Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Second Edition - Two-Volume Set

MINE DRAINAGE CHEMISTRY......Page 2
MINE DRAINAGE MICROBIOLOGY......Page 3
Treatment......Page 4
REFERENCES......Page 5
SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 6
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 7
Soils......Page 8
Forest Ecosystems......Page 9
REDUCING ACIDIC DEPOSITION EFFECTS......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 11
Sulfidic materials......Page 12
CONCLUSIONS......Page 13
REFERENCES......Page 14
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 17
Reducing/saturated conditions......Page 21
Environments of Sulfide Formation and Accumulation......Page 22
Other Aspects of Sulfuricization and Properties of Acid Sulfate Soils......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
Ecological Impacts......Page 26
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES......Page 27
CONCLUSIONS......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
Mining......Page 30
Nondisturbance......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
INTENSITY MEASUREMENT......Page 34
TRANSPORT RATE MEASUREMENT......Page 35
REFERENCES......Page 36
Breakdown by Compression of Trapped Air: Slaking......Page 37
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN AGGREGATE BREAKDOWN AND ERODIBILITY......Page 38
Soil Fragments Release......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
IMPACT OF AGGREGATE STRENGTH ON CROP AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 42
RELATIONSHIP OF AGGREGATE STRENGTH TO SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 43
CONCLUSIONS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
Termites......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
AGGREGATE STRUCTURE......Page 49
AGGREGATE STABILIZATION AND ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 51
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION......Page 53
SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDICES......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
BASIC PRINCIPLE......Page 57
Steady-State Methods......Page 58
CONCLUSIONS......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 60
FACTORS AFFECTING ALBEDO......Page 61
CONCLUSIONS......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
THE CLAY ILLUVIATION PROCESS......Page 64
Pedological Translocations/Transformations of Clay Coatings......Page 65
TIME OF FORMATION OF THE ARGILLIC HORIZON......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 67
Erosion and Rejuvenation......Page 69
Weathering and Soil Formation Rate......Page 70
MAJOR SOILS IN ALPINE BELT AREAS......Page 71
REFERENCES......Page 72
Management Options......Page 74
Integration of Soil Amelioration Strategies with ‘‘Precision Agriculture’’ Technology......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
DESCRIPTION OF THE AMOOZEMETER......Page 77
FIELD DATA COLLECTION......Page 78
CALCULATING KSAT......Page 79
SAMPLE DATA SHEET......Page 80
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR MEASURING KSAT......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
PROPERTIES OF SOILS CONTAINING AMORPHOUS MINERALS......Page 84
Physical Properties......Page 85
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMORPHOUS MINERALS......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY......Page 88
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND SOIL MORPHOLOGY......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
Mineralogy......Page 92
Chemistry......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
CLASSIFICATION AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 96
Freely Drained Soils......Page 97
ANDIC SOILS AND CRYOTURBATION......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ANIMALS......Page 100
Water Cycling......Page 101
Earthworms......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
SELECTIVE FEEDING BY SOIL FAUNA......Page 104
EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT GROWTH......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
HETEROGENEITY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL......Page 108
SOIL TURNOVER......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
MOROCCAN VERNACULAR SOIL NAMES......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 117
FIELD STUDIES......Page 118
Soil Morphology......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
ARID SOILS ON UPLANDS......Page 122
TYPES OF ARID SOILS......Page 123
ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE......Page 124
REFERENCES......Page 125
Index of Plasticity IP......Page 126
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ATTERBERG LIMITS......Page 127
APPLICATION......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 129
SENSITIVITY OF AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY TO SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 130
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
Culture- and Process-Based Microbiology......Page 135
Molecular Microbiology......Page 136
Ecological Interactions......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 139
What Is Its Importance?......Page 141
What Is Nature Teaching Us?......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 145
BENEFITS OF BIOENERGY CROPS......Page 146
POTENTIAL OF C SEQUESTRATION......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN FIXATION......Page 150
SUBSTRATES OTHER THAN N2......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
Inputs of Fixed Nitrogen by Legumes......Page 153
Levels of Nitrogen Fixation Achieved in Farmers’ Fields......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE NITROGEN FIXATION......Page 157
Nutrient Limitations......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
Soil Water......Page 160
Plant density and row spacing......Page 161
Land Use and Crop Sequence......Page 162
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
ROLE OF PLANTS......Page 165
ROLE OF ANIMALS......Page 166
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 169
APPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS......Page 170
Social, Moral, and Ethical Issues......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
MAJOR FEATURES OF SOIL FORMATION......Page 174
West Siberia......Page 175
GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BOREAL SOILS......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
Boron......Page 179
Molybdenum......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
Direct Methods......Page 182
As a Measure of Aeration Status......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
MECHANISMS OF CALCIFICATION......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 187
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION......Page 189
OCCURRENCE IN SOILS......Page 190
PROPERTIES......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
Variations in the Chemical Behavior of S in the Nonrhizosphere and Rhizosphere......Page 193
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF S TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
Additions......Page 197
Parent Rock......Page 198
Climate......Page 199
Biota......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REACTING IONS......Page 202
EXPLAINING THE EFFECTS OF pH......Page 203
EXPLAINING THE EFFECTS OF TIME......Page 204
REFERENCE......Page 205
PLANT YIELD AND QUALITY RESPONSES TO CHLORIDE......Page 206
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CHLORIDE IN PLANTS......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 209
NATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN THE MODERN ERA......Page 211
The Australian Soil Classification......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
