Encyclopedia of water science

dk9627fm......Page 1
 Encyclopedia of Water Science, Second Edition, Volume I-II......Page 3
  Contributors......Page 6
  Contents......Page 20
  Topical Table of Contents......Page 28
  Preface to Second Edition......Page 41
  Preface to First Edition......Page 42
    Agricultural engineering......Page 46
 Table of Contents......Page 0
    Environmental engineering......Page 47
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 48
  THE CHEMISTRY OF ACID RAIN......Page 49
  DROP-SCALE TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF ACID RAIN......Page 50
  REFERENCES......Page 51
  BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 52
   Technical Description and Operation of the LDPI System......Page 53
   Water, Salt Buildup, and Nutrition Management......Page 54
  REFERENCES......Page 56
  AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF QUANTITY......Page 58
  DISSOLVED POLLUTANTS......Page 59
  CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF......Page 60
  REFERENCES......Page 61
  DISCUSSION......Page 62
  SUMMARY......Page 63
  REFERENCES......Page 64
  FAN SLOPE......Page 65
  CHANNEL FORMS AND FAN SEGMENTATION......Page 66
  CONCLUSION......Page 67
  REFERENCES......Page 68
  THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS AND THE MYTH OF HERACLES......Page 69
  THE DRAINING OF THE LAKE IN PTECHAE AND THE GREEK INSTITUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING PUBLIC WORKS......Page 70
  REFERENCES......Page 72
  SCIENTIFIC VIEWS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA AND HYDRAULICS......Page 73
  HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS AND DEVICES......Page 74
  REFERENCES......Page 75
  THE WATER SUPPLY IN MINOAN CIVILIZATION......Page 76
  THE WATER SUPPLY OF SAMOS AND THE AWESOME FEAT OF EUPALINOS......Page 78
  THE SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN ATHENS......Page 81
  REFERENCES......Page 83
  TRANSPIRATION, PLANT WATER STATUS, AND YIELD......Page 84
  IMPROVED PRESERVATION AND QUALITY DURING STORAGE......Page 85
  REFERENCES......Page 86
  TYPES OF ANTITRANSPIRANTS......Page 88
  CONCLUSION......Page 89
  REFERENCES......Page 90
  AQUIFERS......Page 91
  REFERENCES......Page 93
   Surface Infiltration......Page 94
   Direct Well Injection......Page 95
   Monitoring and Analysis......Page 96
  REFERENCES......Page 97
  USE OF WATER FROM THE AQUIFER......Page 98
  REFERENCES......Page 99
  WATER BUDGET METHODS......Page 100
  DARCIAN METHODS......Page 101
  REFERENCES......Page 102
  RELATIONSHIP TO GROUNDWATER FLOW......Page 104
  ANISOTROPY AND PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS......Page 105
  REFERENCES......Page 106
  IRRIGATION AND COTTON......Page 107
  MUYNAK AND ARALSK......Page 108
  ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 109
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 110
   Snow......Page 111
   Sea Ice......Page 112
  REFERENCES......Page 114
  BORON–SOIL INTERACTION......Page 115
  BORON–PLANT INTERACTION......Page 116
  REFERENCES......Page 117
   Dielectric Determination of Soil Water Content......Page 119
   Dielectric Spectra of Clay–Water Systems......Page 120
  REFERENCES......Page 121
  DISCHARGE......Page 123
  CROPPING PATTERN......Page 124
  HYDROPOWER......Page 125
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 126
  UPSTREAM WATER-LEVEL CONTROL......Page 127
  ROUTING DEMAND CHANGES (GATE STROKING)......Page 129
  REFERENCES......Page 130
  DATA QUALITY......Page 131
  GFAA......Page 132
   Individual Organic Constituents or Groups......Page 133
  CONCLUSION......Page 134
  REFERENCES......Page 135
  CHEMIGATION EQUIPMENT......Page 136
   Injection Equipment......Page 137
   Safety Equipment......Page 138
  REFERENCES......Page 139
  RADIONUCLIDES IN FISH......Page 141
  RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUNDWATER AND IRRIGATION WATER......Page 143
  RADIATION EXPOSURES VIA THE AQUATIC PATHWAY......Page 144
  REFERENCES......Page 145
  DISCUSSION......Page 147
  REFERENCES......Page 149
  OCCURRENCE OF CHROMIUM IN NATURAL WATERS AND WATER SUPPLIES......Page 150
  SOLUBILITY CONTROLS OF CHROMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER......Page 151
