Encyclopedia Of Spectroscopy & Spectrometry

Cover Page......Page 1
About the Encyclopedia......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Editors......Page 5
Editorial Advisory Board......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 8
B......Page 9
C......Page 10
E......Page 11
F......Page 12
H......Page 13
I......Page 14
M......Page 16
N......Page 18
O......Page 19
P......Page 20
R......Page 21
S......Page 22
T......Page 23
X......Page 24
APPENDICES......Page 25
Atomic Spectroscopy......Page 27
Electronic Spectroscopy......Page 28
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy......Page 31
High Energy Spectroscopy......Page 32
Magnetic Resonance......Page 34
Mass Spectrometry......Page 39
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Analysis......Page 43
Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopies......Page 44
Plate 1 Roman die, ca. AD 300, from archaeological excavations at Frocester Villa, Gloucester, UK......Page 48
Plate 2 Selection of ornamental jewellery consisting of three bangles assumed to be ivory but which were shown spectroscopically to be composed of modern resins, and a genuine ivory necklace......Page 49
Plate 3 ‘Ivory’ cat, which was identified spectroscopically as a modern limitation composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene resins with added calcite to give the texture and density of ivory......Page 50
Plate 4 The historiated initials (a) ‘P’ and (b) ‘S’ from the Icelandic J !ok with the Raman spectra of pigments contained therein......Page 51
Plate 5a Elaborately historiated initial ‘R’ in sixteenth-century German choir book, with Raman microscopy spectra of selected pigmented regions......Page 52
Plate 5b Portion of top of column of historiated initial ‘R’ shown in 5a the individual pigment-grains can be clearly seen under the x100 magnification and can be separately identified using Raman microscopy......Page 53
Plate 6 Holy Sepulchre Chapel, Winchester Cathedral......Page 54
Plate 7 A two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectrum of human urine, demonstrating the complexity of such mixtures......Page 55
Plates 8 a and b Polarised light micrograph of liquid crystals......Page 56
Plate 9 Light micrograph of a liquid crystal display (LCD) of the type used to represent numerical figures......Page 57
Plate 10 Polarised light micrograph of nematic liquid crystals......Page 58
Plate 11 The molecular composition of massive star-forming region in the galaxy......Page 59
Plate 12 The composition of ices in low-mass star forming regions......Page 60
Plate 13 Large molecules in the ejecta from a dying star......Page 61
Plate 14 A molecule of the pigment quinacridone......Page 62
Plate 15 Sir Frederick William Herschel (1738-1822) German-British astronomer, and disocerer of Uranus, 1781......Page 63
Plate 16 Sir Chandrasehara Venkata Raman. Indian (1888-1970) physcicist, Nobel Laureate in physics 1930 and discoverer of the Raman effect.......Page 64
Plate 17 Imaging of a rat kidney perfused with 0.5mM triayl-methyl (TAM) radical......Page 65
Plate 59 Three-dimensional images (25 25 25 mm3) of an ischaemic rat heart infused with a glucose char suspension......Page 66
Plate 19 Small angle X-ray fibre diffraction pattern recorded from Plaice fish muscle......Page 67
Plate 20 An example of a fluorescent molecular probe, Endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity in the zebrafish brain was localized with an endogenous phosphatase detection kit......Page 68
Plate 21 A fluorescent molecular probe. Fixed and permeabilized osteosarcoma cells were simultaneously stained with the fluorescent lectins.......Page 69
Plate 22 Radiocarbon dating. View of a linear accelerator used as part of an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS).......Page 70
Plate 23 Raman microscope image of a pharmaceutical powder showing the relative importance of three compound, A, B and C......Page 71
Plate 24 3-D reconstruction of a plant cell undergoing meiotic cell division, created from two-photon cross-sectioned images......Page 72
Plate 25 Thorax and abdomen. Coloured Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of the thorax and abdomen of a woman aged 58 years......Page 73
Plate 26 False-colour magnetic resonance image (MRI) of a whole human body, a woman, taken in coronal (frontal) section......Page 74
Plate 27 Portrait of Francis Aston (1877-1945) British physicist and Nobel Laureate......Page 75
Plate 28 Magnetic Resonance Image of Human female brain......Page 76
Plate 29 Structure of membrane proteins......Page 77
Plate 30 Biological membranes which enclose all living cells, and are also present within the cells of higher life forms, are very complex and heterogeneous......Page 78
Plate 31 Richard Ernst, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1991......Page 79
Plate 32 Felix Bloch who was awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1952 jointly with Edward Purcell......Page 80
Plate 33 The first fully functioning electrospray mass spectrometer built at Yale by Masamichi Yamashita in 1983......Page 81
Plate 34 A schematic representation of a typical electrospray mass spectrometer in which the mass analyser is a quadrupole mass filter......Page 82
Plate 35 A Bell Lab ZAB high field mass spectrometer......Page 83
Plate 36 The left-hand picture illustrates a powder diffraction pattern of S2N2 at a wavelength of 0.325 A.......Page 84
Plate 37 Schematic cross-section through a typical superconducting clinical MR scanner......Page 85
Plate 38 a and b Black and white & colourscale diffusion weighted spin echo magnetic resonance images of postmortem human cervical spinal cord......Page 86
