Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 9781441914279......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Editor-in-Chief......Page 10
Linda Bol......Page 12
Raja Chatila......Page 13
Jan Elen......Page 14
Jeremie Jozefowiez......Page 15
Zhanna Reznikova......Page 16
Janusz Wojtusiak II......Page 17
Fundamental Chapters......Page 18
List of Contributors......Page 20
Theoretical Background......Page 108
Instincts, Respondents, Operants, and Emergents......Page 110
Definition......Page 111
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 112
References......Page 113
Contributions from Educational Psychology: Learning in Three Domains......Page 114
Therapeutic Learning in Three Processes......Page 115
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 116
Synonyms......Page 117
Theoretical Background......Page 118
Definition......Page 119
Theoretical Background......Page 120
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 121
Theoretical Background......Page 122
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 123
Theoretical Background......Page 124
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 125
References......Page 126
Definition......Page 127
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 128
Definition......Page 130
Theoretical Background......Page 131
Definition......Page 132
Theoretical Background......Page 133
References......Page 134
Theoretical Background......Page 135
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 136
Abstract Representation......Page 137
Theoretical Background......Page 138
Cross-References......Page 139
Theoretical Background......Page 140
Cross-References......Page 142
Theoretical Background......Page 143
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 144
Cross-References......Page 145
Definitions......Page 146
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 147
Acceleration......Page 148
Theoretical Background......Page 149
References......Page 151
Theoretical Background......Page 152
Hypothetical Causal Models and Associated Open Research Questions......Page 153
Definition......Page 154
Theoretical Background......Page 155
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 157
Synonyms......Page 158
Theoretical Background......Page 159
Cross-References......Page 160
Theoretical Background......Page 161
Organizational Learning Needs and Styles......Page 162
Learning Prototypes and Learning Norms......Page 163
Learning Capabilities......Page 164
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 165
References......Page 166
Theoretical Background......Page 167
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 168
Definition......Page 169
Interlocking Systems of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma......Page 170
Critical Collaboration......Page 171
References......Page 172
Theoretical Background......Page 173
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 175
Theoretical Background......Page 176
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 178
References......Page 179
Theoretical Background......Page 180
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 181
Synonyms......Page 182
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 183
Theoretical Background......Page 184
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 185
Theoretical Background......Page 187
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 188
Theoretical Background......Page 190
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 191
Activity Theory......Page 192
An Overview of Actor Network Theory......Page 193
Translation......Page 194
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 195
Actualizing Tendency......Page 196
Theoretical Background......Page 197
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 198
Theoretical Background......Page 199
References......Page 201
Theoretical Background......Page 202
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 204
Definition......Page 205
Theoretical Background......Page 206
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 207
References......Page 208
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 209
Adaptive Agents......Page 210
Computer Adaptive Testing......Page 211
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 212
Definitions......Page 213
Adaptive Instruction......Page 214
Artificial Intelligence and GBL......Page 215
References......Page 216
Definition......Page 217
Theoretical Background......Page 218
Adaptive Learning......Page 219
Theoretical Background......Page 220
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 221
References......Page 222
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 223
Theoretical Background......Page 225
Cross-References......Page 227
Proactive Learning with Persistent Oracles......Page 228
Oracle Selection Adaptive to Active Learning......Page 229
The Algorithm and Complexity Analysis......Page 230
Adaptive Oracle Selection Saves a Constant Factor......Page 231
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 233
Adjunct Questions......Page 234
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 235
Adjustability......Page 236
Life Dates......Page 237
Theoretical Background......Page 238
Administrative Capacity......Page 240
Theoretical Background......Page 241
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 242
Theoretical Background......Page 243
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 244
Definition......Page 245
Learning Styles Indicator......Page 246
Cross-References......Page 247
Theoretical Background......Page 248
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 249
Definition......Page 250
Theoretical Background......Page 251
Theoretical Background......Page 252
Cross-References......Page 254
Theoretical Background......Page 255
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 256
References......Page 257
Theoretical Background......Page 258
Advanced e-Learning Technologies......Page 260
Theoretical Background......Page 261
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 262
Definition......Page 264
Theoretical Background......Page 265
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 266
Synonyms......Page 267
Theoretical Background......Page 268
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 269
Definition......Page 270
Theoretical Background......Page 271
Definition......Page 272
Theoretical Background......Page 273
Cross-References......Page 275
Definition......Page 276
Physiological Changes......Page 277
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 278
Definition......Page 279
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 280
References......Page 281
Theoretical Background......Page 282
Affordance and Language Learning......Page 283
Conclusion......Page 284
References......Page 285
Theoretical Background......Page 286
Recent Theoretical Work......Page 287
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 288
References......Page 289
Theoretical Background......Page 290
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 292
Agent-Based Computational Economics......Page 294
Theoretical Background......Page 295
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 296
Theoretical Background......Page 297
Age-Related Verbal Memory Decline......Page 299
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 300
Definition......Page 301
Definition......Page 302
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 303
Algorithmic Learning Theory......Page 304
Theoretical Background......Page 305
References......Page 306
Theoretical Background......Page 307
Synonyms......Page 309
Theoretical Background......Page 310
References......Page 311
Theoretical Background......Page 312
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 313
References......Page 314
Theoretical Background......Page 315
References......Page 316
Theoretical Background......Page 317
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 318
Definition......Page 319
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 320
Theoretical Background......Page 321
Cross-References......Page 323
Theoretical Background......Page 324
Synonyms......Page 325
Theoretical Background......Page 326
References......Page 328
Theoretical Background......Page 329
Analogical Reasoning Through Metaphorical Thinking......Page 330
References......Page 331
Theoretical Background......Page 332
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 333
References......Page 334
Theoretical Background......Page 335
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 336
Definition......Page 337
Theoretical Background......Page 338
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 339
References......Page 340
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 341
Definition......Page 342
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 343
Theoretical Background......Page 344
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 346
References......Page 347
Theoretical Background......Page 348
Anchoring Framework......Page 350
Theoretical Background......Page 351
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 352
References......Page 353
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 354
References......Page 355
Theoretical Background......Page 356
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 357
Animal Reasoning......Page 358
Theoretical Background......Page 359
Anthropological Aspects of Learning......Page 361
From the Torres Strait-Expedition to Cultural Psychology......Page 362
Cultural Epidemiology Theory......Page 363
Cognitive Anthropology and Schemas......Page 364
The Theory of Cultural Models......Page 365
Critique and Counter-critique......Page 366
References......Page 367
Theoretical Background......Page 368
References......Page 369
Theoretical Background......Page 370
Cross-References......Page 372
Theoretical Background......Page 373
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 374
Theoretical Background......Page 376
References......Page 377
Definition......Page 378
Impact of ID on the Presentation of the Clinical Features of Anxiety Disorders......Page 379
Pharmacotherapy......Page 380
References......Page 381
Theoretical Background......Page 382
Ape Language......Page 383
Theoretical Background......Page 384
Application of Learning......Page 386
Theoretical Background......Page 387
References......Page 388
Theoretical Background......Page 389
References......Page 390
Theoretical Background......Page 391
Cross-References......Page 392
Theoretical Background......Page 393
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 394
Theoretical Background......Page 395
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 396
Synonyms......Page 398
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 399
Synonyms......Page 400
Theoretical Background......Page 401
The Goal of ATI......Page 402
Application of ATI......Page 403
Cross-References......Page 404
Simple Aq Algorithm......Page 405
Forms of Rules......Page 406
References......Page 407
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 408
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 409
References......Page 410
Theoretical Background......Page 411
Definition......Page 412
Theoretical Background......Page 413
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 414
Theoretical Background......Page 415
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 416
Life Dates......Page 417
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 418
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 419
Definition......Page 420
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 421
Artificial intelligence......Page 422
Definition......Page 423
Theoretical Background......Page 424
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 425
References......Page 427
Theoretical Background......Page 428
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 429
Assimilation......Page 430
Theoretical Background......Page 431
Synonyms......Page 433
Theoretical Background......Page 434
References......Page 436
Theoretical Background......Page 437
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 440
Synonyms......Page 441
Theoretical Background......Page 442
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 443
Definition......Page 445
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 446
Theoretical Background......Page 447
Associative Sensory Learning......Page 449
Theoretical Background......Page 450
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 451
Theoretical Background......Page 452
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 453
Theoretical Background......Page 455
Important Scientific Research and Open Question......Page 456
Definition......Page 457
Theoretical Background......Page 458
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 459
Synonyms......Page 460
Blocking......Page 461
Learned Irrelevance......Page 462
References......Page 463
Synonyms......Page 464
Theoretical Background......Page 465
References......Page 466
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 467
Attention Training......Page 468
Theoretical Background......Page 469
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 470
References......Page 472
Theoretical Background......Page 473
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 475
Definition......Page 476
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 477
Definition......Page 478
Theoretical Background......Page 479
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 480
Attitudes......Page 481
Theoretical Background......Page 482
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 484
Theoretical Background......Page 486
Audiation......Page 488
Theoretical Background......Page 489
References......Page 490
Theoretical Background......Page 491
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 492
Aural Learning......Page 493
Contribution to the Field of Learning......Page 494
Theoretical Background......Page 495
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 497
References......Page 498
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 499
Theoretical Background......Page 500
Automaticity......Page 501
Theoretical Background......Page 502
References......Page 503
Definition......Page 504
Theoretical Background......Page 505
References......Page 507
Theoretical Background......Page 508
Avoidance Behaviour......Page 509
Theoretical Background......Page 510
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 511
Cross-References......Page 512
Axiom Schema......Page 513
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 514
Zone of Reflective Capacity......Page 1174
Qualitative Learning Research......Page 2848