  OXIDATION–REDUCTION CHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 153
  REFERENCES......Page 154
   Advantages......Page 155
  RESULTS ACHIEVED BY USING CONSERVATION OR NO-TILLAGE......Page 156
  REFERENCES......Page 157
  PARTITIONING OF CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE......Page 158
  MODELING OF CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE......Page 159
  REFERENCES......Page 160
  CROP COEFFICIENT CURVES......Page 162
   Definition of Growing Periods within the Growing Season......Page 163
   Crop Coefficients Applied to Hourly Time Periods......Page 164
  REFERENCES......Page 165
   Crop Phenology......Page 166
   Assimilate Accumulation......Page 167
   Plant Water Relations......Page 168
  REFERENCES......Page 169
   Sorghum......Page 170
   Peas......Page 171
   Sunflowers......Page 172
  REFERENCES......Page 173
  POTENTIAL FOR SOIL WATER INCREASE......Page 176
   Uniform Height Stubble......Page 177
  REFERENCES......Page 178
  FACTORS LEADING TO CYANOBACTERIAL DOMINANCE......Page 180
  MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF ALGAL BLOOMS......Page 181
  REFERENCES......Page 182
  LOGISTICS OF DAM REMOVAL......Page 183
  OUTCOMES OF DAM REMOVAL......Page 184
  REFERENCES......Page 186
   Unsaturated Flow: Buckingham–Darcy Equation......Page 188
   Soil Water Flow......Page 189
  REFERENCES......Page 190
  DATABASES......Page 192
  REFERENCES......Page 195
  ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 196
   Initial Progradation......Page 197
   Enlargement of the Delta Lobe......Page 198
   Reoccupation and Growth of a New Delta......Page 199
  DELTA PLAIN STYLE......Page 200
  REFERENCES......Page 201
   Membrane Processes......Page 202
   Other Processes......Page 203
  KEY ISSUES FACING DESALINATION......Page 204
  CONCLUSION......Page 205
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 206
   Climate/Precipitation......Page 207
   Adsorption/Filtration......Page 208
  CONCLUSION......Page 209
  REFERENCES......Page 210
  ESTIMATION AND SELECTION OF DRAINAGE COEFFICIENTS......Page 211
  REFERENCES......Page 213
  HOW CONTROLLED DRAINAGE WORKS......Page 214
  PRODUCTION BENEFITS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE......Page 215
  WATER QUALITY BENEFITS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE......Page 217
  APPLICATION AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 218
  REFERENCES......Page 219
  HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS......Page 221
  REFERENCES......Page 223
  ROOT ZONE AERATION......Page 225
  CROP RESPONSE......Page 226
  REFERENCES......Page 227
   Salinity Control......Page 228
  DRAINAGE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT......Page 229
  REFERENCES......Page 230
   Warped Surfaces......Page 231
   Crowned Surfaces......Page 232
  REFERENCES......Page 233
  BACKGROUND......Page 235
  CORRUGATED PLASTIC TUBING......Page 236
  MATERIALS HANDLING......Page 237
  SYNTHETIC DRAIN ENVELOPE MATERIALS......Page 238
  REFERENCES......Page 239
   Boussinesq Equation......Page 240
  SIMULATION MODELS......Page 241
   Boussinesq Equation......Page 242
  REFERENCES......Page 243
   Saline Soils......Page 245
   Relief Drains......Page 246
  REFERENCES......Page 247
  BACKFLOW AND CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL......Page 249
  NEW AND REPAIRED WATER MAINS......Page 250
  FINISHED WATER STORAGE......Page 251
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 252
  REFERENCES......Page 253
  CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 254
  REFERENCES......Page 255
  BIOLOGICAL GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL GROWTH INDUCED CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 256
  CHLORINATION......Page 257
  REFERENCES......Page 258
  DROUGHT DEFINITION AND TYPES......Page 260
  THE IMPACTS OF DROUGHT......Page 261
  REFERENCES......Page 262
  EFFECTS OF DROUGHT HARDENING......Page 263
  PRESOWING HARDENING......Page 264
  REFERENCES......Page 265
   Anatomical Mechanisms......Page 267
   Growth Habits......Page 268
  REFERENCES......Page 269
  SHIFTING THE EMPHASIS FROM CRISIS TO DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 270
  REFERENCES......Page 272