Plate 39 Small angle X-ray fibre diffraction pattern recorded form of the DNA double-helix......Page 87
Plate 40 The anisotrophy of chemical shift, dipolar and quadrupolar coupling usually broadens NMR spectra of very large, slowly tumbling complexes......Page 88
Plate 41a A superconducting NMR magnet operating at 18.8T for 1H NMR observation at 800 MHz......Page 89
Plate 41b A modern high-resolution NMR spectrometer......Page 90
Plate 42 PET functional images of glucose metabolic rate (MRGl) (right), MRI images (magnetic resonance images, left)......Page 91
Plate 43 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer......Page 92
Plate 44 Common cold virus protein: computer graphics representation of protein......Page 93
Plate 45 A researcher at the BOC Group Technical Centre, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA, using an advanced Electron Spectroscopy For Chemical Analysis (ESCA) unit......Page 94
Plate 46 Photoacoustic Multi-gas Monitor......Page 95
Plate 47 The molecular structure of Bovine Seminal Ribonuclease, as determined using X-ray diffraction......Page 96
Plate 48 A photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) measuring cell, shown with the germanium window half removed......Page 97
Plate 49 Transaxial planes through the brains of three subjects representing glucose utilisation......Page 98
Plate 50 3-D computerized reconstruction of FDG uptake measured by PET in a healthy volunteer......Page 99
Plate 51 Transaxial planes through the human brain after administration of the of the radiotracer fluoro-dopa indicating dopa decarboxylase capacity......Page 100
Plate 52 Laser optical bench system used as an excitation source for a Raman spectrometer......Page 101
Plate 53 Direct Raman imaging, using the b-carotene line at 1552cm 
1, of live corpus luteum cells......Page 102
Plate 54 Gallium Nitride Impurity Doping Images......Page 103
Plate 55 A computer generated molecular model of the cardiac drug digoxin showing the molecular structure as derived by different techniques......Page 104
Plate 56 A composite of two images of the GaAs(110) surface......Page 105
Plate 57 Three STM images of a Ni3 cluster adsorbed on a MoS2 basal plane at 4 K......Page 106
Plate 58 Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of C2H2 and C2D2......Page 107
Plate 59 Fluorescence emission near-field scanning optical microscope image (1.3 mm x 1.3 mm) of a photosynthetic membrane fragment......Page 108
Plate 60 Sir Isaac Newton......Page 109
ART WORKS STUDIED USING IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 110
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 126
ATOMIC ABSORPTION, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 132
ATOMIC ABSORPTION, THEORY......Page 141
ATOMIC EMISSION, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 150
ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 158
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 164
ATR AND REFLECTANCE IR SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 166
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 184
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 191
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 195
BIOFLUIDS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 205
BIOMACROMOLECULAR APPLICATIONS OF CIRCULAR DICHROISM AND ORD......Page 224
BIOMACROMOLECULAR APPLICATIONS OF UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 237
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 246
13C NMR, METHODS......Page 255
13C NMR, PARAMETER SURVEY......Page 265
CALIBRATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS (REGULATORY AUTHORITIES)......Page 272
CARBOHYDRATES STUDIED BY NMR......Page 278
CELLS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 286
CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF EPR......Page 296
CHEMICAL EXCHANGE EFFECTS IN NMR......Page 304
CHEMICAL IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 313
CHEMICAL REACTIONS STUDIED BY ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 322
CHEMICAL SHIFT AND RELAXATION REAGENTS IN NMR......Page 329
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE INFORMATION FROM MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 338
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, EMISSION THEORY......Page 349
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, GENERAL THEORY......Page 356
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, ORIENTED MOLECULES AND ANISOTROPIC SYSTEMS......Page 373
CHROMATOGRAPHY-IR, APPLICATIONS......Page 388
CHROMATOGRAPHY-IR, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 394
CHROMATOGRAPHY-MS, METHODS......Page 399
CHROMATOGRAPHY-NMR, APPLICATIONS......Page 407
CIDNP APPLICATIONS......Page 417
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LUMINESCENCE AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTED CIRCULAR DICHROISM......Page 425
CLUSTER IONS MEASURED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 433
COLORIMETRY, THEORY......Page 443
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND CHEMOMETRICS IN NEAR-IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 449
CONTRAST MECHANISMS IN MRI......Page 455
COSMOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 465
DIFFUSION STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 474
DRUG METABOLISM STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 480
DYES AND INDICATORS, USE OF UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 493
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION......Page 502
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 506
ELLIPSOMETRY......Page 507
ENANTIOMERIC PURITY STUDIED USING NMR......Page 516
ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 527
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 535
EPR IMAGING......Page 542
EPR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 550
EPR, METHODS......Page 562
EXCITON COUPLING......Page 575
19F NMR, APPLICATIONS, SOLUTION STATE......Page 594
FAR-IR SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 603
FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 610
FIBRE OPTIC PROBES IN OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 617
FIBRES AND FILMS STUDIED USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 634
FIELD IONIZATION KINETICS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 644
FLAME AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY......Page 653
FLUORESCENCE AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 665
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 670
FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION AND ANISOTROPY......Page 676
FLUORESCENT MOLECULAR PROBES......Page 678
FOOD AND DAIRY PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 688
FOOD SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 697
FOOD SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 698
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 707
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 708
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 720
FORESTRY AND WOOD PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 726
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION AND SAMPLING THEORY......Page 737
FRAGMENTATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 742
FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 754
GAS PHASE APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 763
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 771
GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 772
HALOGEN NMR SPECTROSCOPY (EXCLUDING 19F)......Page 780
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (AS, SB, BI)......Page 788
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (B, AL, GA, IN, TL)......Page 794
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (GE, SN, PB)......Page 807
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (LA–HG)......Page 821
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (O, S, SE AND TE) Se Te)......Page 825
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (Y–CD)......Page 842
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (SC–ZN)......Page 833
HIGH ENERGY ION BEAM ANALYSIS......Page 852
HIGH PRESSURE STUDIES USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 862
HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 874
HIGH RESOLUTION IR SPECTROSCOPY (GAS PHASE) INSTRUMENTATION......Page 886
HIGH RESOLUTION IR SPECTROSCOPY (GAS PHASE), APPLICATIONS......Page 896
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLID STATE NMR, 13C......Page 904
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLID STATE NMR, 1H, 19F......Page 915
HOLE BURNING SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS......Page 928
HYDROGEN BONDING AND OTHER INTERACTIONS STUDIED BY IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 939
HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 945
IN VIVO NMR, APPLICATIONS, 31P......Page 952
IN VIVO NMR, APPLICATIONS, OTHER NUCLEI......Page 958
IN VIVO NMR, METHODS......Page 967
INDUCED CIRCULAR DICHROISM......Page 970
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 976
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 982
INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING, APPLICATIONS......Page 995
INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1006
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1016
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND MINERALS STUDIED USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 1025
INORGANIC CONDENSED MATTER, APPLICATIONS OF LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1034
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES, SPECTROSCOPY OF......Page 1044
ION COLLISION THEORY......Page 1055
ION DISSOCIATION KINETICS, MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1064
ION ENERGETICS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1072
ION IMAGING USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1077
ION MOLECULE REACTIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1085
ION STRUCTURES IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1091
ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 1101
IONIZATION THEORY......Page 1111
IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF INORGANIC, COORDINATION AND ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS......Page 1122
IR SPECTRAL GROUP FREQUENCIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 1136
IR SPECTROMETERS......Page 1149
IR SPECTROSCOPY SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS......Page 1159
IR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1167
ISOTOPE RATIO STUDIES USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1173
ISOTOPIC LABELLING IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1187
LABELLING STUDIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY USING NMR......Page 1198
LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LIMS)......Page 1206
LASER APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1214
LASER INDUCED OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1225
LASER MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 1234
LASER MICROPROBE MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 1242
LASER SPECTROSCOPY THEORY......Page 1254
LIGHT SOURCES AND OPTICS......Page 1259
LINEAR DICHROISM, APPLICATIONS......Page 1270