Ways to Seek Knowledge......Page 2871
Definition......Page 1443
Scaffold......Page 516
References......Page 2868
Theoretical Background......Page 3023
Ecotherapy......Page 517
Maintenance Learning......Page 1447
Facilitated Learning......Page 1370
Definition......Page 519
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 521
Cross-References......Page 3032
Theoretical Background......Page 522
Verbal Learning......Page 2663
Definition......Page 1020
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 524
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 612
Bee Learning and Communication......Page 525
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2859
Task Analysis......Page 2533
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3564
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 527
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 528
References......Page 3500
Life Dates......Page 2202
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 529
Definitions......Page 531
Work-Avoidance Goal......Page 1026
Theoretical Background......Page 532
Pavlovian Procedures: Perceptual-Motor Modules in Autoshaping and Omission......Page 533
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 534
Cross-References......Page 535
Theoretical Background......Page 1601
Definition......Page 536
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 538
Ontology Presenting the Object-Oriented Vision of Learning Objects Repository......Page 2617
Theoretical Background......Page 1839
Theoretical Background......Page 539
Online Learning Communities......Page 1463
Definition......Page 540
Work-Integrated Learning System(s)......Page 2683
Word Learning......Page 541
Definition......Page 3574
Synonyms......Page 1805
Definition......Page 2614
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 542
Synonyms......Page 1610
References......Page 543
Materials-Based Learning......Page 2213
Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 544
Synonyms......Page 545
Cross-References......Page 1478
Definition......Page 548
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2691
Workload Measurement......Page 3583
Theoretical Background......Page 549
Synonyms......Page 3587
Definition......Page 550
Theoretical Background......Page 1205
Definition......Page 3069
Theoretical Background......Page 551
Definition......Page 553
Operant Conditioning......Page 554
Scaffolding Discovery Learning Spaces......Page 1208
Cross-References......Page 1625
The Knowledge Creation Approach......Page 3417
Cross-References......Page 556
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2907
Design-Based Research......Page 557
Theoretical Background......Page 558
Definition......Page 2564
Written Prose......Page 559
Regulation......Page 2899
Visualization Techniques for Learning......Page 3525
Theoretical Background......Page 560
Definition......Page 1494
Cross-References......Page 561
Theoretical Background......Page 562
Definition......Page 1565
Definition......Page 564
Theoretical Background......Page 565
Conclusion......Page 1468
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 566
Reinforcement Learning......Page 567
References......Page 1220
Vocabulary Learning in Another Language......Page 568
Theoretical Background......Page 1872
Cross-References......Page 570
Theoretical Background......Page 3531
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 571
Theoretical Background......Page 1224
Originality......Page 572
Definition......Page 1644
Theoretical Background......Page 573
Synonyms......Page 574
Normative Reasoning and Learning......Page 1427
References......Page 576
Out-of-School Time Programs......Page 2257
Synonyms......Page 577
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 580
Theoretical Background......Page 1081
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 581
Theoretical Background......Page 583
Synonyms......Page 1642
Life Dates......Page 584
Definition......Page 3448
Cross-References......Page 2221
Learning and Boredom......Page 585
Theoretical Background......Page 586
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2933
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 587
Cross-References......Page 588
Definition......Page 589
Synonyms......Page 591
Theoretical Background......Page 1243
Theoretical Background......Page 3101
Theoretical Background......Page 592
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 593
Theoretical Background......Page 595
Theoretical Background......Page 673
Theoretical Background......Page 2921
References......Page 597
Theoretical Background......Page 598
Definition......Page 2706
References......Page 601
Research Designs......Page 2947
Theoretical Background......Page 683
Definition......Page 602
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 603
Theoretical Background......Page 605
Obligatory Education......Page 2190
Watson, John B. (1878-1958)......Page 3020
Cross-References......Page 607
Cross-References......Page 1015
Definition......Page 608
Synonyms......Page 1520
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 609
Theoretical Background......Page 610
Knowledge Change......Page 1373
Scaffolding Learning by the Use of Visual Representations......Page 613
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 614
Query Learning......Page 616
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1832
Further Reading......Page 1527
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 618
Definition......Page 619
Theoretical Background......Page 3043
Cross-References......Page 1191
Categorical Representation......Page 622
References......Page 3384
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1837
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2203
References......Page 1386
Theoretical Background......Page 623
Theoretical Background......Page 1534
Definition......Page 624
Definition......Page 1608
Task-Irrelevant Learning......Page 3376
Verbalization......Page 625
Definition......Page 3508
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2891
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 626
Teacher Work Sample Method (TWSM)......Page 627
Definition......Page 2623
Theoretical Background......Page 2886
Theoretical Background......Page 1467
Cross-References......Page 629
Theoretical Background and Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 630
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 632
Synonyms......Page 633
Synonyms......Page 2207
Theoretical Background......Page 2894
Theoretical Background......Page 3066
Theoretical Background......Page 634
Technology Enhancement in Organizational Learning......Page 636
References......Page 637
References......Page 638
Theoretical Background......Page 639
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 640
References......Page 641
References......Page 1618
Definition......Page 3529
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1628
Definition......Page 644
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2702
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 646
Definition......Page 1060
Chunks......Page 647
Definition......Page 1216
Performance Consulting......Page 648
References......Page 2649
Synonyms......Page 651
Performance-Approach Goal......Page 652
Cross-References......Page 655
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 1068
Definition......Page 658
Theoretical Background......Page 659
Test Postdiction......Page 3410
Relational Agents......Page 2912
Reinforcement Learning......Page 1575
Theoretical Background......Page 661
Theoretical Background......Page 1576
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2248
Definition......Page 1506
References......Page 662
Testing-the-Limits......Page 664
Cross-References......Page 1430
Four C/ID......Page 666
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2589
Mediation......Page 667
Types of Knowledge Representation......Page 1797
Knowledge for Facts......Page 668
References......Page 669
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 670
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 671
Theoretical Background......Page 674
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 675
Cross-References......Page 676
Definition......Page 677
Learning as a Side Effect......Page 1510
Tool Use and Learning in Robots......Page 2738
References......Page 678
Learning Physics, Conceptual Difficulties, Familiarization, and Reification......Page 679
Theoretical Background......Page 2942
References......Page 682
The Indeterminacy of Educational Ends......Page 684
Theoretical Background......Page 2746
Dilatory Behavior......Page 685
Text and Graphics Comprehension......Page 1900
Architecture Styles or Patterns......Page 686
Inferential and Intentional Processes......Page 687
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 688
Theoretical Background......Page 1904
Theoretical Background......Page 2926
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1257
Synonyms......Page 1258
Definition......Page 690
Life Dates......Page 2751
References......Page 691
Theory of Signal Detection......Page 692
Cognitive Developmental Robotics......Page 694
Definition......Page 695
Definition......Page 3115
Cross-References......Page 3125
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 696
Definition......Page 697
Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy......Page 3128
Measurement of CE......Page 698
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 699
References......Page 700
Definition......Page 2939
Theoretical Background......Page 701
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 702
Theoretical Background......Page 1690
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 703
Time on Task......Page 1670
Theoretical Background......Page 2281
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 705
Theoretical Background......Page 706
Theoretical Background......Page 3136
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 707
Theoretical Background......Page 708
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 710
Tool Mediation......Page 712
Theoretical Background......Page 2769
Theoretical Background......Page 1263
Synonyms......Page 714
Theoretical Background......Page 715
Definition......Page 716
Trait......Page 717
Music Learning and Cognition Learning Theories......Page 718
Learning Tasks......Page 719
Theoretical Background......Page 720
References......Page 2778
Cognitive Robotics Platforms......Page 721
References......Page 722
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 723
Definition......Page 2989
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 724
Cross-References......Page 726
Response Rules......Page 2959
Definition......Page 1149
Trial-and-Error Learning......Page 3451
Cognitive Tasks and Learning......Page 727
Designer´s Model......Page 1574
What This Means......Page 728
Learning from Examples......Page 729
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 730
References......Page 731
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1154
Cross-References......Page 732
Theoretical Background......Page 1155
Theoretical Background......Page 733
Definition......Page 3000
Definition......Page 3149
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 734
Posttraumatic Growth......Page 735
Mentalist Theory of Language Learning......Page 1686
Theoretical Background......Page 736
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 737
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1957
Synonyms......Page 738
Theoretical Background......Page 3457
Cross-References......Page 1162
Theoretical Background......Page 739
Cross-References......Page 740
References......Page 741
Sequence Learning......Page 1150
Metacognition and Hypermedia Learning: How Do They Relate?......Page 743
Theoretical Background......Page 744
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 745
Synonyms......Page 746
Theoretical Background......Page 747
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 748
References......Page 749
Theoretical Background......Page 750
Theoretical Background......Page 2339
Metadata......Page 2345
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 752
Theoretical Background......Page 753
Rule System......Page 3018
References......Page 755
Integrating Knowledge......Page 756
References......Page 3190
References......Page 1335
Communication Aversion......Page 757
Synonyms......Page 758
Functional Definition of Communication......Page 759
How do Self-explanation and Feedback Affect the Development of Analogical Reasoning?......Page 3113
Communication Training for Health Professionals......Page 760
Life Dates......Page 2985
Synonyms......Page 761
References......Page 2361
Theoretical Background......Page 762
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 763
References......Page 764
Preference Relation......Page 765
Theoretical Background......Page 2017
Theoretical Background......Page 1755
Current Status......Page 766
Cross-References......Page 767
Psychological Treatment......Page 2833
Synonyms......Page 768
References......Page 771
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2371
What Mental Effort Is......Page 772
Information Processing Theory......Page 3126
The Myers-Briggs Personality Test......Page 2290
The Compartmentalization of Several Correct Concepts......Page 773
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 774
Agreeableness......Page 2697
Signal Detection Theory......Page 775
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 777
K-Means......Page 778
Theoretical Background......Page 2032
Self-organizing Map......Page 779
Learning Vector Quantization......Page 781
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 783
Definition......Page 784
References......Page 3006
Routine Exercise......Page 3009
Theoretical Background......Page 785
Retention......Page 786
Problems of Reliability......Page 1085
Further Reading......Page 787
Routines......Page 788
Theoretical Background......Page 789
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 791
References......Page 792
What Children Compose......Page 793
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3224
Teachers´ Attitudes Toward Teaching Composition......Page 794
Definition......Page 795
Simulation and Learning......Page 1313
Theoretical Background......Page 796
Comprehending......Page 797
Simulation of Dynamic Systems......Page 3182
Theoretical Background......Page 2384
Theoretical Background......Page 2784
Theoretical Background......Page 798
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 799
Definition......Page 800
Theoretical Background......Page 801
Compulsory Education......Page 803
Theoretical Background......Page 804