COMPARING THE RP AND THE WRB......Page 215
DISCUSSION......Page 216
ARTICLE OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
CLIMATE-BASED SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 219
CONCLUSIONS......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
SOIL TAXONOMY......Page 222
THE WORLD REFERENCE BASE FOR SOIL RESOURCES......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
BRIEF HISTORY OF SOIL MAPPING AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 229
CONCLUSIONS......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
Soil Classification—A Binomial System for South Africa......Page 233
Soil Classification—A Taxonomic System for South Africa......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
WHICH PROPERTIES SHOULD BE CHOSEN FOR CLASSIFICATION?......Page 236
SOIL CLASSIFICATION AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION......Page 239
1 : 1 Clay Minerals......Page 240
2 : 1 Clay Minerals......Page 241
Hydroxy-Al Interlayered Vermiculites and Smectites......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
MINERAL RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING......Page 244
MINERAL WEATHERING PATHWAYS......Page 245
MECHANISMS AND RATES OF MINERAL WEATHERING......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
ORIGINS OF CHARGE......Page 250
High Activity and Low Activity Clays......Page 251
Clay Swelling......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
DISCUSSION......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 256
Plant Availability of Soil Cobalt......Page 258
Forms of Iodine in Soils......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 260
MEASURING SOIL COLOR......Page 262
WHAT CAUSES SOIL COLORS?......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 265
CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL COMPACTION......Page 266
Amelioration of Compacted Soils......Page 267
Mechanical loosening of compacted soil......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 269
Thermogravimetric technique......Page 273
Neutron Thermalization......Page 277
FDR......Page 278
CONCLUSIONS......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
WATER FLOW......Page 282
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 286
THE ECONOMICS OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE......Page 287
OVERGRAZING PROBLEMS......Page 288
MIG BENEFITS—CONSERVATION AND ECONOMICS......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
SOIL CONSISTENCY......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 293
THEORIES AND ANALYSES......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 296
MULCH TILL......Page 297
IMPLEMENTING CONTROLLED TRAFFIC......Page 298
PLANNING AHEAD......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT......Page 301
PLANT GROWTH ON HIGH-COPPER SOILS......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 303
IMPROVEMENT OF P EFFICIENCY......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS......Page 307
Soil, Water, and Air Quality......Page 308
CONCLUSIONS......Page 309
REFERENCES......Page 310
ROOT DEVELOPMENT......Page 311
ROOT ORIENTATION......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
The Importance of Fallow Length......Page 314
Burning Versus Mulching......Page 315
EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS OF SOIL STRUCTURAL MANAGEMENT......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
Soil Structure-Forming Agents in Crop Rotation and Farming Systems......Page 318
Organic Additions, Fertilization, and Calcium......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 320
Retaining Soil Cover......Page 321
Pasture Phases to Rebuild Organic Carbon and Structure......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 323
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 324
CROPLAND IN THE WORLD......Page 325
CONDITION OF CROPLANDS......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
INITIATION OF DEBRIS FLOW......Page 328
HAZARDS MITIGATION......Page 329
REFERENCES......Page 330
Historical Perspective......Page 331
PROCESSES AND CAUSES IN SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 332
REFERENCES......Page 334
VULNERABLE AREAS......Page 335
Pressure on the Land......Page 336
MINIMUM PER-CAPITA CROPLAND REQUIREMENT......Page 337
SOIL DEGRADATION AND DECLINE IN PRODUCTIVITY......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
NATURE OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 340
Central America......Page 341
CONCLUSIONS......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 343
Natural Processes......Page 345
Anthropogenic Processes......Page 346
EFFECTS OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 347
DATA ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 350
LINKAGES BETWEEN CARBON, GREENHOUSE EFFECT, AND SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 353
SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 355
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
Soil Management......Page 359
Stubble burning and grazing......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
Water Retention......Page 363
Electrochemical Measurements......Page 364
SALINITY AND SODICITY......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 366
A SOCIAL OPTIMIZATION MODEL......Page 368
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 370
Constraints in Expanding Agricultural Areas......Page 371
Limited Use of New Technologies......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
Europe......Page 374
Asia......Page 376
Africa......Page 377
North America......Page 378
Australia......Page 379
CONCLUSIONS......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
LOSS OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 384
Compaction......Page 385
Sealing and Crusting......Page 386
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SOIL PHYSICAL DEGRADATION......Page 387
ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PHYSICAL DEGRADATION......Page 388
REFERENCES......Page 389
HUMAN ACTIVITY OR CLIMATE?......Page 390
REVERSIBILITY OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 391
REFERENCES......Page 392
A Green Island—How Do We Know?......Page 393
Causes and Consequences......Page 394
A Vicious Cycle......Page 395
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF SOIL EROSION AND DESERTIFICATION......Page 396
REFERENCES......Page 397
ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF THE DESERTIFICATION PROBLEM......Page 399
AREAL EXTENT OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 402
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE DESERTIFICATION PROCESS......Page 403
INDICATORS OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 404
CASE STUDY—THE SAN PEDRO RIVER BASIN......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
PROCEDURES TO REVERSE DESERTIFICATION......Page 408
REFERENCES......Page 409
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS IN THE USDA SOIL TAXONOMY......Page 411
THE FAO–UNESCO SOIL MAP OF THE WORLD LEGEND......Page 412
THE WORLD REFERENCE BASE OF THE IUSS......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
Physics......Page 415
Soil Reference Methods......Page 416
Merits and Limitations......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 418
FIELD STUDIES......Page 420
REFERENCES......Page 421
SOIL AERATION......Page 423
PLANT RESPONSES TO POOR AERATION......Page 424
DRAINAGE TO REDUCE ANAEROBIOSIS......Page 425
REFERENCES......Page 426
Soil Temperature......Page 429
Spatial Distribution of Organic Substrates......Page 430
Soil Organic Matter......Page 431
REFERENCES......Page 432
UNDERSTANDING FARMER BEHAVIOR......Page 433