LINEAR DICHROISM, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1277
LIQUID CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL SOLUTIONS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 1280
LUMINESCENCE THEORY......Page 1287
MACROMOLECULE–LIGAND INTERACTIONS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 1310
MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM, THEORY......Page 1318
MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTS IN HIGH-RESOLUTION NMR......Page 1325
MAGNETIC RESONANCE, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1333
MASS SPECTROMETRY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1342
MATERIALS SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 1349
MATRIX ISOLATION STUDIES BY IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIES......Page 1358
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1363
MEDICAL SCIENCE APPLICATIONS OF IR......Page 1372
MEMBRANES STUDIED BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1382
METASTABLE IONS......Page 1392
MICROWAVE AND RADIOWAVE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1398
MICROWAVE SPECTROMETERS......Page 1409
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROMETERS......Page 1416
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1425
MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1436
MRI APPLICATIONS, BIOLOGICAL......Page 1445
MRI APPLICATIONS, CLINICAL......Page 1455
MRI APPLICATIONS, CLINICAL FLOW STUDIES......Page 1466
MRI INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1473
MRI OF OIL/WATER IN ROCKS......Page 1481
MRI THEORY......Page 1489
MRI USING STRAY FIELDS......Page 1497
MS-MS AND MSn......Page 1505
MULTIPHOTON EXCITATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1512
MULTIPHOTON SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1525
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL METHODS......Page 1534
MUON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1540
NEAR-IR SPECTROMETERS......Page 1552
NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 1562
NEUTRALIZATION-REIONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1570
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1580
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION, THEORY......Page 1594
NITROGEN NMR......Page 1605
NMR DATA PROCESSING......Page 1615
NMR IN ANISOTROPIC SYSTEMS, THEORY......Page 1622
NMR MICROSCOPY......Page 1629
NMR OF SOLIDS......Page 1638
NMR PRINCIPLES......Page 1646
NMR PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 1655
NMR RELAXATION RATES......Page 1669
NMR SPECTROMETERS......Page 1677
NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF ALKALI METAL NUCLEI IN SOLUTION......Page 1685
NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES......Page 1695
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1710
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, INSTRUMENTS......Page 1725
NONLINEAR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1732
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT......Page 1744
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, APPLICATIONS......Page 1754
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1764
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE, THEORY......Page 1773
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1782
NUCLEIC ACIDS STUDIED USING NMR......Page 1789
OPTICAL FREQUENCY CONVERSION......Page 1791
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, LINEAR POLARIZATION THEORY......Page 1801
ORD AND POLARIMETRY INSTRUMENTS......Page 1812
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1818
ORGANOMETALLICS STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1826
31P NMR......Page 1834
PARAMETERS IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY OF......Page 1844
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1852
PERFUSED ORGANS STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1862
PET, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1870
PET, THEORY......Page 1881
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1890
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 1899
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1909
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1914
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROMETERS......Page 1921
PHOTOELECTRON–PHOTOION COINCIDENCE METHODS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY (PEPICO)......Page 1930
PHOTOIONIZATION AND PHOTODISSOCIATION METHODS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1939
PLASMA DESORPTION IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1947
POLYMER APPLICATIONS OF IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1957
POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION, APPLICATIONS......Page 1964
PRODUCT OPERATOR FORMALISM IN NMR......Page 1974
PROTEINS STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1984
PROTON AFFINITIES......Page 1992
PROTON MICROPROBE (METHOD AND BACKGROUND)......Page 2000
PYROLYSIS MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 2005
QUADRUPOLES, USE OF IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 2019
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS......Page 2029
RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD GRADIENTS IN NMR, THEORY......Page 2035
RAMAN AND INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY......Page 2043
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2053
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, SPECTROMETERS......Page 2064
RAMAN OPTICAL ACTIVITY, THEORY......Page 2074
RAMAN SPECTROMETERS......Page 2084