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 806
Cross-References......Page 2030
Theoretical Background......Page 807
Definition......Page 2387
Competition Without Configurations......Page 808
Definition......Page 809
Combined Architectures......Page 810
Some Important Classical Conditioning Results......Page 811
References......Page 813
Theoretical Background......Page 814
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 816
Theoretical Background......Page 817
References......Page 819
Learning Motivation......Page 2041
Experimenting......Page 820
Skill Learning......Page 3196
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 821
References......Page 822
Theoretical Background......Page 823
Theoretical Background......Page 2045
Computer-Based Training......Page 825
Explanatory Inference......Page 1347
Explanatory Style......Page 826
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 827
Computer-Supported Learning......Page 829
Social and Cultural Resources at Home......Page 3199
Models......Page 830
Theoretical Background......Page 1741
Attributes of Concepts......Page 831
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 833
Synonyms......Page 834
Learning Through Practice......Page 835
Concept Learning in Pigeons......Page 836
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 837
Theoretical Background......Page 2432
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 838
References......Page 2426
Social Graphs......Page 839
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 840
Synonyms......Page 842
Theoretical Background......Page 843
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 844
Definition......Page 845
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 846
Prototype Effects......Page 847
Conditional Discrimination......Page 848
Theoretical Background......Page 2120
Motivation, Learning, and Performance......Page 849
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 850
Psychophysiology of Learning......Page 852
Cross-References......Page 853
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)......Page 855
Learning Self-Image......Page 2072
Theoretical Background......Page 856
References......Page 857
Verbal Information......Page 858
Theoretical Background......Page 2463
Conditions of Learning for Intellectual Skills......Page 859
Conditions of Learning for Cognitive Strategies......Page 860
Conditions of Learning for Attitudes......Page 861
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 862
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 863
Theoretical Background......Page 864
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 865
Synonyms......Page 866
Definition......Page 867
References......Page 2453
Cross-References......Page 868
Definitions......Page 869
Definition......Page 2153
Theoretical Background......Page 870
References......Page 872
Theoretical Background......Page 873
Exploratory and Research-Based Learning: Foundation for Socio-technical Learning......Page 3248
Synonyms......Page 3309
Connectionism......Page 874
Theoretical Background......Page 2088
Theoretical Background......Page 875
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 876
Theoretical Background......Page 878
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 879
Definition......Page 881
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 882
References......Page 883
Theoretical Background......Page 884
Definition......Page 885
Multiplicative Structures......Page 887
Theoretical Background......Page 888
References......Page 889
Theoretical Background......Page 890
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3331
Constructivist Learning Principles......Page 893
Definition......Page 894
Theoretical Background......Page 895
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 896
Definition......Page 897
Theoretical Background......Page 898
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 899
References......Page 900
Theoretical Background......Page 901
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 903
Theoretical Background......Page 904
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 905
Music Methodologies......Page 906
References......Page 908
Music Violence......Page 909
Measures of Contingency......Page 910
Continuous Improvement......Page 913
Theoretical Background......Page 3279
Theoretical Background......Page 914
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 915
References......Page 916
Theoretical Background......Page 917
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2132
Convergent Thinking and Learning......Page 918
Definition......Page 919
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 920
Cross-References......Page 921
Whole Class Ability Grouping......Page 922
Small Group Ability Grouping......Page 923
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 924
Definition......Page 925
The Coping Process: Appraisals and Coping Strategies......Page 926
Coping Theories......Page 927
Definition......Page 928
Correspondence Courses......Page 929
Definition......Page 930
Theoretical Background......Page 931
References......Page 932
Theoretical Background......Page 933
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 934
Definition......Page 935
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 936
Cross-References......Page 939
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2155
Definition......Page 940
The Epistemology of Not-Knowing......Page 941
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 942
References......Page 943
Theoretical Background......Page 944
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 946
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 947
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 948
Synonyms......Page 949
Theoretical Background......Page 950
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 951
Crime......Page 952
Cross-References......Page 953
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 954
Theoretical Background......Page 955
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 956
Synonyms......Page 957
Theoretical Background......Page 958
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 959
Definition......Page 960
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 961
Definition......Page 962
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 963
Cross-References......Page 964
Definition......Page 965
Theoretical Background......Page 966
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 967
Theoretical Background......Page 968
Theoretical Background......Page 2182
References......Page 970
Theoretical Background......Page 971
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 972
Crosswise Research......Page 973
Theoretical Background......Page 974
Gesture Embodiment, Neuro-atypical Learning, and Field Theories......Page 975
Other Ideas......Page 2186
Learning, the Brain, and the Mind......Page 2471
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 976
Cross-References......Page 977
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 978
References......Page 979
Cultural Influences on Human Learning......Page 980
Theoretical Background......Page 981
Synonyms......Page 982
Best Experiments......Page 983
Noise as a Source of Diversity......Page 984
Cultural-Historical Activity Theory......Page 985
Theoretical Background......Page 986
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 987
Culture and Learning......Page 988
Theoretical Background......Page 989
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 990
References......Page 991
Theoretical Background......Page 992
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 993
Definition......Page 994
Theoretical Background......Page 995
Cumulative Learning in Educational Psychology......Page 996
Cumulative Learning in Artificial Intelligence......Page 997
Aggregation......Page 998
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 999
References......Page 1000
Theoretical Background......Page 1001
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1002
Introduction......Page 1003
Curriculum Perspectives......Page 1004
Curriculum Development......Page 1005
The Challenge of Large-Scale Curriculum Implementation......Page 1006
Curriculum Development......Page 1007
Theoretical Background......Page 1008
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1010
References......Page 1011
Definition......Page 1012
Theoretical Background......Page 2658
Theoretical Background......Page 3592
Synonyms......Page 1586
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1014
Paradigm......Page 2659
Task Difficulty in Auditory Discrimination Learning......Page 1016
Theoretical Background......Page 3557
Theoretical Background......Page 2540
Theoretical Background......Page 3369
Cross-References......Page 1017
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1018
Theoretical Background......Page 1448
Offline Learning......Page 2603
Cross-References......Page 1019
Theoretical Background......Page 1380
Measurements......Page 1375
Synonyms......Page 1021
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 1022
Acknowledgments......Page 1023
Life Dates......Page 3566
References......Page 1024
Pavlovian and Operant Technologies......Page 1187
Definition......Page 1526
Cross-References......Page 1528
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1027
Synonyms......Page 1028
Peer Learning Partnership......Page 1029
Visual and Multimodal Learning......Page 1193
Open-Loop Process......Page 2628
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 1030
Cross-References......Page 1031
Definition......Page 1032
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1033
Design of Computer Games for Education......Page 1035
Synonyms......Page 1036
References......Page 1037
Synonyms......Page 1038
Definition......Page 1200
The Learned Helplessness Effect......Page 1847
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1040
Definition......Page 1041
Learning......Page 1210
Goal-Oriented Behaviors......Page 1408
Nature of Suggestion......Page 1042
Elimination of Hypnosis......Page 1043
Test-Enhanced Learning in the Laboratory......Page 1044
Cross-References......Page 1045
Definition......Page 1046
Schools-Within-Schools......Page 2692
Definition......Page 1047
Cross-References......Page 3590
Cross-References......Page 2633
Synonyms......Page 1048
Theoretical Background......Page 2634
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1049
Definition......Page 1051
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3527
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1054
Conclusion......Page 1056
References......Page 1057
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1059
Self-Determination......Page 1061
SDL as Process......Page 3104
Open Questions......Page 1062
Cross-References......Page 1063
References......Page 1412
Theoretical Background......Page 1064
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1065
Theoretical Background......Page 1066
Theoretical Background......Page 3082
Nondeclarative Memory......Page 1067
Theories and Frameworks......Page 1070
Effect of Learning and Training on Brain Structure and Function......Page 1071
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1072
E-Learning......Page 1572
Synonyms......Page 3534
Cross-References......Page 1073
Volitional Learning......Page 2913
What Can Counselors Do to Facilitate Client Learning?......Page 1965
Musical Development Through Life......Page 1074
Leadership......Page 1075
Synonyms......Page 1076
Skill Domains......Page 1077
Motivation......Page 3127
Open Questions......Page 1078
Cross-References......Page 1079
Theoretical Background......Page 1080
Theoretical Background......Page 2252
Theoretical Background......Page 1082
Definition......Page 1083
Theoretical Background......Page 1084
Guided Problem Solving......Page 1513
Building Semantic Technologies......Page 3137
Problems of Validity......Page 1086
Realization......Page 3184
The Classification of Educational Objectives......Page 1088
Definition......Page 3099
Theoretical Background......Page 1089
Cross-References......Page 1092
Mechanisms in Human Learning......Page 1889
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1093
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1095
References......Page 1096
Religion......Page 1097
Synonyms......Page 1246
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1098
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1099
Emotions in Cognitive Conflicts......Page 1100
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1101
Synonyms......Page 1102
Future Thinking in Birds......Page 1440
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1103
Repetitive Learning Control......Page 1104
Theoretical Background......Page 1105
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1106
References......Page 1107
References......Page 1108
Are Intuition Pumps Valuable in Education?......Page 1753
References......Page 2727
Context Models......Page 1109
Situation Models......Page 1110
Important Scientific Research......Page 1111
Cross-References......Page 1112
Theoretical Background......Page 3193
References......Page 1113
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1114
Definition......Page 1677
Synonyms......Page 1116
Definition......Page 1117
Definition......Page 1118
References......Page 1119
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3123
Memristor......Page 1120
Self-Regard......Page 1260
References......Page 1121
Disposition to Understand......Page 1122
Representational Learning......Page 1939
Theoretical Background......Page 1123
Insightful Behavior......Page 1684
Dissatisfaction......Page 1124
Definition......Page 2762
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1689
Episodic Learning......Page 1125
Trait-State-Error Models......Page 3440
Theoretical Background......Page 1922
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1126
Distributed Learning......Page 1127
Theoretical Background......Page 1128
Theoretical Background......Page 1924
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1693
Divergent Probabilistic Judgments Under Bayesian Learning with Nonadditive Beliefs......Page 1130
Definition......Page 1278
References......Page 1697
Theoretical Background......Page 1131
Bayesian Learning with Additive Probability Measures......Page 1132
Where and How Learning Occurs......Page 3203
Bayesian Learning with Neo-additive Probabilities......Page 1133
Characteristics of Metacognitive Learning......Page 2335
Theoretical Background......Page 1135
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1137
Definition......Page 1138
Theoretical Background......Page 3146