CONCLUSIONS......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
Off-Site Impacts of Soil Management......Page 437
Crop Rotations......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 439
SAMPLING......Page 441
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 442
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
EROSION BY WATER......Page 446
GRAVITY-INDUCED EROSION......Page 447
EROSION CONTROL AND SOIL CONSERVATION......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 449
ERODED SOIL ORGANIC CARBON: STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE......Page 450
Conceptual Framework and Description of the Mass Balance Approach......Page 451
ESTIMATES OF EROSION-CAUSED CO2 EMISSIONS......Page 452
REFERENCES......Page 453
SOIL EROSION–PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 455
REFERENCES......Page 457
Soil Erosion Degrades Soil Quality, Leads to Loss of Agricultural Lands and Threatens to Global Food Security......Page 459
Soil Erosion Deteriorates Global Environment and Influences Global Change......Page 460
REFERENCES......Page 461
HOW SOIL EROSION AFFECTS CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND HUMAN LIFE......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 465
Gypsum......Page 467
Synthetic Polymer......Page 468
CONCLUSIONS......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 470
Terraces......Page 471
Contour Ridges and Stone Terraces......Page 472
Conservation Structures......Page 473
Geotextiles......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
MASS PLANTING OF VEGETATIVE COVER......Page 476
Vegetated Waterways......Page 477
Filter Strip Terraces......Page 478
REFERENCES......Page 479
EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS......Page 480
Phosphorus......Page 481
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 485
EROSION ASSESSMENT......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 490
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)......Page 491
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)......Page 492
SLEMSA (Soil-Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa)......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 494
COMPREHENSIVE HYBRID MODELS......Page 496
Residue Decay......Page 497
1985 RCA appraisal......Page 498
REFERENCES......Page 500
DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF SOIL EROSION......Page 502
European Soil Erosion Model......Page 504
REFERENCES......Page 505
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION MODELS......Page 507
REFERENCES......Page 509
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GEOLOGIC RECORD......Page 510
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN HUMAN HISTORY AND TODAY......Page 512
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE FUTURE......Page 514
REFERENCES......Page 515
No Tillage......Page 516
REDUCING FIELD WIDTHS BY ESTABLISHING BARRIERS OR STRIP CROPPING......Page 517
MAINTAINING STABLE AGGREGATES OR CLODS ON THE SOIL SURFACE......Page 518
Wind Erosion on Irrigated Land......Page 519
REFERENCES......Page 520
Eroded Sediments......Page 521
Crop Production Decline......Page 522
REFERENCES......Page 523
CREEP, SALTATION, AND OTHER TRANSPORT MODE COMBINATION SAMPLERS......Page 525
SUSPENSION SAMPLERS......Page 528
REFERENCES......Page 529
INDUCED EROSION......Page 531
REFERENCES......Page 533
ROLE OF TURBULENCE......Page 534
CHANGES IN HUMIDITY......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 537
WIND DYNAMICS......Page 538
PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT......Page 539
SELF-BALANCING CONCEPT......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 541
Raindrop Impact Frequency......Page 542
Rainsplash Transport......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 544
Conservation tillage......Page 545
Grassed waterways......Page 546
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT WITH CONSERVATION TILLAGE......Page 547
REFERENCES......Page 549
Anthropogenic Soil Disturbances......Page 550
VARIABILITY......Page 551
REFERENCES......Page 552
BASIS FOR SOIL LOSS TOLERANCE VALUES......Page 554
EXISTING CONCERNS......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 556
Conversion to Sprinklers......Page 557
Water Properties......Page 558
REFERENCES......Page 559
ON-SITE IMPACTS......Page 561
OFF-SITE IMPACTS......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 563
Numerical Models......Page 564
Analytical Models......Page 565
REFERENCES......Page 569
VARIABILITY IN SEED BANKS IN TIME AND SPACE......Page 571
SEED BANK GENETICS......Page 572
REFERENCES......Page 573
TERMITES......Page 574
REFERENCES......Page 575
PLANT ANALYSIS......Page 577
SOIL TEST–CROP RESPONSE CORRELATION......Page 578
CONCLUSIONS......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 580
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS......Page 581
Water Quality......Page 582
Soil contamination with metals and guidelines for soil quality......Page 583
Management practices for minimizing metal transfer to food crops......Page 584
REFERENCES......Page 585
TECHNIQUES FOR SUSTAINABLE SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT......Page 586
Azolla and Anabaena......Page 587
Composting......Page 588
REFERENCES......Page 589
Broadcasting......Page 591
Placement/Banding......Page 592
CONCLUSIONS......Page 593
REFERENCES......Page 594
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF LEACHING......Page 595
MAGNITUDE OF LEACHING......Page 596
REFERENCES......Page 597
Nitrogen Fertilizers......Page 598
Phosphate Fertilizers......Page 599
Potash Fertilizers......Page 600
FERTILIZER USE: HISTORY AND RECENT TRENDS......Page 601
Fertilizer Use by Nutrients and Products......Page 602
CONCLUSIONS......Page 603
REFERENCES......Page 604
Manures......Page 605
MUNICIPAL WASTES......Page 606
REFERENCES......Page 607
Composting of Biosolids and Municipal Solid Waste......Page 608
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WASTES AS FERTILIZERS......Page 609
REFERENCES......Page 610
EFFECTS OF SOIL HEATING......Page 611
CHANGES IN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES......Page 612
REFERENCES......Page 613
PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND MOLECULAR ADAPTATION TO FLOODING STRESS......Page 614
IMPROVING FLOODING TOLERANCE BY GENETIC TRANSFORMATION......Page 615
REFERENCES......Page 616
PAST CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS......Page 617
Governing Equations......Page 618
REFERENCES......Page 619
INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC FACTORS......Page 621
ROLE OF DISTURBANCE......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 624
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS......Page 625
TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS......Page 626
REFERENCES......Page 627
WHY FOREST SOILS?......Page 628
Off-Site Effects of Forest Management......Page 630
REFERENCES......Page 631
SOIL TEMPERATURE......Page 632
INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT SUPPLIES AND AVAILABILITIES......Page 633
CA, MG, K, P AND TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 634
REFERENCES......Page 635
WHY IS CALCIUM DEPLETION A THREAT TO FOREST ECOSYSTEMS?......Page 636
REFERENCES......Page 638
ALTERED ECOSYSTEMS......Page 641
CONTINUING NEEDS......Page 642
THE FUTURE......Page 643
REFERENCES......Page 644
MEASUREMENT OF THE SOIL-GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT......Page 645
CONCLUSIONS......Page 646
REFERENCES......Page 647
CLASSIFICATION OF GELISOLS......Page 648
CONCLUSIONS......Page 650
REFERENCES......Page 651
CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES......Page 652
PARENT MATERIAL......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