  MEASUREMENT OF WATER POTENTIAL AND ITS COMPONENTS......Page 273
  DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF C3 AND C4 PLANTS......Page 274
  GROWTH OF DROUGHT-RESISTANT PLANTS......Page 275
  REFERENCES......Page 276
  DRYLAND AGRICULTURE......Page 277
   Other North American Semiarid and Arid Institutions......Page 278
   Middle East and Asia......Page 279
  CONCLUSION......Page 280
  REFERENCES......Page 281
  EFFICIENT WATER USE AND CROP PRODUCTION......Page 282
  WATER USE AND CROP YIELD......Page 283
  APPROPRIATE CROP AND CROP SEQUENCE......Page 284
  ADDITION OF SOIL AMENDMENTS AND OTHER INPUTS......Page 285
  REFERENCES......Page 286
  DRYLAND FARMING CHARACTERISTICS......Page 287
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 290
  DUST BOWL LESSONS......Page 291
  AGRICULTURE—DUST BOWL VICTIM OR VILLAIN......Page 294
  REFERENCES......Page 295
   Mechanism......Page 296
  REFERENCE......Page 298
   Forced Hydraulic Jumps by a Vertical Sill......Page 299
   Hydraulic Jumps Below Abrupt Expansions......Page 300
  ENERGY DISSIPATORS ON SPILLWAYS......Page 301
  REFERENCES......Page 302
  RAINFALL EROSIVITY......Page 303
  REFERENCES......Page 305
  EROSION AND CROP PRODUCTION: SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 307
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 308
  REFERENCES......Page 309
   Technologies for Reducing Overland Flow Erosion......Page 310
   Technologies for Deposition......Page 311
  REFERENCES......Page 312
  NO-TILL......Page 313
  RIDGE TILLAGE......Page 314
  STRIP TILLAGE......Page 315
  REFERENCES......Page 316
   Increased Infiltration of Water into Soil......Page 317
   Buffer Types......Page 318
  REFERENCES......Page 320
  SEDIMENTATION RATES......Page 322
  REFERENCES......Page 324
  SOIL EROSION RESEARCH......Page 325
  REFERENCES......Page 327
   Rainfall Simulation......Page 329
   Sampling Eroded Sediments......Page 330
  REFERENCES......Page 331
  TRANSPORT......Page 332
  RILLS......Page 333
  DEPOSITION......Page 334
  EROSION PROCESSES......Page 335
  REFERENCES......Page 336
   Subaerial Processes......Page 338
  VESSEL WAKE......Page 339
  METHODS OF MEASURING BANK EROSION......Page 340
  REFERENCES......Page 341
  THE UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION......Page 342
  PROCESS-BASED MODELS......Page 343
  REFERENCES......Page 344
   Interrill Erosion......Page 345
   Channel Erosion......Page 346
  REFERENCES......Page 347
  RATE OF EUTROPHICATION......Page 349
  REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT......Page 350
  REFERENCES......Page 351
  HYDROLOGIC CYCLE......Page 352
   Evaporation......Page 353
  CANOPY AND SOIL EVAPORATION......Page 354
  REFERENCES......Page 355
  EDDY FLUX......Page 356
  EDDY COVARIANCE SENSORS......Page 357
  REFERENCES......Page 358
   Unlimited Water Availability......Page 359
   Water Scarcity......Page 360
  CONCLUSION......Page 361
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 362
   Energy Budget......Page 363
  ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION......Page 364
  REFERENCES......Page 365
  HOW SOIL CONTROLS EVAPORATION......Page 366
  ENERGY PROCESSES DURING EVAPORATION......Page 367
  REFERENCES......Page 368
  VEGETATION AND WATER CONSUMPTION......Page 370
  CANOPY STRUCTURE......Page 371
  CANOPY ARCHITECTURE AND PRECIPITATION INTERCEPTION......Page 372
  CANOPY ARCHITECTURE AND TRANSPIRATION......Page 373
  CLIMATE–VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 374
  REFERENCES......Page 375
  BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 377
    Hargreaves method......Page 378
    Penman–Monteith method......Page 379
  CORRECTIONS DUE TO LIMITED SOIL WATER......Page 380
  REFERENCES evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 1989, 81 (4), 650–662.......Page 381
   Water Vapor Transfers Between Leaf Surface and Greenhouse Air......Page 382
    Determination of the aerodynamic resistance......Page 383
   Crop Transpiration Estimation from Outside Climate Parameters......Page 384
  THE COUPLING BETWEEN THE CROP AND THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 385
  REFERENCES......Page 386
  OVERVIEW......Page 388
  ADDITIONAL INSIGHT......Page 389
  REFERENCES......Page 390
  OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS......Page 391
  APPLICATION OF ALEXI AND DTD METHODS......Page 394
  REFERENCES......Page 396
  REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 398
  INFORMATION DISSEMINATION......Page 399
  REFERENCES......Page 400
   Environmental Issues......Page 401
  CONCLUSION......Page 402
  REFERENCES......Page 403
   Location......Page 404
   Water Supply......Page 405
  POND MANAGEMENT......Page 406
  REFERENCES......Page 407
  IRRIGATION SCHEDULING AND LEACHING......Page 408
   Surface Irrigation......Page 409
  REFERENCES......Page 410
   Precipitation and Irrigation......Page 411
   Radiation Balance and Soil Heat Flux......Page 412
   Plant Growth and Natural Resource Modeling......Page 413
  REFERENCES......Page 414
   Centrifugal Sand Separators......Page 415
   Screen Filters......Page 416
   Sand Media Filters......Page 417
  REFERENCES......Page 419
  FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT......Page 420
  THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM......Page 422
  PROGRESS......Page 423
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 424
   Watersheds......Page 425
   Soil Types and Land Use/Cover......Page 426
   Flood Hydrographs......Page 427
  HUMAN ASPECTS OF FLOODS......Page 428
   Structural Measures to Control Flooding......Page 429
  REFERENCES......Page 430
  HISTORY......Page 431
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 432
  ANCIENT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES......Page 433
  HYDRAULIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO FLOW MEASUREMENTS......Page 434
  FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES FOR DAMS AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES......Page 435
  REFERENCES......Page 437
  TYPES......Page 439
  IMPORTANCE......Page 441
  REFERENCES......Page 442
  REDISTRIBUTION OF WATER DURING FREEZING......Page 443
  REFERENCES......Page 444
  EQUIPMENT......Page 446
  DRYLAND APPLICATIONS......Page 447
  REFERENCES......Page 448
  POLLUTION PROBLEM......Page 450
  WATER DIVERSION: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS......Page 451
  REFERENCES......Page 452
  BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY......Page 453
   Water Use......Page 455
   Control Methods, Restoration and Revegetation......Page 456
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 457
  REFERENCES......Page 458
   Biological Complexities......Page 460
  CONCLUSION......Page 461
  REFERENCES......Page 462
  SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION......Page 463
  FATE OF CONTAMINANTS......Page 464
  REFERENCES......Page 465
  GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN BANGLADESH......Page 466
  SOCIAL PROBLEM AND IGNORANCE......Page 467
  HOW TO COMBAT THE PRESENT ARSENIC CRISIS......Page 469
  REFERENCES......Page 471
  NATURAL PROCESSES CAUSING GROUNDWATER-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS......Page 472
  ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF WATER-LEVEL DATA......Page 473
   Contouring of Water-Level Elevation Data......Page 474
   Examples of Groundwater-Level Data Interpretation......Page 475
  REFERENCES......Page 477
  MEASURING DEVICES......Page 478
  FIELD CONSIDERATIONS......Page 479
  REFERENCES......Page 480
  GROUNDWATER MINING AND THE WATER BALANCE......Page 481
  GROUNDWATER MINING AND SUSTAINABLE AQUIFER USE......Page 482
  REFERENCES......Page 484
   Modeled Phenomena......Page 485
   What Are Models Built For?......Page 486
   Conceptualization......Page 487
   Calibration and Error Analysis......Page 489
   Predictions and Uncertainty......Page 490
  REFERENCES......Page 491
  A GENERIC NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING GROUNDWATER FLOW......Page 493
  FINITE DIFFERENCES (FD)......Page 494
  BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD......Page 495
  SIMULATING SOLUTE TRANSPORT......Page 496
  REFERENCES......Page 497
  GROUNDWATER RESOURCES......Page 498
  GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS......Page 499
  STRATEGIES FOR REMEDIATING CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATERS......Page 501
  REFERENCES......Page 502
   Row Crops......Page 504