Theoretical Background......Page 2774
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1139
Definition......Page 1974
Theoretical Background......Page 2776
Theoretical Background......Page 2982
Double-Blind Experiment......Page 1141
Theoretical Background......Page 1142
References......Page 1144
Theoretical Background......Page 1145
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1146
Learning from Television During Early Childhood......Page 1147
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1152
Definition......Page 1153
Transition of Learning......Page 2325
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 1157
Definition......Page 1158
Exertion of Learning......Page 1309
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1160
Dynamic Selection......Page 1161
Research Outcomes and Future Questions......Page 1164
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1165
Play......Page 1961
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1166
Short-Term Memory......Page 1168
Theoretical Background......Page 1169
Research Related to Behavioral Outcomes......Page 1170
References......Page 1171
Role of Attention Triangulation in Organizational Learning Processes......Page 2779
Dyslexia......Page 1172
Tacit Learning......Page 3368
Early Schemas......Page 1175
Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1850-1909)......Page 1176
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 1816
References......Page 1177
Theoretical Background......Page 1519
Identification Learning......Page 1178
Theoretical Background......Page 3371
Weather Prediction Task......Page 2660
Values in Education and Lifelong Learning......Page 2195
Web Science......Page 1180
Justification......Page 1782
References......Page 2873
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1182
Theoretical Background......Page 1183
Cross-References......Page 1774
Cross-References......Page 1185
Willingness......Page 1186
Theoretical Background......Page 3383
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1383
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1188
Cross-References......Page 1189
Definition......Page 3514
Cross-References......Page 1190
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1192
Definition......Page 3572
Peer Learning......Page 2678
References......Page 1194
Synonyms......Page 1195
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2892
Theoretical Background......Page 1392
Theoretical Background......Page 1198
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1199
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3582
Theoretical Background......Page 2629
Definition......Page 1202
Theoretical Background......Page 1203
References......Page 1204
References......Page 1206
Holistic Learning Theory......Page 1207
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2562
Cross-References......Page 1209
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1211
Definition......Page 1212
Theoretical Background......Page 1213
Remembering the Past......Page 2703
eLearning......Page 1215
Grade-Skipping......Page 1489
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2235
Second Language Learning......Page 1495
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1217
Theoretical Background......Page 1218
Cross-References......Page 2240
Vocabulary Acquisition......Page 3528
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1221
Performance Technology......Page 2582
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1222
Tending to Remedy Math Abilities......Page 1223
Rejection......Page 2693
Synonyms......Page 3090
Synonyms......Page 3547
Theoretical Background......Page 1225
Emotional and Cognitive Learning......Page 1226
Theoretical Background......Page 1227
The Ethical Foundations of Education......Page 1377
Ontology in the Context of Learning Objects......Page 1228
Definition and Measurement of Trait EI......Page 1229
Information Collection......Page 1230
Definition......Page 2268
Theoretical Background......Page 1231
Synonyms......Page 2925
Definition......Page 1232
The Worked Example Effect......Page 1649
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1234
Definition......Page 1235
Consolidation......Page 1236
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1237
Definition......Page 1238
Cross-References......Page 1435
Cross-References......Page 1240
Theoretical Background......Page 1241
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1242
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1244
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1245
Definition......Page 1248
Theoretical Background......Page 1249
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1250
References......Page 1252
Definition......Page 1253
Phenomenology of Learning......Page 2718
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1254
Definition......Page 1255
Cross-References......Page 1256
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1259
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1262
Definition......Page 2950
Theoretical Background......Page 1264
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1265
Cross-References......Page 1266
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1267
Synonyms......Page 1269
Theoretical Background......Page 1959
Teacher Incentives......Page 1270
References......Page 1271
Epistemic States......Page 1272
Epistemological Beliefs and Learning......Page 1273
Transfer of Learning......Page 1274
Theoretical Background......Page 1275
Learning in Medieval Philosophy......Page 1276
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1277
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1280
Instructional Systems Design......Page 1281
Definition......Page 3151
Theoretical Background......Page 1282
Definition......Page 2298
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1283
Definition......Page 2331
Cross-References......Page 1284
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1285
Definition......Page 1286
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1705
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1287
Synonyms......Page 1288
Theoretical Background......Page 1289
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1290
Definition......Page 1292
Theoretical Background......Page 1293
Robot Learning from Demonstration......Page 1295
Technical Barriers to Learning from Failure......Page 1296
Species Differences in Learning Mechanisms......Page 1297
Synonyms......Page 1714
References......Page 1298
Shared Knowledge......Page 1299
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1300
Exact Learning......Page 1301
Theoretical Background......Page 3168
Theoretical Background......Page 1302
Theoretical Background......Page 2323
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1304
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1305
Executive Control......Page 1306
Theoretical Background......Page 1952
Significant Learning......Page 1307
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1308
Definition......Page 2034
Simon, Herbert A. (1916-2001)......Page 3176
Theoretical Background......Page 2038
Theoretical Background......Page 1310
References......Page 1312
Theoretical Background......Page 1314
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1315
Life Dates......Page 1316
Theoretical Background......Page 1317
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1318
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1319
References......Page 1321
Theoretical Background......Page 1322
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1324
Definition......Page 3016
References......Page 1326
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1971
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1328
Sensorimotor Schema......Page 1973
References......Page 1329
Theoretical Background......Page 1330
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1333
Skill Acquisition......Page 1336
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1337
References......Page 1339
Skill Enhancement......Page 1340
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1341
Definition......Page 1342
Theoretical Background......Page 1343
Cross-References......Page 1344
Theoretical Background......Page 1345
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1346
Production Rules......Page 2075
Problem of Lacking Adaptation......Page 1348
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3204
Developmental Theory......Page 1349
Attention Management......Page 3542
Cross-References......Page 1350
Internality......Page 1351
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2839
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1354
Definition......Page 1355
Learning Technology......Page 1356
Subliminality of Task-Irrelevant Stimuli......Page 1357
Extinction......Page 1358
References......Page 1359
Definition......Page 1360
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1361
Theoretical Background......Page 1362
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1363
Cross-References......Page 1364
Eyelid Conditioning......Page 1365
Tacit Knowing......Page 1366
Radical Acceleration......Page 2652
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1367
References......Page 1369
Synonyms......Page 1371
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1372
Cross-References......Page 1771
Synonyms......Page 1374
Definition......Page 1451
Definitions......Page 3504
Theoretical Background......Page 1378
Cross-References......Page 1379
Cross-References......Page 1796
Schema Focused Cognitive Therapy......Page 1524
Theoretical Background......Page 2204
Cross-References......Page 1382
Taxonomy of Educational Resources......Page 3382
Theoretical Background......Page 1531
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1384
Synonyms......Page 1385
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1387
References......Page 1388
Theoretical Background......Page 3060
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1389
Theoretical Background......Page 1390
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1391
Theoretical Background......Page 1539
References......Page 1395
Theoretical Background......Page 1396
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1398
References......Page 1399
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1400
Theoretical Background......Page 3584
Two Treatments and a Control Group......Page 1401
Critical Incident......Page 2534
Self-Efficacy......Page 1470
Statistical and Methodological Questions......Page 1402
Theoretical Background......Page 1404
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1405
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3523
Field Theory of Learning......Page 1406
Theoretical Background......Page 2903
Definition......Page 3414
References......Page 1407
Science for the Web......Page 2637
World Music Education......Page 3522
Definition......Page 1409
Written Text and Discourse......Page 1626
Theoretical Background......Page 2699
Theoretical Background......Page 1410
Definition......Page 1411
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2579
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1863
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2909
Definition......Page 1413
Folk Biology and Folk Physics......Page 1415
Academic Learning......Page 1416
Synonyms......Page 1417
Theoretical Background......Page 1636
Synonyms......Page 1418
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1419
Timing......Page 3429
Formal Language Theory......Page 1420
General Findings on What Immigrant Learning Characterizes......Page 1883
Definition......Page 1421
Intrapersonal Bargaining......Page 3540
References......Page 1423
Relational Learning......Page 1424
Definition......Page 2244
Cross-References......Page 2714
Synonyms......Page 1425
Definition......Page 1505
Definition......Page 1426
References......Page 1429
Numeracy......Page 2590
Hypothesis......Page 1431
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1646
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 1432
Theoretical Background......Page 1433
Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition......Page 2254
Full-Year Acceleration......Page 1434
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1436
Inferential Theory of Learning......Page 1437
Theoretical Background......Page 1886
Life Dates......Page 1442
Cross-References......Page 1444
Object-Based Learning......Page 2597
Theoretical Background......Page 1445
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1446
Learning on the Web......Page 2854
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1449
References......Page 1450
Cross-References......Page 3497
Definition......Page 1452
References......Page 2879
Theoretical Background......Page 1453
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1454
Cross-References......Page 2863
References......Page 1455
Imaginative Learning......Page 1456
Learning and Disciplinary Identities......Page 1457
Multidimensional Generalization......Page 1458
Theoretical Background......Page 1781
Cross-References......Page 1459
Theoretical Background......Page 1460
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1461
Generalized Motor Program......Page 1462
Synonyms......Page 1465
Definition......Page 2547
Theoretical Background......Page 1466
Student Responses......Page 2535
Peer-to-Peer and Agent-Based Approaches......Page 1471
Theoretical Background......Page 1472
Definition......Page 1844
Definition......Page 1473
The Gestalt Explanation of Learning......Page 1475
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1477
Open Learning Environments......Page 2220
Openness to Experience......Page 1479
Cross-References......Page 1852
Consequences of Achievement Goals......Page 1480
Synonyms......Page 1481
Grandparents......Page 2266
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1482
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1483
Cross-References......Page 1484
References......Page 2636
Neuropsychology of Learning......Page 1485
Definition......Page 1486
Goals: Aims......Page 1487
Synonyms......Page 1627
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1488
Theoretical Background......Page 2701
Temporal Extension of Memories......Page 3407
Theoretical Background......Page 1490
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1493
Definition......Page 2641
Definition......Page 3536
Synonyms......Page 1498
Theoretical Background......Page 1499
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1501
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1502
Growth......Page 1504
Hypothesis-Testing System......Page 1584
Learning and Training (L&T)......Page 1906