Electrical Resistivity (Conductivity)......Page 655
Ground-Penetrating Radar......Page 656
REFERENCES......Page 658
Soils of the Major Biomes......Page 660
Polar Biome......Page 661
REFERENCES......Page 663
The Role of Man......Page 664
KEEPING CARBON IN THE SOIL......Page 665
REFERENCES......Page 666
EFFECT OF BUFFER STRIPS ON FLOW HYDRAULICS......Page 668
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT THROUGH BUFFER STRIPS......Page 669
EFFECT OF BUFFER STRIPS ON CHEMICAL TRANSPORT......Page 670
REFERENCES......Page 671
PROPERTIES OF GRASSLAND SOILS......Page 672
GENESIS OF GRASSLAND SOILS......Page 673
REFERENCES......Page 675
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS......Page 677
POTENTIAL OF WORLD SOILS AS C SINK......Page 678
MANAGING WORLD SOILS FOR MITIGATION OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT......Page 679
REFERENCES......Page 681
Manual or Automated Sampling and Analysis......Page 682
Micrometeorological Methods......Page 683
REFERENCES......Page 685
CLASSICAL GULLY EROSION......Page 686
TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING AND PREDICTING GULLY EROSION......Page 688
REFERENCES......Page 689
HYPERGYPSIC SOILS......Page 691
Physical and Engineering Constraints......Page 692
REFERENCES......Page 693
GENESIS AND ORIGIN OF SULFATE......Page 695
PROPERTIES OF GYPSIFEROUS SOILS......Page 696
REFERENCES......Page 697
Slaking Under Rapid Wetting by Irrigation or Rainfall......Page 699
Measurement of Soil Dispersion......Page 700
REFERENCES......Page 701
SOIL HEALTH AND SOIL QUALITY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH......Page 702
REFERENCES......Page 704
HEAT CAPACITY......Page 706
REFERENCES......Page 708
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL HEAT FLUX......Page 709
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 710
REFERENCES......Page 711
ABUNDANCE IN ROCKS AND SOILS......Page 712
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 714
REFERENCES......Page 715
The First Half of the 20th Century......Page 716
The Second Half of the 20th Century......Page 717
THE STATUS OF SOIL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE IN 2000......Page 718
REFERENCES......Page 719
AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY......Page 721
THE EMERGENCE OF SOIL SCIENCE......Page 722
REFERENCES......Page 723
THE AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION......Page 725
CONCLUSIONS......Page 726
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 727
Soil Parasitism......Page 728
THE VANISHING SOIL AND MODERN SOCIETY......Page 729
CONCLUSIONS......Page 730
REFERENCES......Page 731
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 732
CONCLUSIONS......Page 734
REFERENCES......Page 735
Predicting Infiltration Excess Runoff......Page 736
REFERENCES......Page 737
ANTHREPTS......Page 739
XEREPTS......Page 740
SOIL GENESIS......Page 741
USE AND MANAGEMENT......Page 742
REFERENCES......Page 743
Mineral Processing......Page 744
Coal Combustion By-products......Page 745
LAND APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS......Page 746
ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES REGARDING DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES......Page 747
REFERENCES......Page 748
BASIS OF THE INS SYSTEM......Page 749
RESULTS......Page 750
REFERENCES......Page 752
BASE SATURATION......Page 753
SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEMS......Page 754
REFERENCES......Page 755
Gravimetric Techniques......Page 757
X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 759
ATMOSPHERIC DERIVATION......Page 761
EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES......Page 762
REFERENCES......Page 763
SIC AND CLIMATE......Page 764
SIC AND TIME......Page 765
REFERENCES......Page 766
FORMATION......Page 768
Pedogenic vs. Geogenic Carbonate......Page 769
The biogenic model......Page 770
REFERENCES......Page 771
SIC STOCKS RELATED TO SOIL TAXONOMY ORDERS AND SUBORDERS......Page 772
SIC STOCKS RELATED TO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS......Page 773
CONCLUSIONS......Page 775
REFERENCES......Page 776
FERTILIZATION......Page 777
ARID REGION SOILS......Page 778
REFERENCES......Page 779
THE COMPARTMENT MODEL AND SIMULATIONS OF PEDOGENIC CARBONATE ACCUMULATION......Page 780
ISOTOPES IN CALCIC SOILS......Page 781
REFERENCES......Page 782
FREEZE TOLERANCE VS. FREEZE SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 784
CORN ROOTWORMS......Page 785
REFERENCES......Page 786
EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS, CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY, AND BASE CATION SATURATION......Page 788
CATION EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA AND CATION SELECTIVITY......Page 789
ANION EXCHANGE......Page 790
REFERENCES......Page 791
Selective Extractions......Page 792
Formation......Page 793
Chemistry......Page 795
REFERENCES......Page 796
SOIL MOISTURE MANAGEMENT......Page 798
General Design Concepts......Page 799
Salinity Control......Page 801
Application Depth and Frequency......Page 802
REFERENCES......Page 803
DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF SALTS ON PLANTS, SOILS, AND WATERS......Page 804
CAUSES OF SALINATION INDUCED BY IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE......Page 805
REFERENCES......Page 806
Water Conveyance Efficiency......Page 808
Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency......Page 809
Emission Uniformity......Page 811
REFERENCES......Page 812
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION......Page 814
SURFACE IRRIGATION AND RAINFALL EROSION DIFFERENCES......Page 815
REFERENCES......Page 816
ANCIENT ORIGINS AND IMPORTANCE......Page 817
CURRENT STATUS......Page 818
ISSUES AFFECTING THE FUTURE......Page 819
REFERENCES......Page 820
WORLD DATA CENTRE FOR SOILS......Page 822
REFERENCES......Page 826
SOIL FERTILITY AND NUTRIENT BUDGET UNDER SHIFTING AGRICULTURE......Page 827
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS FOR LAND USE MANAGEMENT......Page 828
Contour Pathway......Page 829
REFERENCES......Page 830
Land Capability......Page 831
REFERENCES......Page 833
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 834
Capability Subclasses......Page 835
REFERENCES......Page 836
STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND EVALUATION MODELS......Page 837
ROLE OF SOIL SURVEYS IN LAND EVALUATION AND LAND CLASSIFICATION......Page 838
REFERENCES......Page 839
DESCRIPTION AND MORPHOMETRY......Page 840
LANDFORMS AND MAPPING......Page 841
REFERENCES......Page 842
Meanings......Page 843
Agro-Ecologic Components......Page 844
IMPLICATIONS......Page 846
CONCLUSIONS......Page 848
REFERENCES......Page 849
Problem Diagnosis and Definition: Biophysical Factors Limiting Land Restoration......Page 850
CONCLUSIONS......Page 852
REFERENCES......Page 853
MAPPING LAND COVER......Page 854
LAND-COVER MONITORING......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 857
Development of Spatial Databases......Page 859
RELIABILITY OF GIS-BASED ANALYSIS RESULTS......Page 860
CONCLUSIONS......Page 861
REFERENCES......Page 862
FLUCTUATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL USES......Page 863
GLOBAL LAND USE PATTERNS......Page 865
CONCLUSIONS......Page 866
REFERENCES......Page 867
Footslope......Page 868
LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY......Page 869
Landscape and Land Use......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 871
LANDSCAPES......Page 872
Landscape Classification......Page 874
REFERENCES......Page 875
HILLS AND HILLSLOPES......Page 877
GEOMORPHIC DESCRIPTORS......Page 878
REFERENCES......Page 880
Landform Creation......Page 882
Landform Modification......Page 884
