Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry. A-L

Cover Page......Page 1
About the Encyclopedia......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Editors......Page 5
Editorial Advisory Board......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 8
B......Page 9
C......Page 10
E......Page 11
F......Page 12
H......Page 13
I......Page 14
M......Page 16
N......Page 18
O......Page 19
P......Page 20
R......Page 21
S......Page 22
T......Page 23
X......Page 24
APPENDICES......Page 25
Atomic Spectroscopy......Page 27
Electronic Spectroscopy......Page 28
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy......Page 31
High Energy Spectroscopy......Page 32
Magnetic Resonance......Page 34
Mass Spectrometry......Page 39
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Analysis......Page 43
Vibrational, Rotational and Raman Spectroscopies......Page 44
Plate 1 Roman die, ca. AD 300, from archaeological excavations at Frocester Villa, Gloucester, UK......Page 48
Plate 2 Selection of ornamental jewellery consisting of three bangles assumed to be ivory but which were shown spectroscopically to be composed of modern resins, and a genuine ivory necklace......Page 49
Plate 3 ‘Ivory’ cat, which was identified spectroscopically as a modern limitation composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene resins with added calcite to give the texture and density of ivory......Page 50
Plate 4 The historiated initials (a) ‘P’ and (b) ‘S’ from the Icelandic J !ok with the Raman spectra of pigments contained therein......Page 51
Plate 5a Elaborately historiated initial ‘R’ in sixteenth-century German choir book, with Raman microscopy spectra of selected pigmented regions......Page 52
Plate 5b Portion of top of column of historiated initial ‘R’ shown in 5a the individual pigment-grains can be clearly seen under the x100 magnification and can be separately identified using Raman microscopy......Page 53
Plate 6 Holy Sepulchre Chapel, Winchester Cathedral......Page 54
Plate 7 A two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectrum of human urine, demonstrating the complexity of such mixtures......Page 55
Plates 8 a and b Polarised light micrograph of liquid crystals......Page 56
Plate 9 Light micrograph of a liquid crystal display (LCD) of the type used to represent numerical figures......Page 57
Plate 10 Polarised light micrograph of nematic liquid crystals......Page 58
Plate 11 The molecular composition of massive star-forming region in the galaxy......Page 59
Plate 12 The composition of ices in low-mass star forming regions......Page 60
Plate 13 Large molecules in the ejecta from a dying star......Page 61
Plate 14 A molecule of the pigment quinacridone......Page 62
Plate 15 Sir Frederick William Herschel (1738-1822) German-British astronomer, and disocerer of Uranus, 1781......Page 63
Plate 16 Sir Chandrasehara Venkata Raman. Indian (1888-1970) physcicist, Nobel Laureate in physics 1930 and discoverer of the Raman effect.......Page 64
Plate 17 Imaging of a rat kidney perfused with 0.5mM triayl-methyl (TAM) radical......Page 65
Plate 59 Three-dimensional images (25 25 25 mm3) of an ischaemic rat heart infused with a glucose char suspension......Page 66
Plate 19 Small angle X-ray fibre diffraction pattern recorded from Plaice fish muscle......Page 67
Plate 20 An example of a fluorescent molecular probe, Endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity in the zebrafish brain was localized with an endogenous phosphatase detection kit......Page 68
Plate 21 A fluorescent molecular probe. Fixed and permeabilized osteosarcoma cells were simultaneously stained with the fluorescent lectins.......Page 69
Plate 22 Radiocarbon dating. View of a linear accelerator used as part of an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS).......Page 70
Plate 23 Raman microscope image of a pharmaceutical powder showing the relative importance of three compound, A, B and C......Page 71
Plate 24 3-D reconstruction of a plant cell undergoing meiotic cell division, created from two-photon cross-sectioned images......Page 72
Plate 25 Thorax and abdomen. Coloured Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of the thorax and abdomen of a woman aged 58 years......Page 73
Plate 26 False-colour magnetic resonance image (MRI) of a whole human body, a woman, taken in coronal (frontal) section......Page 74
Plate 27 Portrait of Francis Aston (1877-1945) British physicist and Nobel Laureate......Page 75
Plate 28 Magnetic Resonance Image of Human female brain......Page 76
Plate 29 Structure of membrane proteins......Page 77
Plate 30 Biological membranes which enclose all living cells, and are also present within the cells of higher life forms, are very complex and heterogeneous......Page 78
Plate 31 Richard Ernst, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1991......Page 79
Plate 32 Felix Bloch who was awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1952 jointly with Edward Purcell......Page 80
Plate 33 The first fully functioning electrospray mass spectrometer built at Yale by Masamichi Yamashita in 1983......Page 81
Plate 34 A schematic representation of a typical electrospray mass spectrometer in which the mass analyser is a quadrupole mass filter......Page 82
Plate 35 A Bell Lab ZAB high field mass spectrometer......Page 83
Plate 36 The left-hand picture illustrates a powder diffraction pattern of S2N2 at a wavelength of 0.325 A.......Page 84
Plate 37 Schematic cross-section through a typical superconducting clinical MR scanner......Page 85
Plate 38 a and b Black and white & colourscale diffusion weighted spin echo magnetic resonance images of postmortem human cervical spinal cord......Page 86
Plate 39 Small angle X-ray fibre diffraction pattern recorded form of the DNA double-helix......Page 87