Second Language Acquisition......Page 3086
Theoretical Background......Page 1507
Vocal Interspecies Communication......Page 2250
Cross-References......Page 1508
Theoretical Background......Page 1509
Definition......Page 1511
Theoretical Background......Page 3096
Definition......Page 1514
Theoretical Background......Page 3552
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 3553
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1515
Quality Assurance......Page 1517
Quantitative Research Synthesis......Page 1518
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1521
References......Page 1522
Illegal Activity......Page 1523
Theoretical Background......Page 2199
Theoretical Background......Page 3501
Setting Objectives......Page 2536
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1525
Theoretical Background......Page 1836
Learned Change of Behavior Potential, Learned Competency, Learned Ability......Page 1533
Theoretical Background......Page 3510
Peer Tutoring......Page 1536
Visual Cognition......Page 3517
Implicit Learning......Page 1537
Theoretical Background......Page 2208
Important Scientific Research/Open Questions......Page 1538
Cross-References......Page 1540
The Framework......Page 2861
Cognitive Science......Page 2217
Learning in the Philosophy of Modern times......Page 1541
Science of Learning in the Twentieth Century......Page 1543
Definition......Page 3403
Visual Orthographic Images......Page 1549
Definition and Overview......Page 1550
Early Approaches in Meaning Development......Page 1551
The Goal of Mathematical Learning: Acquiring Mathematical Competence......Page 2215
References......Page 1552
Theoretical Background......Page 1553
Theoretical Background......Page 1624
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1617
References......Page 1555
Theoretical Background......Page 1556
Synonyms......Page 1557
Synonyms......Page 1558
Television Violence......Page 1559
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1561
Theoretical Background......Page 1562
Theoretical Background......Page 1563
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1564
Synonyms......Page 1566
Nonconscious Emotion......Page 1567
Theoretical Background......Page 2640
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1568
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 2241
Cross-References......Page 1569
Synonyms......Page 1570
Synonyms......Page 1571
Self-Concept......Page 1573
References......Page 1578
Theoretical Background......Page 2587
Theoretical Background......Page 1579
Cross-References......Page 1580
Is Learning Possible?......Page 2722
Vygotsky´s Epistemology and Learning......Page 1581
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1582
References......Page 1583
Theoretical Background......Page 2916
Quality Enhancement......Page 1812
Cross-References......Page 3489
Cross-References......Page 1588
Synonyms......Page 1589
Weariness......Page 1819
References......Page 1590
Definition......Page 1591
Definition......Page 3560
Verbal Emotional Learning......Page 1830
Schema(s)......Page 2604
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3372
References......Page 1592
References......Page 1593
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1594
Cross-References......Page 1595
Synonyms......Page 1596
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1597
References......Page 1600
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1602
Definition......Page 1603
Patterned Syllable Stream......Page 2668
The Two-Action Procedure......Page 1604
Discounting Model: Dynamic Consistency Caused by Hyperbolic Discounting......Page 1605
Theoretical Background......Page 1606
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1607
Ontogenetic Robotics......Page 2609
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1609
Synonyms......Page 2684
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1612
Definition......Page 1613
Synonyms......Page 1850
Theoretical Background......Page 1614
References......Page 2895
Definitions......Page 1616
Life Dates......Page 3073
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3409
Theoretical Background......Page 1619
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2619
Test-Enhanced Learning and Transfer......Page 3412
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3411
Outcome Rewards Work for Higher Achieving Students......Page 1620
Family Incentives: Rewarding Student and Family Inputs......Page 1621
School-Level Changes and Incentives......Page 1622
Cross-References......Page 1623
References......Page 2222
Reinforcement Learning in Animals......Page 1629
Definition......Page 1630
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1631
Synonyms......Page 1632
Seamless Learning......Page 1633
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1635
Synonyms......Page 3079
Life Dates......Page 1638
Theoretical Background......Page 1639
Theoretical Background......Page 2242
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1641
Definition......Page 1643
Theoretical Background......Page 2715
Theoretical Background......Page 1647
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1650
Theoretical Background......Page 1651
Synonyms......Page 1918
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1652
References......Page 1653
Definition......Page 3418
Infant Learning......Page 1654
Infant Memory......Page 1655
References......Page 1656
Theoretical Background......Page 1657
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1659
Cross-References......Page 1661
References......Page 2740
Theoretical Background......Page 1662
Inflexibility......Page 1663
Theoretical Background......Page 1664
References......Page 1666
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2744
Theoretical Background......Page 1667
References......Page 1669
Theoretical Background......Page 3434
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1671
Cross-References......Page 1672
Theoretical Background......Page 1673
Initiation-Response-Evaluation (IRE) Sequence......Page 1675
Self-Regulatory Processes......Page 1676
Resistance to Learning and the Evolution of Cooperation......Page 1678
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1679
References......Page 1680
Insight......Page 1681
Mental Aging......Page 2283
Theoretical Issues......Page 1682
Memory Reconsolidation......Page 2280
Transfer Test......Page 1685
Synonyms......Page 3452
Tolman, Edward C. (1886-1959)......Page 2286
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1687
Right-Brain......Page 2972
References......Page 1694
Theoretical Background......Page 1695
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3141
Theoretical Background......Page 1698
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1699
Intelligence, Learning, and Neural Plasticity......Page 1700
Theoretical Background......Page 2980
Theoretical Background......Page 1701
Functional Correlates of Intelligence......Page 1702
Stable Intelligence Versus Neural Plasticity......Page 1703
Synonyms......Page 1704
Cross-References......Page 2301
Future Research......Page 1706
Metaphor......Page 1707
Interactive Image Retrieval......Page 1708
Synonyms......Page 3002
Strengths and Limitations of Meta-analyses......Page 2367
Synonyms......Page 2370
Theoretical Background......Page 1709
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1710
Theoretical Background......Page 1711
Courseware......Page 1712
Definition......Page 1713
Theoretical Background......Page 2042
Synonyms......Page 1944
Theoretical Background......Page 1717
References......Page 1718
Synonyms......Page 1719
Theoretical Background......Page 3187
References......Page 1721
Definition......Page 1722
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1723
Intercultural Issues in Music Education......Page 1724
Theoretical Background......Page 1725
Intercultural Training......Page 1727
Skill Improvement......Page 2803
Mnemonics......Page 1728
Mnemotechnics and Learning......Page 2070
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1729
Situational Interest and Text Learning......Page 1730
Topic Interest and Text Learning......Page 1731
Representation of MMDS......Page 1732
Interference......Page 1733
Theoretical Background......Page 1734
Cross-References......Page 1735
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1736
Theoretical Background......Page 1738
Media and Technology......Page 1739
References......Page 1740
Definition......Page 1742
Theoretical Background......Page 1743
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1744
References......Page 2353
Protocol......Page 1745
Theoretical Background......Page 1746
References......Page 1747
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2822
Theoretical Background......Page 1748
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1749
Cross-References......Page 1750
Definition......Page 1751
Theoretical Background......Page 1752
Irrational Belief Persistence......Page 1754
References......Page 3201
References......Page 1758
Theoretical Background......Page 1759
The Universal ILC Law – Objectives 1 and 2......Page 1760
Who Needs Stability? – Objective 3......Page 1761
The Observable Result......Page 2065
Can Simulation Predict the Performance? – Comment on Objective 6......Page 1762
Cross-References......Page 1763
References......Page 1764
Theoretical Background......Page 1766
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1767
Definition......Page 3554
James, William (1842-1910)......Page 1768
Theoretical Background......Page 1769
Theoretical Background......Page 1770
Narcissistic Learning......Page 2527
Value-Based Learning......Page 1772
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1775
References......Page 1776
Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961)......Page 1777
Online Role Scripts......Page 1799
Definition......Page 1779
References......Page 1800
Theoretical Background......Page 1780
Sample Matching......Page 1784
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1785
Tandem Learning......Page 1787
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3491
Cross-References......Page 1788
Synonyms......Page 3029
Synonyms......Page 1789
References......Page 1790
Definition......Page 1791
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1792
References......Page 1793
Theoretical Background......Page 1794
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1795
Representation Schemas for Declarative Knowledge......Page 1798
Instruction......Page 2216
Video Game Violence......Page 3052
Reading Comprehension......Page 2885
Needs for Achievement......Page 2544
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1802
Theoretical Background......Page 1803
Insight Learning Versus Incremental Learning......Page 1804
Definition......Page 1806
Research About Effectiveness of Learning Support......Page 1809
References......Page 1810
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1813
Life Dates......Page 1815
Theoretical Background......Page 1820
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1822
Cross-References......Page 1823
Theoretical Background......Page 3030
Language Acquisition......Page 1824
Theoretical Background......Page 1825
Theoretical Background......Page 1828
Cross-References......Page 3033
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1829
Theoretical Background......Page 1831
Synonyms......Page 2860
Definition......Page 1834
Pattern Separation......Page 2667
Theoretical Background......Page 1840
Leadership Learning......Page 1842
Cross-References......Page 1843
Theoretical Background......Page 3512
Theoretical Background......Page 1845
Cross-References......Page 1846
Learned Helplessness Hypothesis......Page 1848
Cross-References......Page 1849
Synonyms......Page 3578
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1851
Theoretical Background......Page 2901
References......Page 1854
Definition......Page 1855
Synonyms......Page 1856
Theoretical Background......Page 1857
Team Cognition......Page 3063
Cognitive Preferences......Page 1859
References......Page 1860
Technology-Enhanced Learning......Page 1861
Perceptual Improvement......Page 2228
Learners, Learning and Burnout......Page 1864
Theoretical Background......Page 1865
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1866
Learning Actions......Page 1867
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1868
References......Page 1869
Theoretical Background......Page 1870
Scope of Attention......Page 3081
Synonyms......Page 1873
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1875
Theoretical Background......Page 1876
Non-declarative Learning......Page 2584
Theoretical Background......Page 1878
References......Page 1879
Definition......Page 1880
Student Selection......Page 1881
Phonetics......Page 2728
Methodology......Page 1882
Definition......Page 2732
Relation with Learning in the Twenty-First Century......Page 1884
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2238
Cross-References......Page 1885
Definition......Page 2935
Definition......Page 2586
References......Page 2260
Classical Game Theory (CGT)......Page 1890
Dimensions of Learner Autonomy......Page 3105
Rational Learning......Page 1893
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1894
Fluid Intelligence and Learning......Page 1895
Working Memory......Page 1896
Theoretical Background......Page 1897
Cross-References......Page 1899
Theoretical Background......Page 3464
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1901
References......Page 1903
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1905
Synonyms......Page 1907
Theoretical Background......Page 2953
Comparative Analysis of Different Approaches to Learning and Training......Page 1908
General Characteristics of Learning and Training from Activity Perspectives......Page 1909
Conclusion......Page 1911
Theoretical Background......Page 1912
Synonyms......Page 3118
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1913
Theoretical Background......Page 1914
Definitions......Page 2757
References......Page 1915
Theoretical Background......Page 1916
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1917
Theoretical Background......Page 1919
Theoretical Background......Page 3130
Definition......Page 1921
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1923
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3134
Theoretical Background......Page 2765
Cross-References......Page 1927
Theoretical Background......Page 1928
Theoretical Background......Page 2768
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1929
References......Page 1930
Theoretical Background......Page 1931
Synonyms......Page 1932
Definition......Page 1933
Theoretical Background......Page 1934