REFERENCES......Page 885
Flow......Page 886
LANDCREEP......Page 887
Landcreep Mitigation Measures......Page 888
DEBRIS FLOW AND MUDFLOW......Page 889
REFERENCES......Page 890
PODZOLIZATION......Page 891
ILLUVIATION OF CLAYS......Page 892
REFERENCES......Page 893
METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS......Page 895
MERITS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 897
REFERENCES......Page 898
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER AND AIR......Page 899
SOIL TEMPERATURE......Page 900
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL ECOLOGY......Page 901
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 902
LIMING MATERIALS......Page 903
Purity and Fineness......Page 904
REFERENCES......Page 905
ORIGIN OF LOESS......Page 906
LOESS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 907
REFERENCES......Page 909
IMPACT OF MACROPORES ON WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT......Page 911
REFERENCES......Page 912
MAGNESIUM IN PLANTS......Page 914
FACTORS AFFECTING MAGNESIUM AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS......Page 915
REFERENCES......Page 916
MANURE......Page 918
COMPOST......Page 919
BIOSOLIDS......Page 920
REFERENCES......Page 921
Adsorption—Macroscopic Aspects......Page 922
Adsorption—Molecular Mechanisms......Page 923
REFERENCES......Page 924
Organic Amendments......Page 926
Rice Cultivars......Page 927
REFERENCES......Page 928
Soil Amendments and Mineral Fertilizers......Page 929
Others......Page 930
PROBLEMS AND FEASIBILITY OF THE OPTIONS......Page 931
REFERENCES......Page 932
Chloroform (CHCl3) Fumigation Incubation and Extraction Methods......Page 933
Adenosine Triphosphate Extraction Method......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
DETERMINATION OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES......Page 937
ROLE OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES......Page 938
Breakdown of Toxic and Xenophobic Compounds......Page 939
Mutualistic Interactions......Page 940
REFERENCES......Page 941
SOIL FAUNA......Page 943
MICROCHEMISTRY AND SUBMICROSCOPIC STUDIES......Page 944
REFERENCES......Page 945
CASE STUDY......Page 947
DISCUSSION......Page 948
REFERENCES......Page 949
Feldspars......Page 950
Quartz......Page 951
REFERENCES......Page 952
Kaolinite and Halloysite......Page 954
Illites......Page 955
Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals......Page 956
REFERENCES......Page 957
Solubility of Minerals......Page 958
Microscale Processes......Page 960
REFERENCES......Page 961
MODERN CIVILIZATIONS......Page 962
CONCLUSIONS......Page 964
REFERENCES......Page 965
Planted Fallows and Cover Crops......Page 966
Soil-Surface Management and Erosion Control......Page 967
Water Management......Page 968
Soil Temperature Management......Page 969
The Greenhouse Effect......Page 970
LIMITATION OF MULCH FARMING......Page 971
REFERENCES......Page 972
NUTRIENT UPTAKE......Page 974
INFLUENCE ON SOIL ECOSYSTEMS......Page 975
REFERENCES......Page 976
Life History Classification......Page 977
MORPHOLOGY......Page 978
Entomopathogenic Nematodes......Page 979
REFERENCES......Page 980
THE N LEACHING INDEX......Page 982
FRAMEWORK FOR AN IMPROVED N LEACHING INDEX......Page 983
REFERENCES......Page 984
Primary Techniques for Managing Nitrate Leaching......Page 985
Within-Season Monitoring Techniques for Managing Nitrate Leaching......Page 986
REFERENCES......Page 987
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SOIL......Page 988
Biological Nitrogen Fixation......Page 989
Emission of Nitrogen Oxides (N2O, NO) and Molecular Nitrogen (Nitrification and Denitrification)......Page 990
REFERENCES......Page 991
Nitrous Oxide from Denitrification......Page 992
Biomass Burning......Page 993
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO DECREASE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION......Page 994
REFERENCES......Page 995
Agricultural Fields......Page 996
Other Mechanisms......Page 997
REFERENCES......Page 998
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND NO-TILL......Page 1000
RESULTS ACHIEVED BY USING CONSERVATION TILLAGE OR NO-TILL......Page 1001
REFERENCES......Page 1002
IMPLICATIONS TO SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 1004
MANAGEMENT AND OR REMEDIATION OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 1005
REFERENCES......Page 1006
In Relation to the Mobility of the Elements......Page 1007
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Limitations......Page 1008
REFERENCES......Page 1009
DIFFUSIONS......Page 1010
Nutrient Movement by Mass Flow and Diffusion from Soil to Plant Roots......Page 1012
IMPORTANCE OF ROOT HAIRS......Page 1013
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND NUTRIENT ENTRY......Page 1014
REFERENCES......Page 1015
NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS AND DYNAMICS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 1016
NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS IN PLANTS......Page 1017
REFERENCES......Page 1018
SYNCHRONIZATION OF SINKS AND SOURCES FOR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1020
NEW TECHNOLOGY, CONTINUING EDUCATION, AND TRAINING......Page 1022
REFERENCES......Page 1023
COMBUSTION METHODS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SOC AFTER REMOVAL OF INORGANIC C......Page 1024
NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL ORGANIC C......Page 1026
REFERENCES......Page 1027
SOURCES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS......Page 1029
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1030
REFERENCES......Page 1031
Surface Accumulation in Mineral Soils......Page 1032
Subsurface Accumulation......Page 1033
Time......Page 1034
REFERENCES......Page 1035
CARBON FLUXES......Page 1036
SOIL CARBON FLUXES AND GLOBAL CHANGE......Page 1037
REFERENCES......Page 1038
COMPOSITION......Page 1040
Phosphorus and Sulfur......Page 1041
REFERENCES......Page 1042
Lateral Distribution......Page 1044
Tillage......Page 1045
IMPLICATIONS......Page 1046
REFERENCES......Page 1047
Soil Erosion Processes......Page 1049
Mechanisms of Soil C Sequestration......Page 1050
REFERENCES......Page 1053
FOOD-WEB MODELS......Page 1056
SOM MODEL APPLICATION......Page 1057
REFERENCES......Page 1060
Spectroscopic Techniques......Page 1063
Individual Plant and Microbial Components......Page 1066
REFERENCES......Page 1067
MEASURING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TURNOVER......Page 1070
FACTORS CONTROLLING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TURNOVER......Page 1072
TURNOVER OF DIFFERENT SOIL ORGANIC MATTER POOLS......Page 1073
REFERENCES......Page 1074
Species Composition......Page 1076
Placement......Page 1077
Organic Matter Quality......Page 1078
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1079
REFERENCES......Page 1080
Bacteria......Page 1082
Microfauna......Page 1083
Collembola......Page 1084
Macrofauna......Page 1085
REFERENCES......Page 1086
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANO-MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS......Page 1087
Binding Forces Within Organo-Mineral Associations......Page 1088
ORGANO-MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS ALTER THE PROPERTIES OF SOIL MINERALS......Page 1089
REFERENCES......Page 1090
Root Response......Page 1093
Shoot Response......Page 1094
REFERENCES......Page 1095
Paramos Vegetation......Page 1096
Geology–Geomorphology......Page 1097
Paramos and Water Cycle Regulation......Page 1098
REFERENCES......Page 1099
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE DENSITY......Page 1100
REFERENCES......Page 1101
PACKING DENSITY......Page 1102
MODELS OF PARTICLE PACKING......Page 1103
REFERENCES......Page 1105
PEDOGENESIS......Page 1106
