal Body-parts: Gibel ‘liver’, And Bihotz ‘heart’......Page 270
2.3 Intellect, Emotions And Body-parts: Buru ‘head’, Bihotz ‘heart’, And The Cultural Word Gogo......Page 272
3. Conclusions: Reasons Why Conceptual Metaphors Should Be Studied......Page 274
References......Page 276
1. Introduction......Page 282
1.2 Inari Saami Culture In A Nutshell......Page 283
2.2 The Relevance Theory......Page 284
2.3 Conceptual Metaphor......Page 285
2.4 The Hypothesis Of Understanding A Concept In Terms Of Another......Page 286
2.6 How Does A Metaphor Emerge?......Page 287
3. The Inari Saami Metaphors......Page 288
3.1 The Conceptual Metaphor Pride Is Antlers......Page 289
3.2 The Conceptual Metaphor The Behavior Of A Person Is The Behavior Of A Reindeer......Page 290
3.3 The Conceptual Metaphor A Person Is An Animal......Page 293
4. Discussion......Page 295
References......Page 296
1. Introduction......Page 300
2. The Embodiment Of The Finnish Language Metaphors Used By The Roma......Page 302
2.1 Roma Metaphors Shared With Standard Finnish......Page 303
2.2 Roma-specific Metaphors In Finnish Discourse......Page 307
3. Metaphors In Romani......Page 311
5. Metaphor Competence Of Adolescent And Young Adult Roma......Page 314
6. Conclusion......Page 317
References......Page 318
“bhio’ Tu Dìreach Ga Ithe, Bha E Cho Math = You Would Just Eat It, It Was So Good”......Page 322
1. Introduction......Page 323
2. The Sociolinguistic Status Of Scottish Gaelic......Page 324
3. Ceart ‘right’ And Ceàrr ‘wrong’......Page 325
4. The Role Of ‘visiting’ (a’ Dol Air Chèilidh)......Page 327
5. A ‘cooked’ Ecology Of Knowledge In Gaelic Narrative Tradition......Page 328
6. Ith ‘eat’ And Cultural Transmission......Page 330
7. Blas ‘taste’......Page 332
7.1 Diachronic Examination Of Blas......Page 333
7.2 External Aesthetic Concepts Of ‘taste’ And Their Relationship To Blas......Page 335
7.3 Linguistic Accuracy And Musical Ornamentation Are Taste......Page 336
7.6 Blas And Transmission......Page 339
8. Brìgh ‘essence’......Page 340
9. Conclusion......Page 342
Works Cited......Page 343
School Of Scottish Studies Sound Archives, University Of Edinburgh......Page 345
1. The Low Saxon Dialect Westmünsterländisch: Field Research On Idiom Collection......Page 346
2. Theoretical Framework And Terminology......Page 348
3. The Semantic Field Stupidity......Page 352
4. The Semantic Field Death And Dying......Page 356
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 361
References......Page 362
Index Of Conceptual Metaphors/metonymies......Page 366
Name Index......Page 368
Subject Index......Page 372