Definition......Page 1935
References......Page 1936
Theoretical Background......Page 1937
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1940
Timing......Page 1941
Assessment Criteria......Page 1942
Definition......Page 1943
References......Page 2319
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1945
Synonyms......Page 1947
Cross-References......Page 2793
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1948
Self-schema......Page 1949
Synonyms......Page 1951
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1954
Learning En-Passant......Page 1955
Definition......Page 1956
Rote Learning......Page 3005
Cross-References......Page 1958
Theoretical Background......Page 1962
Small Group Learning Strategies......Page 2810
Theoretical Background......Page 1963
Theoretical Background......Page 3012
Theoretical Background......Page 1966
Social Barriers to Learning from Failure......Page 1967
Content of Shared Cognition......Page 1968
Cross-References......Page 1969
Definition......Page 1970
Theoretical Background......Page 2819
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1975
Learning from Screen Media......Page 1976
Attention and Learning......Page 1977
Possible Risks......Page 1978
References......Page 1979
Theoretical Background......Page 1980
References......Page 1982
Theoretical Background......Page 1983
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1984
Learning Hierarchical Features......Page 1986
Definition......Page 3460
Synonyms......Page 1987
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1989
Cross-References......Page 1990
Theoretical Background......Page 1991
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1993
Theoretical Background......Page 1994
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1995
Theoretical Background......Page 1996
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 1998
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2377
Predictive Accuracy......Page 2000
Theoretical Background......Page 2001
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2002
References......Page 2004
Theoretical Background......Page 2005
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2006
Definition......Page 2008
Theoretical Background......Page 3217
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2009
Role Dynamics......Page 2012
References......Page 2014
Theoretical Background......Page 2015
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2016
Cross-References......Page 2020
Theoretical Background......Page 2021
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2022
Cross-References......Page 2023
Preparation of Teacher Educators......Page 2024
Theoretical Background......Page 2025
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2026
Cross-References......Page 2027
Definition......Page 2358
Theoretical Background......Page 3233
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2029
References......Page 2031
Theoretical Background......Page 2362
Definition......Page 3174
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2033
Theoretical Background......Page 2035
References......Page 2037
The Participation Metaphor......Page 2039
The Becoming Metaphor......Page 2040
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2043
Learning Motivation of Students with Low Socioeconomic Status......Page 2044
References......Page 2047
Theoretical Background......Page 2048
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2050
Theoretical Background......Page 2051
Is it Possible to ``Delete´´ a Fear Memory?......Page 2053
Simulation-Based Instruction......Page 2054
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2055
Cross-References......Page 2057
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2060
Definition......Page 2061
Theoretical Background......Page 2062
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2063
Definition......Page 2064
Learning of Predictions......Page 2066
Theoretical Background......Page 2067
Skeletal Knowledge......Page 2069
Theoretical Background......Page 3282
Theoretical Background......Page 2071
Theoretical Background......Page 3286
Synonyms......Page 2073
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2076
Theoretical Background......Page 2078
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2079
References......Page 2080
Professional Learning Community......Page 2081
Synonyms......Page 2082
Theoretical Background......Page 2083
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2084
References......Page 2086
Theoretical Background......Page 2814
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2087
Theoretical Background......Page 2423
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2089
Theoretical Background......Page 2090
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2092
Definition......Page 2093
Social Learning Theory......Page 2094
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2095
Theoretical Background......Page 2096
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2097
References......Page 2098
Theoretical Background......Page 2099
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2100
Facilitating Learning to Learn......Page 2101
References......Page 2102
Definition......Page 2103
Theoretical Background......Page 3326
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2104
Theoretical Background......Page 2106
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2107
References......Page 2108
Theoretical Background......Page 2109
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2110
References......Page 2111
Theoretical Background......Page 2112
Moral Internalization......Page 2113
Synonyms......Page 2114
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2115
Definition......Page 2117
Theoretical Background......Page 2488
Theoretical Background......Page 2118
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2119
Theoretical Background......Page 2121
Equilibrium......Page 2122
Theoretical Background......Page 2123
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2125
Games......Page 2126
Theoretical Background......Page 2127
Outcomes of Academic Procrastination......Page 2128
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2130
Learning with Graphical Representations......Page 2131
Theoretical Background......Page 2133
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2135
Theoretical Background......Page 2136
Is There an Adaptive Form of Procrastination?......Page 2137
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2138
Definition......Page 2139
Theoretical Background......Page 2140
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2142
Definition......Page 2143
Synonyms......Page 2511
Theoretical Background......Page 2144
References......Page 2145
Motivational Quality of Teaching Patterns......Page 2146
Theoretical Background......Page 2516
Motivational Characteristics as Moderators of Teaching Patterns´ Motivational Effect......Page 2148
Cross-References......Page 2149
Life Dates......Page 2150
Puzzle......Page 2846
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2151
Lexical Acquisition......Page 2152
Theoretical Background......Page 2154
Definition......Page 2156
Important Scientific and Research Open Questions......Page 2157
Linear Maps......Page 2159
Theoretical Background......Page 2485
Theoretical Background......Page 2160
References......Page 2161
Theoretical Background......Page 2162
Linked Data and Learning......Page 2163
Theoretical Background......Page 2164
References......Page 2165
Theoretical Background......Page 2166
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2167
Definition......Page 2169
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2170
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2171
References......Page 2172
Definition......Page 2173
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2174
Music and Language Learning......Page 2176
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2177
References......Page 2178
Definition......Page 2179
Theoretical Background......Page 2180
Cross-References......Page 2181
Long-Term Skill Learning......Page 2183
Myth......Page 2520
Publications......Page 2184
Dealing with Unconsciousness......Page 2826
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2185
Ludology......Page 2187
Cross-References......Page 2188
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2189
Rational Behaviorism......Page 2600
R.S. Peters and the Concept of Education......Page 3493
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2191
Cross-References......Page 2192
Theoretical Background......Page 3373
Definition......Page 2193
References......Page 2194
Theoretical Background......Page 2877
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2196
Web-Based Instruction......Page 2197
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2198
Synonyms......Page 2670
References......Page 2201
Theoretical Background......Page 3036
Definition......Page 2550
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2206
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3393
References......Page 2211
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2212
Theoretical Background......Page 2620
Theoretical Background......Page 2214
Theoretical Background......Page 2888
Learning Theory......Page 2218
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2219
Theoretical Background......Page 2223
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2225
References......Page 2227
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2229
Mean-Field Theory of Ensemble Learning......Page 2230
Theoretical Background......Page 2231
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2234
Würzburg School of Thought......Page 2575
Constructivism......Page 2236
Interaction......Page 2237
Definition......Page 2239
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2243
Modeling Growth and Decline......Page 2245
References......Page 3413
Taxonomy of Relevance Instructions......Page 3415
Definition......Page 2247
Cross-References......Page 2249
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2251
Probabilistic Similarity Measures......Page 2255
References......Page 2256
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2258
Media Effects......Page 2259
Theoretical Foundations......Page 2261
Theoretical Background......Page 2940
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2262
References......Page 2263
Personality and Learning......Page 2264
Siblings......Page 2265
Synonyms......Page 2267
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2269
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2270
References......Page 3466
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2273
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2275
Definition......Page 2276
Memory Modification......Page 2278
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2279
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2282
Definition......Page 2284
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2285
References......Page 2287
Theoretical Background......Page 2289
References......Page 2291
Tool Use and Problem Solving in Animals......Page 2292
Mental Health Disorder......Page 2293
Pictorial Representations and Learning......Page 2294
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2296
Theoretical Background......Page 2978
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2299
References......Page 2300
Reservopedia......Page 2302
Relation Between Mental Models and MMDS......Page 2303
Conceptual Structure of a MMDS......Page 2304
Theoretical Background......Page 2305
References......Page 2306
Resource Sensitivity......Page 2956
Cross-References......Page 2307
Schemas and Mental Models......Page 2308
A Comparison of Two Approaches to Explain Mental Models......Page 2309
References......Page 2311
Mental Models......Page 2312
Lifelong Learning Processes......Page 2313
Mental Models and Problem Solving......Page 2315
Mental Models and Technology Use......Page 2316
Cross-References......Page 2317
Theoretical Background......Page 2990
References......Page 2318
Theoretical Background......Page 2320
Mental Models of Dynamic Systems, MMDS......Page 2322
Theoretical Background......Page 2794
References......Page 2324
Senior Citizens and Health Learning......Page 2960
The Triadic Relation......Page 2326
Synonyms......Page 2327
References......Page 2328
Synonyms......Page 2329
Mental Simulation......Page 2330
Trial-Spacing Effect......Page 2969
Twentyfirst Century Skills and Competencies......Page 2767
Theoretical Background......Page 2332
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2333
Cross-References......Page 2334
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2336
Cross-References......Page 2338
Definition......Page 2341
References......Page 2812
Robot Learning Via Human-Robot Interaction: The Future of Computer Programming......Page 2343
Definition......Page 3183
Theoretical Background......Page 2344
Theoretical Background......Page 3015
Metalearning Associated with a Single Machine Learning Task......Page 2346
References......Page 2349
Theoretical Background......Page 2350
Theoretical Background......Page 2354
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2356
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2359
Theoretical Background......Page 3198
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2365
References......Page 2366
Design Variables......Page 2368
Step 6: Report Findings......Page 2369
Priming, Response Learning, and Repetition Suppression......Page 2372
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2373
Theoretical Background......Page 2375
Micro-processes of Attention......Page 2378
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2379
Theoretical Background......Page 2380
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2381
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2382
References......Page 2383
References......Page 2386
Theoretical Background......Page 2388
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2389
References......Page 2390
Theoretical Background......Page 2391
References......Page 2393
Definition......Page 2394
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2395
Definition......Page 2396
References......Page 2397
Definition......Page 2398
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2399
Theoretical Background......Page 2400
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2401
Theoretical Background......Page 2402
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2403
References......Page 2404
Theoretical Background......Page 2405
References......Page 2406
Theoretical Background......Page 2407
Theoretical Background......Page 3246