REFERENCES......Page 1107
SILICA MORPHOLOGY......Page 1108
REFERENCES......Page 1109
OVERVIEW......Page 1111
MODELING PROCESSES......Page 1112
REFERENCES......Page 1113
SELECTION OF PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION PREDICTOR VARIABLES......Page 1114
METHODS TO DEVELOP PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS......Page 1115
Regression Tree Algorithm......Page 1116
REFERENCES......Page 1117
PERMAFROST CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1119
SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE......Page 1120
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1121
REFERENCES......Page 1122
THE PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1123
VERTICAL SUCCESSION OF THE CALCIC AND PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1124
LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CALCIC AND PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1125
REFERENCES......Page 1126
PRESENCE OF HYDROXY-Al......Page 1127
STRENGTH OF SOIL ACIDITY......Page 1128
ORGANIC MATTER......Page 1129
REFERENCES......Page 1130
SOIL PHOSPHORUS EQUILIBRIA......Page 1132
Slow Reaction Phase......Page 1133
Soil Phosphorus Availability......Page 1134
Phosphorus Requirement of Plants......Page 1135
REFERENCES......Page 1136
MOBILITY OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS......Page 1137
SPATIAL SPECIATION OF PHOSPHORUS......Page 1138
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1139
REFERENCES......Page 1140
Nutritional Strategies to Reduce the Manure Phosphorus Concentration......Page 1142
IMPACT OF DIET MODIFICATION ON NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1143
REFERENCES......Page 1144
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1145
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE......Page 1147
REFERENCES......Page 1149
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF THE LOWER LIMIT......Page 1151
ESTIMATING THE LIMITS OF PLANT AVAILABLE WATER......Page 1152
REFERENCES......Page 1154
Definition of Plant Nutrients......Page 1156
Other Aspects......Page 1157
REFERENCES......Page 1158
QUANTITY FACTOR......Page 1159
BUFFER POWER......Page 1160
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1161
REFERENCES......Page 1162
DETERMINING NUTRIENT SUFFICIENCY AND REQUIREMENTS......Page 1163
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1166
REFERENCES......Page 1167
Water Films......Page 1168
Organic Carbon......Page 1169
REFERENCES......Page 1170
MODE OF FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY......Page 1171
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS......Page 1172
REFERENCES......Page 1173
MINERALOGY......Page 1175
FORMATION OF PODZOLS......Page 1176
Alternative Theories......Page 1177
OCCURRENCE OF PODZOLS......Page 1178
AGRICULTURAL USE......Page 1179
REFERENCES......Page 1180
Inorganic Chemicals......Page 1181
SAMPLING FOR POINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 1184
GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND RESPONSIBILITY......Page 1185
REFERENCES......Page 1186
SOIL-FORMING PROCESSES......Page 1187
Arctic Soils......Page 1188
Antarctic Soils......Page 1189
REFERENCES......Page 1190
Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants......Page 1191
Pathways of Contamination......Page 1192
REFERENCES......Page 1193
Hydrolytic Reactions......Page 1195
Sorption and Sequestration......Page 1196
Biodegradation of a N-Containing Herbicide......Page 1197
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIODEGRADATION......Page 1198
REFERENCES......Page 1199
SOIL POLLUTION: THE HUMAN IMPACT......Page 1200
MERCURY CONTAMINATION......Page 1202
REFERENCES......Page 1203
POTENTIAL POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE......Page 1204
Soil Remediation......Page 1205
REFERENCES......Page 1206
Macroporosity......Page 1207
Methods of Measurement......Page 1208
KEY FUNCTIONS OF THE PORE SYSTEM......Page 1209
REFERENCES......Page 1210
POTASSIUM IN SOILS......Page 1211
POTASSIUM IN PLANT–SOIL INTERACTIONS......Page 1213
REFERENCES......Page 1214
Feldspars, Their Structure and Weathering......Page 1216
Micaceous Minerals, Their Structure and Weathering......Page 1217
Kinetics of Potassium Release......Page 1218
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1219
REFERENCES......Page 1220
GEOREFERENCED SOIL AND CROP INFORMATION......Page 1221
ACCURACY OF TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND DATA......Page 1222
REFERENCES......Page 1223
WHAT MAKES IT POSSIBLE?......Page 1224
SENSING FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE......Page 1225
REFERENCES......Page 1226
Fire......Page 1228
Harvesting......Page 1229
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1230
REFERENCES......Page 1231
OCCURRENCE......Page 1232
REACTIVITY......Page 1233
REFERENCES......Page 1234
DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS SOIL QUALITY......Page 1235
MONITORING SOIL QUALITY......Page 1236
REFERENCES......Page 1238
Physical Effects......Page 1239
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1240
REFERENCES......Page 1241
Carbon Dioxide......Page 1242
Nitric and Nitrous Oxides......Page 1243
Ammonia......Page 1244
REFERENCES......Page 1245
INHERENT SOIL QUALITY......Page 1247
DYNAMIC SOIL QUALITY......Page 1248
SOIL QUALITY AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION......Page 1249
REFERENCES......Page 1250
Water......Page 1251
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY......Page 1252
REFERENCES......Page 1254
Time and Spatial Aspects......Page 1255
REFERENCES......Page 1257
Setting Critical Limits......Page 1259
Site Specific Critical Limits......Page 1260
REFERENCES......Page 1261
Absorb, Buffer, and Transform Chemical Flows......Page 1263
SCALES OF SOIL AND WATER QUALITY......Page 1265
DECISION MAKING AND POLICY......Page 1266
REFERENCES......Page 1267
Hydrologic Processes......Page 1269
Microbial Processes......Page 1270
REFERENCES......Page 1272
Stress Associated with Lateral Flow......Page 1275
Splash Droplets......Page 1276
Loss of Soil Material by Splash......Page 1277
REFERENCES......Page 1278
MODERN APPLICATIONS OF RAISED-BED CULTIVATION......Page 1280
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1282
REFERENCES......Page 1283
Species of REEs in Soils......Page 1284
Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements in Soils......Page 1285
Translocation of Rare Earth Elements in Soils......Page 1286
UPTAKE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS BY PLANTS......Page 1287
REFERENCES......Page 1288
THE NATURE OF THE ELECTRON AND THE PROTON AND THEIR ACTIVITIES IN SOILS......Page 1289
APPLICATIONS OF REDOX PRINCIPLES IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 1290
REFERENCES......Page 1291
COVERSOIL THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS......Page 1293
In Situ Acid Minesoil Remediation......Page 1294
REFERENCES......Page 1295
Engineering Approach......Page 1297
Ecological Approach......Page 1298
Chemical Properties......Page 1299
REFERENCES......Page 1301
DETERMINATION OF REHABILITATION GOALS BEFORE MINING COMMENCES......Page 1303
RESTORING A GROWING MEDIUM FOR PLANTS......Page 1304
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1305
REFERENCES......Page 1306
DEVELOPING SOIL BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING REHABILITATION AFTER MINING......Page 1307
CASE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF INDICATORS......Page 1308
REFERENCES......Page 1309
INVENTORYING AND MONITORING......Page 1311
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 1312
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1314
REFERENCES......Page 1315