   Container Horticultural Crops......Page 505
  REFERENCES......Page 506
  PHOSPHOROUS LEACHING AND FIXATION......Page 509
  REFERENCES......Page 510
   Aquitards—Important Role in Compaction......Page 511
    Subsidence measurement......Page 512
  REFERENCES......Page 514
  REVIEW OF BASIC GEOHYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLES......Page 516
  WELLS AND GROUND WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS......Page 517
   Types of Pumps......Page 518
   Hand Pumps......Page 520
   Rotary Pumps......Page 521
   Deep-Well Turbine Pumps......Page 522
   Pump Head and Power Requirements......Page 525
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 528
   Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation......Page 529
  GROUND WATER QUALITY ISSUES......Page 530
  REFERENCES......Page 531
   Characterizing Sodicity......Page 532
   Estimating Yield Potential......Page 533
   Crop Toxicity to Specific Elements......Page 534
  IMPACT ON SOILS......Page 535
  IMPACTS ON IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 536
  REFERENCES......Page 537
  BARRIERS TO SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION AND PROTECTION PROGRAMS......Page 538
   Ecological Impacts......Page 539
    Comprehensive state groundwater protection programs (CSGWPPs)......Page 540
  OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE......Page 541
  REFERENCES......Page 542
  GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS......Page 544
  COMBATING SALTWATER INTRUSION......Page 545
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 546
  GROUNDWATER RIGHTS......Page 547
   Common Law Doctrines......Page 548
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 549
   Unconsolidated Sand and Gravel Aquifers......Page 550
  AVAILABILITY AND USE......Page 551
   South America, Central America, and the Caribbean......Page 552
   Asia and Middle East......Page 553
  REFERENCES......Page 554
  HYDROLOGIC RESERVOIRS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMANS......Page 555
  REFERENCES......Page 557
  PLANTS AS BIOPUMPS......Page 558
   Limitations of Vegetative Caps......Page 559
   Application......Page 560
   Case Study......Page 561
  REFERENCES......Page 562
  CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESS MODELS......Page 563
  CURRENT HYDROLOGIC PROCESS MODELS AND APPLICATIONS......Page 564
  REFERENCES......Page 565
   Federally Coordinated Research Programs......Page 566
   Centers Studying Drought, Weather, and Climate......Page 567
  REFERENCES......Page 568
  WHEN AND WHERE HYPOXIA OCCURS......Page 569
  HISTORICAL CHANGE IN HYPOXIA......Page 571
  CONCLUSION......Page 572
  REFERENCES ´......Page 573
  THE SEARCH FOR WATER INFORMATION ON THE WWW......Page 574
  SEARCH ENGINES......Page 575
  REFERENCES......Page 577
  CONCEPTS FOR EVALUATING NET ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IRRIGATION-RELATED POLICIES......Page 578
  EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE......Page 579
  REFERENCES......Page 580
  THE PRIOR APPROPRIATION DOCTRINE......Page 581
  CONFLICT......Page 582
  REFERENCES......Page 583
  IRRIGATION IN ANCIENT TIMES......Page 584
  REFERENCES......Page 586
   Farm Water Management Assessment......Page 587
   Traditional Views of Water Management......Page 589
   Sustainable Water Management......Page 590
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 591
  REFERENCES......Page 592
  CENTRALLY-ADMINISTERED HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS......Page 593
  GOVERNMENT AGENCY-MANAGED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 594
  REFERENCES......Page 595
  PUBLIC GOODS AND EXTERNALITIES......Page 596
  DEVELOPING COST EFFECTIVE POLICIES......Page 597
  REFERENCES......Page 598
   PAM and Infiltration......Page 599
  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PAM......Page 600
  REFERENCES......Page 601
  WATER SOURCES—QUANTITY AND QUALITY......Page 604
  FIELD AND CROPPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS......Page 606
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 607
  REFERENCES......Page 608
   Informal Associations......Page 609
   Oversight......Page 610
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 611