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING AND RAMAN EFFECT, THEORY......Page 2091
RELAXOMETERS......Page 2098
RIGID SOLIDS STUDIED USING MRI......Page 2107
ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 2115
29Si NMR......Page 2127
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPES......Page 2139
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2147
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 2156
SCATTERING AND PARTICLE SIZING, APPLICATIONS......Page 2163
SCATTERING THEORY......Page 2170
SECTOR MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 2181
SIFT APPLICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 2188
SMALL MOLECULE APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 2202
SOLID-STATE NMR USING QUADRUPOLAR NUCLEI......Page 2212
SOLID STATE NMR, METHODS......Page 2224
SOLID-STATE NMR, ROTATIONAL RESONANCE......Page 2232
SOLVENT SUPPRESSION METHODS IN NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 2241
SONICALLY INDUCED NMR METHODS......Page 2248
SPECT, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 2255
SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2257
SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 2270
SPECTROSCOPY OF IONS......Page 2278
SPIN TRAPPING AND SPIN LABELLING STUDIED USING EPR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 2285
STARS, SPECTROSCOPY OF......Page 2295
STATISTICAL THEORY OF MASS SPECTRA......Page 2300
STEREOCHEMISTRY STUDIED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 2307
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, INORGANIC MOLECULES......Page 2320
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, ORGANIC MOLECULES......Page 2330
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PEPTIDES......Page 2342
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY, PHARMACEUTICALS......Page 2357
STRUCTURE REFINEMENT (SOLID STATE DIFFRACTION)......Page 2367
SURFACE INDUCED DISSOCIATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 2375
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, APPLICATIONS......Page 2390
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 2398
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE, THEORY......Page 2407
SURFACE STUDIES BY IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 2416
SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING (SERS), APPLICATIONS......Page 2425
SYMMETRY IN SPECTROSCOPY, EFFECTS OF......Page 2431
TENSOR REPRESENTATIONS......Page 2436
THERMOSPRAY IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 2447
TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 2454
TRITIUM NMR, APPLICATIONS......Page 2460
TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR, METHODS......Page 2464
UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETERS......Page 2476
VIBRATIONAL CD SPECTROMETERS......Page 2483
VIBRATIONAL CD, APPLICATIONS......Page 2495
VIBRATIONAL CD, THEORY......Page 2507
VIBRATIONAL, ROTATIONAL AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 2514
XENON NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 2525
X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERS......Page 2537
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2544
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS......Page 2552
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETERS......Page 2556
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2567
X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 2576
ZEEMAN AND STARK METHODS IN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2588
ZEEMAN AND STARK METHODS IN SPECTROSCOPY, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 2591
ZERO KINETIC ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 2596
ZERO KINETIC ENERGY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 2606
Appendix 1. Periodic Table of Elements......Page 2614
Appendix 2. Tables of SI and Related Units......Page 2615
Appendix 3. Wavelength Scale......Page 2617
Appendix 5. Magnetic Susceptibilities at 25°C......Page 2618
Appendix 6. Electronic Configuration of Elements......Page 2619
Appendix 7. Properties of some Important Solvents......Page 2621
Appendix 8. Important Acronyms in Organic Chemistry......Page 2623
Appendix 9. Equilibrium Constants at 25°C/concentration Units for Solutions......Page 2625
Appendix 10. Acronyms and Abbreviations in Quantum Chemistry and Related Fields......Page 2626
Appendix 11. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions......Page 2627
Appendix 12. Typical UV Absorptions of Unconjugated Chromophores......Page 2631
Appendix 14. Typical UV Absorption Maxima of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds......Page 2632
Appendix 15. Common Isotopes for Mössbauer Spectroscopy......Page 2633
Appendix 16. NMR Frequency Table......Page 2634
Appendix 18. Chemical Shift Ranges and Standards for Selected Nuclei......Page 2638
Appendix 19. Abbreviations and Acronyms used in Magnetic Resonance......Page 2639
Appendix 20. Symbols Used in Magnetic Resonance......Page 2642
Appendix 21. EPR/ENDOR Frequency Table......Page 2643
Appendix 22. Some Useful Conversion Factors in EPR......Page 2646
Appendix 23. Mass Spectrometry: Atomic Weights......Page 2647
Appendix 24. Conversion Table of Transmittance and Absorbanceunits......Page 2650
Appendix 25. Conversion Table of Energy and Wavelength Units......Page 2651
Appendix 26. Optical Components used in FT-IR-Spectroscopy......Page 2653
Appendix 27. Infrared and Raman Tables......Page 2654
Appendix 28. Selected Force Constants and Bond Orders (According To Siebert) of Organic and Inorganic Compounds......Page 2658
Appendix 29. Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 2660
Appendix 30. List Of Suppliers......Page 2661