Plate 40 The anisotrophy of chemical shift, dipolar and quadrupolar coupling usually broadens NMR spectra of very large, slowly tumbling complexes......Page 88
Plate 41a A superconducting NMR magnet operating at 18.8T for 1H NMR observation at 800 MHz......Page 89
Plate 41b A modern high-resolution NMR spectrometer......Page 90
Plate 42 PET functional images of glucose metabolic rate (MRGl) (right), MRI images (magnetic resonance images, left)......Page 91
Plate 43 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer......Page 92
Plate 44 Common cold virus protein: computer graphics representation of protein......Page 93
Plate 45 A researcher at the BOC Group Technical Centre, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA, using an advanced Electron Spectroscopy For Chemical Analysis (ESCA) unit......Page 94
Plate 46 Photoacoustic Multi-gas Monitor......Page 95
Plate 47 The molecular structure of Bovine Seminal Ribonuclease, as determined using X-ray diffraction......Page 96
Plate 48 A photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) measuring cell, shown with the germanium window half removed......Page 97
Plate 49 Transaxial planes through the brains of three subjects representing glucose utilisation......Page 98
Plate 50 3-D computerized reconstruction of FDG uptake measured by PET in a healthy volunteer......Page 99
Plate 51 Transaxial planes through the human brain after administration of the of the radiotracer fluoro-dopa indicating dopa decarboxylase capacity......Page 100
Plate 52 Laser optical bench system used as an excitation source for a Raman spectrometer......Page 101
Plate 53 Direct Raman imaging, using the b-carotene line at 1552cm 
1, of live corpus luteum cells......Page 102
Plate 54 Gallium Nitride Impurity Doping Images......Page 103
Plate 55 A computer generated molecular model of the cardiac drug digoxin showing the molecular structure as derived by different techniques......Page 104
Plate 56 A composite of two images of the GaAs(110) surface......Page 105
Plate 57 Three STM images of a Ni3 cluster adsorbed on a MoS2 basal plane at 4 K......Page 106
Plate 58 Vibrational spectroscopic imaging of C2H2 and C2D2......Page 107
Plate 59 Fluorescence emission near-field scanning optical microscope image (1.3 mm x 1.3 mm) of a photosynthetic membrane fragment......Page 108
Plate 60 Sir Isaac Newton......Page 109
ART WORKS STUDIED USING IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 110
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 126
ATOMIC ABSORPTION, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 132
ATOMIC ABSORPTION, THEORY......Page 141
ATOMIC EMISSION, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 150
ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 158
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY, HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 164
ATR AND REFLECTANCE IR SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 166
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 184
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 191
BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 195
BIOFLUIDS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 205
BIOMACROMOLECULAR APPLICATIONS OF CIRCULAR DICHROISM AND ORD......Page 224
BIOMACROMOLECULAR APPLICATIONS OF UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 237
BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 246
13C NMR, METHODS......Page 255
13C NMR, PARAMETER SURVEY......Page 265
CALIBRATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS (REGULATORY AUTHORITIES)......Page 272
CARBOHYDRATES STUDIED BY NMR......Page 278
CELLS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 286
CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF EPR......Page 296
CHEMICAL EXCHANGE EFFECTS IN NMR......Page 304
CHEMICAL IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 313
CHEMICAL REACTIONS STUDIED BY ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 322
CHEMICAL SHIFT AND RELAXATION REAGENTS IN NMR......Page 329
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE INFORMATION FROM MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 338
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, EMISSION THEORY......Page 349
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, GENERAL THEORY......Page 356
CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, ORIENTED MOLECULES AND ANISOTROPIC SYSTEMS......Page 373
CHROMATOGRAPHY-IR, APPLICATIONS......Page 388
CHROMATOGRAPHY-IR, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION......Page 394
CHROMATOGRAPHY-MS, METHODS......Page 399
CHROMATOGRAPHY-NMR, APPLICATIONS......Page 407
CIDNP APPLICATIONS......Page 417
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LUMINESCENCE AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTED CIRCULAR DICHROISM......Page 425
CLUSTER IONS MEASURED USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 433
COLORIMETRY, THEORY......Page 443
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND CHEMOMETRICS IN NEAR-IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 449
CONTRAST MECHANISMS IN MRI......Page 455
COSMOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 465
DIFFUSION STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 474
DRUG METABOLISM STUDIED USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 480
DYES AND INDICATORS, USE OF UV-VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 493
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION......Page 502
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 506
ELLIPSOMETRY......Page 507
ENANTIOMERIC PURITY STUDIED USING NMR......Page 516
ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 527
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 535
EPR IMAGING......Page 542
EPR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 550