   Water......Page 613
  TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION......Page 614
  REFERENCES......Page 615
  WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION......Page 617
  VALUE OF IRRIGATION......Page 619
  REFERENCES......Page 620
  CONTEXT OF HUMID AREAS......Page 621
   Soil Moisture Methods......Page 622
   Common Considerations......Page 623
   Interpretive Summary......Page 624
  REFERENCES......Page 625
  IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS......Page 626
  TRENDS IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE......Page 627
   The Basin Perspective and Water Savings......Page 628
   Role of Storage......Page 629
   Effective Irrigation Management Institutions and Policies......Page 630
  REFERENCES......Page 631
  WATER QUALITY CONSTITUENTS IN IRF......Page 633
   Salts......Page 634
   Phosphorus......Page 635
   Pesticide Residues......Page 636
  REFERENCES......Page 637
  REASONABLE USES......Page 639
  CONCLUSION......Page 640
  REFERENCES......Page 641
  APPLICATIONS OF PLANT INDICATORS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER STRESS IN IRRIGATION......Page 642
  INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS FOR IRRIGATION DECISION MAKING......Page 643
  OVERCOMING BARRIERS FOR GROWER ADOPTION......Page 644
  REFERENCES......Page 646
   The Pressure Chamber......Page 647
   Expansive Growth......Page 648
  REFERENCES......Page 649
   Leaf Temperature......Page 651
   Crop Water Stress Index......Page 652
   Spatial Variability in Canopy Temperature......Page 653
  REFERENCES......Page 654
  USING SOIL WATER MEASUREMENTS......Page 656
  ADOPTION BY IRRIGATORS......Page 658
  REFERENCES......Page 659
  WATER BUDGETING......Page 660
   Soil Water Content......Page 661
  REFERENCES......Page 662
  HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 663
  DRIP IRRIGATION FOR OPTIMAL RETURN, WATER CONSERVATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION......Page 664
  REFERENCES......Page 665
  INVENTING IRRIGATION......Page 667
   Evolution of Surface Irrigation Systems......Page 668
   Sprinkle Irrigation Systems......Page 671
   Trickle Irrigation Systems......Page 673
   Water Supply......Page 674
  CONCLUSION......Page 675
  REFERENCES......Page 676
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 677
   Site, Water Supply, and Crop......Page 678
   Special Requirements......Page 679
   Chemical Injection......Page 680
  CONCLUSION......Page 681
  REFERENCES......Page 682
  EXPLORING DI......Page 683
  REFERENCES......Page 684
   Water Conveyance Efficiency......Page 685
   Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency......Page 686
  IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY......Page 687
   Emission Uniformity......Page 688
  REFERENCES......Page 689
   Energy Transfer......Page 691
   Sprinkler for Blossom Delay......Page 692
   Sprinkler Application Rates......Page 693
  REFERENCES......Page 694
   Reservoir Storage......Page 695
   Irrigation Methods......Page 696
  BASIN IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY......Page 697
  REFERENCES......Page 698
   Current Metering......Page 700
  PIPELINE FLOW METERING......Page 701
  REFERENCES......Page 702
   Weed Control......Page 703
   Soil Water Management......Page 704
   Water Quality Impacts......Page 705
  REFERENCE......Page 706
  IRRIGATING WITH SALINE WATERS......Page 707
  REFERENCES......Page 708
  CONCERNS OF IRRIGATING WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT......Page 709
  REFERENCES......Page 710
   Sprinkler Laterals......Page 711
   Sprinkler Equipment and Controls......Page 712
  REFERENCES......Page 713
  CONTINUOUS-MOVE LATERALS......Page 715
  TRAVELING SPRINKLERS......Page 717
   Soft-Hose Travelers......Page 718
  REFERENCES......Page 719
  SI SCHEDULING......Page 720
  NEED FOR MODELS......Page 721
  REFERENCES......Page 722
   Furrow Irrigation......Page 723
  IMPROVING THE OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE SYSTEMS......Page 724
   Precision Land Leveling......Page 726
   Wastewater Recovery and Reuse......Page 727
  REFERENCES......Page 728
  BACKGROUND......Page 729
   Paleoclimate and Climate Change Studies......Page 730