References......Page 2409
Relevance of MBL with System Dynamics......Page 2410
Process of MBL with System Dynamics......Page 2411
Cross-References......Page 3210
Proposed Academic Procrastination Interventions......Page 2412
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2413
Theoretical Background......Page 2414
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2416
Theoretical Background......Page 2417
References......Page 3253
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2418
Theoretical Background......Page 2419
Model-Centered Instruction......Page 2422
Definition......Page 2424
Theoretical Background......Page 2425
Prosocial Learning in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Prosocial Values......Page 2427
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2428
Models of Latent State-Trait Theory......Page 2429
Latent State-Trait Theory......Page 2430
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2431
References......Page 3278
Cross-References......Page 2434
Theoretical Background......Page 2435
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2436
Theoretical Background......Page 2437
Mood-Dependent Memory......Page 2438
Definition......Page 2439
Theoretical Background......Page 2440
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2441
Motivation......Page 2442
Attribution Theory......Page 2443
Self-Determination Theory (cf. Self-Determination of Learning)......Page 2444
Preparing Video-Based Content for Streaming......Page 3307
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2445
References......Page 2446
Theoretical Background......Page 2447
Cross-References......Page 2448
Theoretical Background......Page 2449
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2452
Social Theory / Model......Page 2454
Theoretical Background......Page 2455
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2456
Definition......Page 2457
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2458
Theoretical Background......Page 2459
Theoretical Background......Page 3312
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2460
Müller-Lyer Illusion......Page 2462
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2465
Definition......Page 2466
Theoretical Background......Page 2467
Preparation of Teachers for Multiculturalism in Music Learning Environments......Page 2468
Cross-References......Page 2469
Changes in the Concept of Learning: Cognition and Learning as a Social Process......Page 2470
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2472
Theoretical Background......Page 2473
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2474
Definition......Page 2475
Theoretical Background......Page 2476
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2477
Multimedia Language Learning......Page 2478
Theoretical Background......Page 2479
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2480
Definition......Page 2482
Theoretical Background......Page 2483
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2484
Multimedia Design: Principles......Page 2486
Multimodal Learning: Impact of Interactivity......Page 2487
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2489
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2491
References......Page 2492
Definition......Page 2493
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2494
References......Page 2495
Theoretical Background......Page 2496
Situation 3: Scalar Functional Operator......Page 2497
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2498
References......Page 2499
Multi-robot System Classification......Page 2500
Multi-robot Concurrent Learning......Page 2501
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2502
Theoretical Background......Page 2503
Combining Different Learning Methods Within the Same Learning Strategy for the Same Goal......Page 2504
Dynamic Multistage Processing that Exploits Meta-level Information and Planning......Page 2505
Definition......Page 2506
Important Research and Open Questions......Page 2507
Theoretical Background......Page 2508
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2510
Traditional Music Instructional Methods......Page 2512
Later Developments in Music Instructional Methods......Page 2514
Music Technology......Page 2515
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2518
References......Page 2519
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2522
Instructions at Study/Encoding......Page 2887
Cross-References......Page 2524
Theoretical Background......Page 2525
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2656
Theoretical Background......Page 2528
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2529
Definition......Page 2530
Theoretical Background......Page 2852
Cross-References......Page 2532
Implications for Universities......Page 2537
Conclusions......Page 2538
Cross-References......Page 2539
Naturalistic Problems......Page 2542
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2543
Wireless Community Network......Page 2545
Theoretical Background......Page 3379
Synonyms......Page 3049
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2546
Theoretical Accounts of Extinction......Page 2551
Cue Competition Effects: Contingency......Page 2672
Cross-References......Page 2553
Definition......Page 3056
Definition......Page 2554
Definition......Page 2555
Theoretical Background......Page 2556
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2557
Neuromodulation......Page 2558
Theoretical Background......Page 2559
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2560
References......Page 2561
Cross-References......Page 2563
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2565
Definition......Page 2566
Error-Correction Signal in the Brain......Page 2567
Neural Basis of Pavlovian Learning......Page 2569
Intelligence and Testing......Page 2572
Development of Analogical Reasoning Skills......Page 2574
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2576
Perceptual States......Page 3423
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2577
Animal Learning and the Law of Effect......Page 3427
Media and Learning......Page 2900
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2583
Perseveration......Page 2585
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2588
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3091
Synonyms......Page 2591
Numerosity......Page 2593
Valence......Page 2594
Definition......Page 2653
Theoretical Background......Page 2598
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2599
Definition......Page 2601
Life Dates......Page 3563
Synonyms......Page 2606
Theoretical Background......Page 2664
References......Page 2608
Theoretical Background......Page 3385
Theoretical Background......Page 2610
Learning......Page 2611
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2612
References......Page 2613
Cross-References......Page 2616
Cross-References......Page 2618
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2621
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2622
Theoretical Background......Page 2624
Definition......Page 2625
Theoretical Background......Page 2627
Visual Display......Page 3392
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2630
Theoretical Background......Page 2631
Theoretical Background......Page 3588
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2635
Theoretical Background......Page 2638
Linking Organizational Change and Learning......Page 2639
Theoretical Background......Page 2642
Definition......Page 2643
Theoretical Background......Page 2646
Theoretical Background......Page 2647
Overgeneralizations......Page 2650
Sapience......Page 2869
Theoretical Background......Page 2654
References......Page 2657
Good, Bad, or in Between......Page 2665
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2666
Basic Inhibitory Phenomena......Page 2671
Translation of Learning into Behavior......Page 2673
Schema-Dependent Memory Consolidation......Page 2674
Theoretical Background......Page 2675
Theoretical Background......Page 2679
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2681
Models of Student Learning......Page 2685
References......Page 2686
Theoretical Background......Page 2687
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2688
Theoretical Background......Page 2690
Definition......Page 2694
Definition......Page 2695
Openness......Page 2696
Development of Semantic Networks......Page 3133
Personalized e-Learning Systems......Page 2698
Cross-References......Page 2700
Theoretical Background......Page 2704
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2705
Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulated Learning......Page 3108
Definition......Page 2707
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2709
References......Page 2710
Life Dates......Page 2711
Synonyms......Page 2712
Theoretical Background......Page 2713
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2717
Theoretical Background......Page 2719
Effects of Learning......Page 2720
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2721
Is All Knowledge Acquired Through Learning?......Page 2723
Are There Different Kinds of Knowledge?......Page 2724
What Are the Prerequisites of Learning?......Page 2725
Is Knowledge That Is Not Acquired Through Experience Not Learned?......Page 2726
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3446
Speech Processing......Page 2729
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2730
Synonyms......Page 2731
Cross-References......Page 2934
Physiological Equilibrium......Page 2734
Theoretical Background......Page 2735
Cross-References......Page 2737
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 2739
Top-Down Learning......Page 2741
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2742
Theoretical Background......Page 2743
References......Page 2745
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2747
Theoretical Background......Page 2748
Plan......Page 2749
Response Facilitation......Page 2750
Theoretical Background......Page 2752
Definition......Page 2754
Theoretical Background......Page 2755
Theoretical Background......Page 2758
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2759
Theoretical Background......Page 2760
Theoretical Background......Page 2963
Synonyms......Page 2763
Positive Reinforcement......Page 2764
References......Page 2766
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2770
Prediction Error......Page 2771
Cross-References......Page 2772
Definition......Page 2997
Definition......Page 2780
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2781
Simulation Model......Page 2783
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2785
References......Page 2786
Theoretical Background......Page 2787
Nature of Problem Representation......Page 2788
Nature of Problem-Solving Context......Page 2789
Definition......Page 2790
Rule-Using/Rule Induction Problems......Page 2791
Design Problems......Page 2792
Role-Based Collaborative Learning......Page 2996
References......Page 2796
Theoretical Background......Page 2797
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2799
Procedural Knowledge......Page 2800
Theoretical Background......Page 2801
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2802
Antecedents of Academic Procrastination......Page 2804
Understanding Procrastination Within a Theory......Page 2805
Definition......Page 2807
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3008
Theoretical Background......Page 2808
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2809
Workplace Learning and Organizational Performance......Page 2811
References......Page 2813
References......Page 2815
Definition......Page 2816
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2817
Cross-References......Page 2818
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2820
Prototype......Page 2821
References......Page 2824
Social Learning in Animals......Page 2825
Theoretical Background......Page 2827
Social Networks Analysis and the Learning Sciences......Page 2830
Theoretical Background......Page 2831
The Language Gene......Page 2832
Theoretical Background......Page 2834
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2836
Cross-References......Page 2838
Definition......Page 2840
Theoretical Background......Page 2841
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2842
References......Page 2843
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2844
Purifying of the Emotions......Page 2845
Definition......Page 3366
Theoretical Background......Page 2849
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2850
Quantitative Law of Effect......Page 2851
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2855
Cross-References......Page 2858
Learning Propositional Formulas......Page 2862
Tacit Knowledge......Page 2866
Cross-References......Page 2870
Theoretical Background......Page 2874
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2875
References......Page 2876
Definition......Page 2880
References......Page 3039
Theoretical Background......Page 2881
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2882
Synonyms......Page 2883
Theoretical Background......Page 2884
Definition......Page 3046
Recast......Page 2889
Schema-Centered Learning......Page 2890
References......Page 2893
Theoretical Background......Page 2896
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2902
Theoretical Background......Page 2906
Cross-References......Page 2908
Definition......Page 2910
Theoretical Background......Page 2911
Cross-References......Page 2915
Applications......Page 3048
Relaxation Techniques......Page 2917
Psychological Perspectives on Volition......Page 3535
Definition......Page 2918
Cross-References......Page 3433
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2919
Religiosity......Page 2920
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2922
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2923
Theoretical Background......Page 2924
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3441
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2928
References......Page 2930
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2931
References......Page 2932
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3453
Theoretical Background......Page 2936
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2937
References......Page 2944
Definition......Page 2945
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2946
Theoretical Background......Page 2948
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2949
Research About Path......Page 2951
Research on e-Learning......Page 2952
Cross-References......Page 2954
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2955