EPR, METHODS......Page 562
EXCITON COUPLING......Page 575
19F NMR, APPLICATIONS, SOLUTION STATE......Page 594
FAR-IR SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 603
FAST ATOM BOMBARDMENT IONIZATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 610
FIBRE OPTIC PROBES IN OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY, CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 617
FIBRES AND FILMS STUDIED USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 634
FIELD IONIZATION KINETICS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 644
FLAME AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY......Page 653
FLUORESCENCE AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 665
FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 670
FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION AND ANISOTROPY......Page 676
FLUORESCENT MOLECULAR PROBES......Page 678
FOOD AND DAIRY PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 688
FOOD SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 697
FOOD SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 698
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 707
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 708
FORENSIC SCIENCE, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 720
FORESTRY AND WOOD PRODUCTS, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 726
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION AND SAMPLING THEORY......Page 737
FRAGMENTATION IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 742
FT-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 754
GAS PHASE APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 763
GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 771
GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 772
HALOGEN NMR SPECTROSCOPY (EXCLUDING 19F)......Page 780
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (AS, SB, BI)......Page 788
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (B, AL, GA, IN, TL)......Page 794
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (GE, SN, PB)......Page 807
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (LA–HG)......Page 821
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (O, S, SE AND TE) Se Te)......Page 825
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (Y–CD)......Page 842
HETERONUCLEAR NMR APPLICATIONS (SC–ZN)......Page 833
HIGH ENERGY ION BEAM ANALYSIS......Page 852
HIGH PRESSURE STUDIES USING NMR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 862
HIGH RESOLUTION ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY, APPLICATIONS......Page 874
HIGH RESOLUTION IR SPECTROSCOPY (GAS PHASE) INSTRUMENTATION......Page 886
HIGH RESOLUTION IR SPECTROSCOPY (GAS PHASE), APPLICATIONS......Page 896
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLID STATE NMR, 13C......Page 904
HIGH RESOLUTION SOLID STATE NMR, 1H, 19F......Page 915
HOLE BURNING SPECTROSCOPY, METHODS......Page 928
HYDROGEN BONDING AND OTHER INTERACTIONS STUDIED BY IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 939
HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 945
IN VIVO NMR, APPLICATIONS, 31P......Page 952
IN VIVO NMR, APPLICATIONS, OTHER NUCLEI......Page 958
IN VIVO NMR, METHODS......Page 967
INDUCED CIRCULAR DICHROISM......Page 970
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY, METHODS......Page 976
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 982
INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING, APPLICATIONS......Page 995
INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1006
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1016
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND MINERALS STUDIED USING X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 1025
INORGANIC CONDENSED MATTER, APPLICATIONS OF LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1034
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES, SPECTROSCOPY OF......Page 1044
ION COLLISION THEORY......Page 1055
ION DISSOCIATION KINETICS, MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1064
ION ENERGETICS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1072
ION IMAGING USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1077
ION MOLECULE REACTIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1085
ION STRUCTURES IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1091
ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 1101
IONIZATION THEORY......Page 1111
IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF INORGANIC, COORDINATION AND ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS......Page 1122
IR SPECTRAL GROUP FREQUENCIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 1136
IR SPECTROMETERS......Page 1149
IR SPECTROSCOPY SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS......Page 1159
IR SPECTROSCOPY, THEORY......Page 1167
ISOTOPE RATIO STUDIES USING MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1173
ISOTOPIC LABELLING IN MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 1187
LABELLING STUDIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY USING NMR......Page 1198
LABORATORY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LIMS)......Page 1206
LASER APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1214
LASER INDUCED OPTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 1225
LASER MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 1234
LASER MICROPROBE MASS SPECTROMETERS......Page 1242
LASER SPECTROSCOPY THEORY......Page 1254
LIGHT SOURCES AND OPTICS......Page 1259
LINEAR DICHROISM, APPLICATIONS......Page 1270
LINEAR DICHROISM, INSTRUMENTATION......Page 1277
LIQUID CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL SOLUTIONS STUDIED BY NMR......Page 1280
LUMINESCENCE THEORY......Page 1287
Part 2 (M - Z)......Page 0