Remote Sensing as a Source of Spatial Data......Page 1316
Applications of Remote Sensing/GIS in Soil Science......Page 1317
REFERENCES......Page 1319
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 1320
SOIL TEXTURE......Page 1321
REFERENCES......Page 1322
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEMS AND DATA......Page 1324
PASSIVE MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND DATA......Page 1325
Quantitative Soil Moisture Estimation......Page 1327
REFERENCES......Page 1328
HISTORY OF USE......Page 1329
REFERENCES......Page 1330
A NATURE......Page 1331
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1332
REFERENCES......Page 1333
Resilience and Lack of Degradation are not Identical......Page 1335
EXTENT AND RATE OF DEGRADATION......Page 1336
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1337
REFERENCES......Page 1338
TRENDS IN GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY......Page 1339
INCENTIVES FOR SOIL USE AND CONSERVATION......Page 1340
REFERENCES......Page 1341
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL RESPIRATION......Page 1343
RESPIRATION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SOILS......Page 1344
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT AND SEASON ON SOIL RESPIRATION......Page 1345
REFERENCES......Page 1346
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND RESTORATION GOALS......Page 1348
RESTORATION OPTIONS......Page 1349
REFERENCES......Page 1350
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS......Page 1351
CASE STUDY......Page 1352
REFERENCES......Page 1354
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE......Page 1356
Landfill Gas......Page 1357
Suitable Tree Species for Landscaping Completed Landfill......Page 1358
REFERENCES......Page 1359
COARSE AND FINE MINERAL MATERIAL OF MANTLE DEPOSITS INHERITED BY SOILS......Page 1362
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN MANTLE DEPOSITS......Page 1363
THE TRANSFORMATION OF MANTLE DEPOSITS......Page 1364
REFERENCES......Page 1365
FACTORS INFLUENCING ROOT GROWTH......Page 1366
REFERENCES......Page 1368
ROOT GROWTH PRESSURE IN COMPACTED SOILS......Page 1370
MEASUREMENTS OF AXIAL ROOT GROWTH PRESSURE......Page 1371
REFERENCES......Page 1372
EXTENT AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 1373
CROP TOLERANCE......Page 1374
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1375
REFERENCES......Page 1376
DIRECT EVIDENCE......Page 1377
INDIRECT EVIDENCE......Page 1378
REFERENCES......Page 1379
Similitude-Based Scaling......Page 1381
Fractal Scaling Using Self-Similarity, Self-Affinity, and Multiscaling Hypotheses......Page 1383
Inverse Modeling......Page 1384
REFERENCES......Page 1385
MORPHOLOGY OF SECONDARY CARBONATES......Page 1386
CALCULATION OF PEDOGENIC CARBONATE IN SOIL USING STABLE ISOTOPES......Page 1387
REFERENCES......Page 1388
SEEPAGE PRINCIPLES......Page 1390
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY......Page 1391
Water Supply and Groundwater Contamination......Page 1392
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1393
REFERENCES......Page 1394
Soil Application......Page 1395
Experience on a Larger Scale......Page 1396
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1397
REFERENCES......Page 1398
SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 1399
REFERENCES......Page 1400
Properties of Iron Oxides......Page 1403
Chemical and Physical Properties of Iron Oxides......Page 1404
Manganese Oxide Minerals......Page 1405
GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OXIDE MINERALS......Page 1406
REFERENCES......Page 1407
Mechanisms of Dispersion......Page 1408
Clay Type and Composition of Adsorbed Cations......Page 1409
MANAGEMENT OF SLAKING AND DISPERSION......Page 1410
REFERENCES......Page 1411
OVERVIEW......Page 1412
LITERATURE AND SOME OF ITS POTENTIAL LESSONS ABOUT SOIL MANAGEMENT......Page 1413
REFERENCES......Page 1414
SALT ACCUMULATION IN ROOT ZONES OF SODIC SOILS......Page 1415
MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND SODIC SOILS......Page 1416
REFERENCES......Page 1417
Nutrient Status......Page 1418
Irrigation Practices......Page 1419
REFERENCES......Page 1420
SOIL PROCESSES......Page 1422
CLASSIFICATION......Page 1423
REFERENCES......Page 1424
Miscellaneous Chemical Ameliorants......Page 1425
Effects of Additions of Organic Matter......Page 1426
Rate of Supply of Ameliorants......Page 1428
REFERENCES......Page 1429
Sodic Soil Genesis Model......Page 1430
Taxonomical Classification......Page 1431
REFERENCES......Page 1432
EROSION UNDER COFFEE AND COCOA......Page 1434
EROSION CONTROL......Page 1435
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1436
REFERENCES......Page 1437
Expert Knowledge......Page 1439
MEASURED CHANGE IN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 1440
REFERENCES......Page 1441
Water Vapor Movement......Page 1443
Soil Freezing......Page 1444
Water Vapor Movement......Page 1445
REFERENCES......Page 1446
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SOIL......Page 1447
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOIL LAW......Page 1448
REFERENCES......Page 1449
MECHANISMS OF SOIL SHRINKAGE......Page 1450
Natural Soil Aggregates......Page 1451
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1452
REFERENCES......Page 1453
Gravimetric Sampling and Oven Drying......Page 1454
Time domain reflectometry......Page 1455
Remote sensing......Page 1456
DATA SOURCES......Page 1457
REFERENCES......Page 1458
THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF SOILS......Page 1459
REFERENCES......Page 1460
Systems Without a Solid Medium......Page 1461
Organic substrates......Page 1462
REFERENCES......Page 1463
SOIL EVOLUTION AND DEGRADATION AS A FUNCTION OF TIME......Page 1465
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MATURE SOILS......Page 1466
REFERENCES......Page 1469
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE......Page 1470
REFERENCES......Page 1471
MAIN SOILS OF THE PAMPAS......Page 1473
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE......Page 1474
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES......Page 1475
REFERENCES......Page 1477
SUBDIVISION OF THE PANTANAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 1478
SOILS OF THE PANTANAL......Page 1481
REFERENCES......Page 1483
Diffusion......Page 1484
SORPTION......Page 1485
REFERENCES......Page 1486
ORIGINS OF SOIL VARIABILITY......Page 1488
MEASURING SOIL VARIABILITY......Page 1490
MANAGING VARIABILITY......Page 1491
REFERENCES......Page 1492
BASICS OF MIXTURE MODELING......Page 1493
INFERRING SOIL PROPERTIES THROUGH VEGETATION......Page 1494
REFERENCES......Page 1495
Chemometrics......Page 1496
Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Analytes......Page 1497
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1498
REFERENCES......Page 1499
Translocation of humus and sesquioxides......Page 1500
Vegetation......Page 1501
REFERENCES......Page 1502
AGGREGATE FORMATION......Page 1503
REFERENCES......Page 1504
HUMAN IMPACTS ON SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1505
SOIL STRUCTURE EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH......Page 1506
MANAGING SOIL STRUCTURE FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT......Page 1507
REFERENCES......Page 1508
Natural Isotopes of Carbon......Page 1509
MICRODENSITOMETRY OF SOIL AGGREGATES......Page 1510
REFERENCES......Page 1511
FORMATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1512
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1513
SOIL STRUCTURAL STABILITY......Page 1514
SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR WATER FLOW......Page 1515
REFERENCES......Page 1516
Soil Strength......Page 1518
OUTLOOK......Page 1519
REFERENCES......Page 1520