Semantic Knowledge......Page 2957
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2958
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2962
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2964
Cross-References......Page 2965
Theoretical Background......Page 2966
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2968
Theoretical Background......Page 2970
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2971
Theoretical Background......Page 2973
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2974
Cross-References......Page 2975
Theoretical Background......Page 2976
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2977
References......Page 2979
Cross-References......Page 2981
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2984
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 2987
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2988
Cross-References......Page 2992
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2993
Cross-References......Page 2994
Theoretical Background......Page 2995
Theoretical Background......Page 2998
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 2999
Theoretical Background......Page 3003
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3004
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3007
Theoretical Background......Page 3010
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3011
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3181
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3013
Synonyms......Page 3014
Forms of Rules......Page 3017
Structures/Environments and Ecologies......Page 3025
Dedicated Tools......Page 3027
The Usability Design of Scaffolds......Page 3028
Theoretical Background......Page 3498
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3038
Definition......Page 3040
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3042
Theoretical Background......Page 3047
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3050
Theoretical Background......Page 3053
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3055
References......Page 3057
Theoretical Background......Page 3408
Theoretical Background......Page 3058
Theoretical Background......Page 3061
References......Page 3065
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3068
Definition......Page 3394
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3071
References......Page 3072
Scaffolded Inquiry Environments......Page 3074
Achievement Goal Theory......Page 3075
Self-Regulation......Page 3076
Cross-References......Page 3078
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3080
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3084
Definition......Page 3087
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3437
Cross-References......Page 3089
References......Page 3094
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3095
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3097
Definition......Page 3100
Cross-References......Page 3103
The Semiotic Dimension......Page 3106
References......Page 3107
References......Page 3109
Theoretical Background......Page 3110
Definition......Page 3112
References......Page 3114
Theoretical Background......Page 3116
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3117
Theoretical Background......Page 3119
References......Page 3121
Theoretical Background......Page 3122
Definition......Page 3129
Cross-References......Page 3131
Theoretical Background......Page 3132
References......Page 3135
Cross-References......Page 3138
Theoretical Background......Page 3139
References......Page 3142
Definition......Page 3143
References......Page 3145
References......Page 3148
References......Page 3150
Theoretical Background......Page 3152
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3153
Theoretical Background......Page 3154
Theoretical Background......Page 3157
References......Page 3158
Synonyms......Page 3159
Theoretical Background......Page 3160
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3161
Definition......Page 3163
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3164
Shock Studies......Page 3165
Theoretical Background......Page 3166
References......Page 3167
Connecting Theory and Data......Page 3170
Theoretical Background......Page 3171
Theoretical Background......Page 3175
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 3177
Simulation......Page 3178
Theoretical Background......Page 3179
Immersiveness......Page 3185
References......Page 3186
Cross-References......Page 3188
Theoretical Background......Page 3189
Theoretical Background......Page 3191
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3192
References......Page 3195
Life Dates......Page 3197
Theoretical Background......Page 3200
What Is Learned......Page 3202
Definition......Page 3205
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3206
Cross-References......Page 3207
Synonyms......Page 3208
Gregorc´s Mind Styles Model (1985)......Page 3209
Theoretical Background......Page 3211
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3212
Cross-References......Page 3213
Theoretical Background......Page 3214
Synonyms......Page 3216
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3218
Cross-References......Page 3219
Theoretical Background......Page 3220
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3221
References......Page 3222
Theoretical Background......Page 3223
Social Network Learning......Page 3225
Social Networks and Teachers......Page 3226
Social Network Principles and Findings......Page 3227
Theoretical Background......Page 3228
Cross-References......Page 3230
Definition......Page 3231
References......Page 3232
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3234
Theoretical Background......Page 3235
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3237
Definition......Page 3238
Theoretical Background......Page 3239
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3240
Socio-Cultural-Historical Research......Page 3242
Academic Adjustment of Children with LD......Page 3243
Socioemotional Adjustment of Children with LD......Page 3244
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3245
Socio-Historical Research......Page 3247
Social Structures for Learning......Page 3249
Socio-Technical Learning Communities......Page 3250
Theoretical Background......Page 3251
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3252
Definition......Page 3254
Theoretical Background......Page 3255
References......Page 3256
Definition......Page 3257
Theoretical Background......Page 3258
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3259
Sparse Feature Learning......Page 3260
Theoretical Background......Page 3261
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3262
Pattern Complexity of Perception, Action, and Cognition......Page 3263
Connectivity, Plasticity, and Development......Page 3265
Human Praxis and the Ontogeny of Learning......Page 3268
Neuro-atypical Learning Capacity......Page 3270
References......Page 3272
Theoretical Background......Page 3273
Cross-References......Page 3274
Speech Science......Page 3275
Theoretical Background......Page 3276
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3281
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3285
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3287
Cross-References......Page 3288
Definition......Page 3289
Theoretical Background......Page 3290
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3291
Statistical Learning Theory......Page 3292
Theoretical Background......Page 3293
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3294
Life Dates......Page 3295
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3297
Stimulus–Reinforcer Interaction......Page 3298
Theoretical Background......Page 3299
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3300
Stochastic Pi-Calculus......Page 3301
Theoretical Background......Page 3302
Story-Based Learning Environments......Page 3303
Groups/Organizations......Page 3304
Strategic Memory......Page 3305
Use of Streaming Media for Education......Page 3306
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3308
Theoretical Background......Page 3310
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3311
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3313
Cross-References......Page 3314
Synonyms......Page 3315
Theoretical Background......Page 3316
References......Page 3317
Theoretical Background......Page 3318
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3320
Synonyms......Page 3321
Theoretical Background......Page 3322
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3323
Cross-References......Page 3324
References......Page 3325
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3328
References......Page 3329
Theoretical Background......Page 3330
References......Page 3332
SOLAT......Page 3333
Left Hemisphere......Page 3334
Divergent/Convergent......Page 3335
Left Hemispheric Functions......Page 3336
Definition......Page 3337
Theoretical Background......Page 3338
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3339
Theoretical Background......Page 3340
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3341
Definition......Page 3342
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3343
Cross-References......Page 3344
Theoretical Background......Page 3345
Suggestive Accelerative Learning......Page 3346
Use of Suggestions and Relaxation......Page 3347
Is Superlearning Effective? If So, Why?......Page 3348
Is Superlearning Safe?......Page 3349
Theoretical Background......Page 3350
Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 3351
Theoretical Background......Page 3352
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3353
Theoretical Background......Page 3354
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3355
Surface Approaches to Learning......Page 3356
Theoretical Background......Page 3357
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3359
Life Dates......Page 3360
Contribution(s) to the Field of Learning......Page 3361
Syllogistic Reasoning......Page 3362
Synthetic Learning Environment......Page 3363
Systemic Therapy......Page 3364
Systems Thinking......Page 3365
Theoretical Background......Page 3488
Modes of Attaining or Sharing Tacit Knowledge......Page 3367
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3370
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3377
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3378
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3391
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3395
Immersive Environments......Page 3399
Cross-References......Page 3401
Written Language......Page 3402
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3405
Cross-References......Page 3406
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3416
Theoretical Background......Page 3419
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3530
Synonyms......Page 3421
References......Page 3422
Volitional States......Page 3425
Thinking Aloud......Page 3426
Lasting Principles......Page 3428
Theoretical Background......Page 3430
References......Page 3431
Life Dates......Page 3432
Functional Approaches......Page 3435
Relational Approaches......Page 3436
Cross-References......Page 3439
References......Page 3443
Definition......Page 3444
Theoretical Background......Page 3445
References......Page 3447
Theoretical Background......Page 3449
Cross-References......Page 3450
Synonyms......Page 3454
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3455
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3458
Twenty-First-Century Educational Goals......Page 3461
Two-Factor Theory......Page 3463
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3465
Theoretical Background......Page 3468
Cross-References......Page 3469
Definition......Page 3470
Making Unconscious Learning Processes Conscious......Page 3471
Collective Unconscious Learning Processes and Outcomes......Page 3472
Definition......Page 3473
Theoretical Background......Page 3474
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3475
Theoretical Background......Page 3476
References......Page 3478
Theoretical Background......Page 3479
References......Page 3481
Definition What Is Unlearning?......Page 3482
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions Organic Unlearning......Page 3483
Contextual-Based Learning Mechanisms......Page 3484
References......Page 3485
Utility Function......Page 3486
Definition......Page 3490
Synonyms......Page 3492
Cross-References......Page 3495
Theoretical Background......Page 3496
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3502
References......Page 3503
Definition......Page 3505
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3506
References......Page 3507
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3509
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3511
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3513
Theoretical Background......Page 3515
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3516
Theoretical Background......Page 3518
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3519
Art and Aesthetics......Page 3520
Visual Intelligence......Page 3521
References......Page 3524
Theoretical Background......Page 3526
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3532
Cross-References......Page 3533
References......Page 3539
Precommitment......Page 3541
References......Page 3543
Theoretical Background......Page 3544
References......Page 3546
Cross-References......Page 3550
Learning About the Web......Page 3555
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3556
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3558
Cross-References......Page 3559
Theoretical Background......Page 3561
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3562
Whole-Part-Whole Learning......Page 3565
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 3567
Life Dates......Page 3568
Contributions to the Field of Learning......Page 3569
Theoretical Background......Page 3570
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3571
Theoretical Background......Page 3575
References......Page 3577
Important Scientific Research and Open Questions......Page 3579
Cross-References......Page 3580
Working Memory and Information Processing......Page 3581
What Are the Kinds of Knowledge That Are Learnt Through Different Kinds of Workplace Learning Experiences?......Page 3586
References......Page 3594
A......Page 3596
B......Page 3600
C......Page 3601
D......Page 3607
E......Page 3609
F......Page 3612
G......Page 3613
H......Page 3614
I......Page 3615
L......Page 3618
M......Page 3622
N......Page 3626
O......Page 3627
P......Page 3628
R......Page 3631
S......Page 3634
T......Page 3639
V......Page 3641
W......Page 3642
Z......Page 3643