  REFERENCES......Page 731
  SPECIFIC HYDROLOGIC SCIENCE JOURNALS......Page 733
   Examples of Journals for Hydrologic Sciences Covering Agricultural Issues......Page 734
   Examples of Agricultural Journals that Cover Hydrologic Sciences......Page 736
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 737
  UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF KARST AQUIFERS......Page 738
  FACTORS CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF GROUNDWATER IN KARST AQUIFERS......Page 739
  REFERENCES......Page 741
  WATER-RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN KARST AQUIFERS......Page 743
  REFERENCES......Page 744
   Mechanism......Page 745
  REFERENCE......Page 746
   Steady-State Design......Page 747
   Grades......Page 748
  REFERENCES......Page 749
  OPEN WELLS......Page 750
  AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELLS (ADWs)......Page 751
  TUBEWELL DRAINAGE......Page 752
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 753
  REFERENCES......Page 754
  DEFINITIONS......Page 755
  WATER IN THE LEAVES......Page 756
   The Osmometer Concept......Page 757
   The Effects of Cell Matrix......Page 758
  METHODS OF MEASURING LEAF WATER POTENTIAL......Page 759
   Compensation Methods......Page 760
   The Pressure Chamber Method......Page 761
  REFERENCES......Page 762
  LIBRARIES: UNITED STATES......Page 764
  DATABASES: FREE......Page 765
  REFERENCES......Page 766
    Feedlot cattle......Page 767
   Horses......Page 768
   Turkeys......Page 769
  REFERENCES......Page 770
  WATER QUALITY......Page 772
  BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS......Page 773
  SOURCES OF WATER QUALITY CONTAMINATION......Page 774
  REFERENCES......Page 775
  WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM......Page 776
  SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 777
  REFERENCES......Page 778
  TYPICAL CHACTERISTICS OF LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENT......Page 779
  SITE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENT......Page 780
   Distributed Integrated Management Practices......Page 781
  REFERENCES......Page 782
  WATER USE IN MANURE HANDLING......Page 783
  REFERENCES......Page 784
  WASHING MILKING EQUIPMENT AND MILKING PARLOR......Page 785
  RAINWATER FROM ROOFS AND CONCRETE AREAS......Page 786
  DEVELOPING A WATER BUDGET......Page 787
  REFERENCES......Page 788
  POULTRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM......Page 789
  WATER REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER......Page 790
  REFERENCES......Page 791
  PIT STORAGE SYSTEMS......Page 792
  REFERENCES......Page 793
  WATER RIGHTS......Page 794
  FUTURE OF WATER MARKETING......Page 795
  REFERENCES......Page 796
  MATRIC POTENTIAL IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY......Page 797
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 798
  REFERENCES......Page 799
   Surface Water Sampling......Page 800
   Sampling for Viral Analysis......Page 801
   Sampling for Protozoan Analysis......Page 802
  REFERENCES......Page 803
  THE TRANSPORT, STORAGE, AND AVAILABILITY OF METALS IN THE ALLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 804
  AN EXAMPLE OF MINING IMPACT: RUM JUNGLE MINE, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA......Page 805
  REFERENCES......Page 807
  FORM AND PROCESS......Page 808
  SEDIMENTOLOGY AND SOILS......Page 809
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 811
  REFERENCES......Page 812
  FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 813
  CONCLUSION......Page 815
  REFERENCES......Page 816
   Ammonium Nitrogen......Page 817
   Nitrate Nitrogen......Page 818
  REFERENCES......Page 822
  IMPLICATIONS TO SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 823
  MANAGEMENT AND/OR REMEDIATION OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 824
  REFERENCES......Page 825
   Use Calibrated Soil Tests for Phosphorus and Potassium......Page 826
   Manage Manure to Maximize Benefits......Page 827
  REFERENCES......Page 828
  INFORMATION PROVIDED......Page 830
  REFERENCES......Page 832
   Electromagnetic Flowmeters......Page 833
  OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 834
   Flumes......Page 835
  REFERENCES......Page 836
  ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILERS......Page 837
  SPACE-BASED PLATFORMS......Page 838
  REFERENCES......Page 839
   Cascade Spillway......Page 840
   Earthen Spillway......Page 841
   Entrance Structure......Page 842
   Outlet Structure......Page 843
  REFERENCES......Page 844
  DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENT......Page 845
  CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND......Page 846
  REFERENCES......Page 847
  PATHOGEN CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE PATHOGEN SURVIVAL AND TRANSMISSION......Page 848
  WATER TREATMENT......Page 849
  REFERENCES......Page 852
   Overland Flow vs. Infiltration......Page 853
   Transport Processes......Page 854
  MEASURING PATHOGEN TRANSPORT......Page 855
  REFERENCES......Page 856
   Insecticides......Page 857
   Herbicides......Page 858
   Irrigation Management......Page 859
  REFERENCES......Page 860
  PESTICIDE TOXICITY IN SURFACE WATER......Page 861
   Drift, Volatilization, and Atmospheric Transport......Page 862
  REFERENCES......Page 863
  CHRONOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF P. PISCICIDA......Page 865
  EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH......Page 866
  FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 867
  REFERENCES......Page 868
  INTRODUCTION......Page 869
  ELECTRODE CARE AND CALIBRATION......Page 870
  REFERENCES......Page 871
   Occurrence and Fate in the Environment......Page 872
  RISK AND RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 873
  REFERENCES......Page 874
   Availability and Release of P......Page 876
   The Transport and Loss of P......Page 877
  REFERENCES......Page 878
   Dissolved P......Page 879
   Particulate P......Page 880
  REFERENCES......Page 881
  BIOTIC PROCESSES......Page 882
  INTEGRATING RIVERINE PROCESSES AND LAND USE IMPACTS ON P TRANSPORT......Page 883
  DEFINING P-RELATED IMPAIRMENT IN FLOWING AND LAKE WATERS FOR TARGETED REMEDIATION......Page 884
  REFERENCES......Page 886
  HOW CAN CROP SENSITIVITY OF SPECIFIC STAGES BE EVALUATED?......Page 888
  REFERENCES......Page 890
   Plant Parameter......Page 891
   Comparison and Interaction Between Parameters......Page 892
  REFERENCES......Page 893
   Leaf Scale......Page 895
  ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON STOMATA......Page 898
  WEB LINKS......Page 899
  WATER USE EFFICIENCY......Page 900
  DEFICIT IRRIGATION......Page 901
  REFERENCES......Page 902
  CRITICAL GROWTH PERIODS IN ANNUAL CROPS......Page 903
  REFERENCES......Page 904
  KEY CONCEPTS......Page 906
  GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES......Page 907
  REFERENCES......Page 908
   Solutes and Free Energy......Page 910
   Osmotic Potential vs. Osmotic Pressure......Page 911
  CONTROL OF SOLUTE ACCUMULATION......Page 912
  REFERENCES......Page 914
  SALINITY EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT......Page 915
  REFERENCES......Page 917
  EFFECTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN......Page 918
  CONCLUSIONS......Page 919
  REFERENCES......Page 920
   Organic Chemicals......Page 921
  ASSESSMENT......Page 924
  REFERENCES......Page 925
  ALTERNATIVE PAVING MATERIALS......Page 927
  WATER-QUALITY EFFECTS......Page 928
  REFERENCES......Page 929
  LATITUDINAL AND LAND–OCEAN EFFECTS......Page 930
  SPACE AND TIME SCALES OF PRECIPITATION......Page 931
   Orographic Enhancement......Page 933
  PRECIPITATION MAPPING......Page 934
  REFERENCES......Page 935
  COMMON FORMS OF PRECIPITATION......Page 936
  REFERENCES......Page 937
   Standard Precipitation Gages in the United States......Page 938
  DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF SNOW......Page 939
  REFERENCES......Page 940
  SEEDING TECHNIQUES......Page 941
  BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 942
  ESTIMATION OF PRECIPITATION WITH WEATHER RADAR......Page 943
  PASSIVE MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT......Page 944
  REFERENCES......Page 945
   General Circulation Models......Page 946
   Daily Precipitation Models......Page 947
  REFERENCES......Page 949
  PRECIPITATION AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS......Page 951
  EXAMPLES, PARAMETERS OF STOCHASTIC MODEL