THE PRESENT......Page 1521
THE FUTURE......Page 1522
REFERENCES......Page 1523
QUALITY OF SUBSOIL ORGANIC CARBON......Page 1524
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1525
REFERENCES......Page 1526
SULFATES......Page 1528
Sodium and Magnesium Sulfates......Page 1529
REFERENCES......Page 1530
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SULFUR IN SOILS......Page 1531
Crops and Crop Rotation......Page 1532
Capillary Rise/Leaching......Page 1533
Sustainability......Page 1534
REFERENCES......Page 1535
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA......Page 1538
Microporosity and Accessibility of Surfaces......Page 1539
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1540
REFERENCES......Page 1541
Tillage......Page 1542
Introduction of soil fauna......Page 1543
REFERENCES......Page 1544
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT......Page 1546
Phosphorus......Page 1547
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1548
REFERENCES......Page 1549
THE ANCIENT RATIONAL SLM OF THE MEDITERRANEAN......Page 1551
RECENT APPLICATIONS OF ITK TO SLM......Page 1552
REFERENCES......Page 1554
TYPES OF SOIL THERMOMETERS......Page 1556
SOURCES OF ERROR......Page 1557
REFERENCES......Page 1558
TEPETATES: HARDENED VOLCANIC SOIL LAYERS......Page 1559
REFERENCES......Page 1562
HABITAT......Page 1563
EFFECTS ON SOILS......Page 1564
REFERENCES......Page 1565
BENCH TERRACES......Page 1566
TERRACE BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS......Page 1567
REFERENCES......Page 1568
APPARATUS FOR SOIL ANALYSIS......Page 1569
CORRELATION AND CALIBRATION......Page 1570
REFERENCES......Page 1571
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS......Page 1573
Packing of Particles, Hardsetting and Engineering Properties of Soils......Page 1574
REFERENCES......Page 1577
FORMATION OF THE LOESS PLATEAU AND LOESS DEPOSITION......Page 1579
VEGETATION AND SOIL......Page 1580
SOIL EROSION CONTROL......Page 1582
REFERENCES......Page 1583
CROP RESIDUE......Page 1584
SOIL MANAGEMENT......Page 1585
REFERENCES......Page 1586
TILLAGE-INDUCED CO2 LOSS......Page 1587
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS......Page 1588
REFERENCES......Page 1589
DETERMINATION OF TILLAGE EROSION......Page 1590
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE EROSION......Page 1591
REFERENCES......Page 1592
TRANSLOCATION MEASUREMENTS......Page 1593
MEASUREMENTS OF LOSS AND ACCUMULATION......Page 1594
REFERENCES......Page 1595
LANDSCAPE POSITION AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1596
MODELING TILLAGE EROSION AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1597
REFERENCES......Page 1598
TILLAGE EROSION AND WATER EROSION......Page 1599
REFERENCES......Page 1601
EXTENT OF EROSION IN HIMALAYAN REGION......Page 1602
GENESIS OF TORRENTIAL EROSION......Page 1603
State Interventions......Page 1604
Torrent control treatments......Page 1605
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1608
REFERENCES......Page 1609
OXISOLS......Page 1610
ULTISOLS......Page 1611
VERTISOLS......Page 1612
REFERENCES......Page 1613
SOIL CONSERVATION......Page 1614
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1615
REFERENCES......Page 1616
Argillic and Kandic Horizons......Page 1617
Base Saturation in Ultisols......Page 1618
Cultivation of Ultisols......Page 1619
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1620
REFERENCES......Page 1621
HAZARDS OF URANIUM......Page 1622
URANIUM IN WATERS......Page 1623
REFERENCES......Page 1624
Degradation......Page 1625
Hazardous Compounds......Page 1626
REHABILITATION OF CONSTRUCTION SITES......Page 1627
REFERENCES......Page 1628
THE SOIL AS A PRODUCER OF FORESTS......Page 1630
THE SOIL FOR USE IN RECREATION AND SPORTS......Page 1631
REFERENCES......Page 1632
OVERVIEW......Page 1633
MINERALOGY OF VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS......Page 1634
Variable-Charge Minerals......Page 1635
MANAGEMENT OF VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS......Page 1637
REFERENCES......Page 1639
Organic matter......Page 1641
Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, and electrolyte concentration of the soil solution......Page 1643
Groundwater in Vertisols?......Page 1644
Soil Management and Tillage Operations......Page 1645
Raingrown Annual Crops......Page 1646
Forestry and Agroforestry......Page 1647
REFERENCES......Page 1648
THE MECHANISM OF AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION......Page 1652
Cropping Systems......Page 1653
REFERENCES......Page 1654
Increasing Infiltration......Page 1655
SOIL-WATER CONSERVATION ACHIEVED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS......Page 1656
REFERENCES......Page 1657
Soil Erodibility......Page 1658
Rainfall simulators......Page 1659
Rill erosion......Page 1660
OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT......Page 1661
REFERENCES......Page 1662
Types of Systems......Page 1663
CROPPING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1664
REFERENCES......Page 1665
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INFILTRATION PROCESS......Page 1666
Horton Equation......Page 1667
REFERENCES......Page 1668
APPLICATIONS......Page 1669
REFERENCES......Page 1670
EXTENT AND ORIGIN......Page 1671
MANAGEMENT OF WATER REPELLENT SOILS......Page 1672
REFERENCES......Page 1673
BACKGROUND......Page 1675
MODELS OF SOIL WATER RETENTION......Page 1676
METHODS OF CHARACTERIZING SOIL WATER RETENTION......Page 1677
PLANT AVAILABLE WATER......Page 1679
REFERENCES......Page 1680
REDUCING TILLAGE/MAINTAINING CROP RESIDUES......Page 1681
SHIFTING WATER USE TO CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES......Page 1682
REFERENCES......Page 1683
SCALE: MOVING UP FROM POINT TO PLOT TO FIELD TO WATERSHED......Page 1685
STRATEGY......Page 1686
Multiple Use Conflicts......Page 1687
Kissimee River, Florida, U.S.A.......Page 1688
REFERENCES......Page 1689
Hydrolysis......Page 1690
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A WEATHERING PROFILE......Page 1691
BASIC FACTORS IN WEATHERING......Page 1692
REFERENCES......Page 1693
WETLAND FLORA......Page 1694
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1696
REFERENCES......Page 1697
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SOILS......Page 1698
REFERENCES......Page 1700
WHAT ARE WETLAND POLICIES AND ARE THEY NEEDED?......Page 1702
Implementation Strategies......Page 1703
Policies......Page 1704
REFERENCES......Page 1705
ECONOMIC VALUES OF WETLANDS......Page 1706
Valuing Wetlands Goods—Techniques and Examples......Page 1707
REFERENCES......Page 1709
WETLAND TYPES......Page 1711
EXTENT OF WETLANDS......Page 1714
REFERENCES......Page 1715
Water Table Position......Page 1716
Soil Temperature......Page 1717
REFERENCES......Page 1718
Phosphorus Accumulation......Page 1720
PARTICLE TYPES AND SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES IN WETLANDS......Page 1721
REFERENCES......Page 1722
EMISSION OF DUST......Page 1723
TRANSPORT OF WINDBLOWN DUST......Page 1724
REFERENCES......Page 1725
TOOL TO REDUCE EROSION AND FOR WATER CONSERVATION......Page 1726
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1727
REFERENCES......Page 1728
The Reference Base: an Overview of the World Soil Cover into 30 Reference Groups......Page 1729
Simplified Key to the WRB Reference Groups......Page 1733
REFERENCES......Page 1734
EFFECTS OF SURFACE TILLAGE......Page 1735
EFFECTS OF SUBSURFACE TILLAGE......Page 1736
REFERENCES......Page 1737
PROPERTIES......Page 1739
REFERENCES......Page 1741
UPLAND SOILS (TERRA FIRME)......Page 1742
FLOOD PLAINS......Page 1743
REFERENCES......Page 1744
HISTORY......Page 1745
BRAZILIAN SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 1746
REFERENCES......Page 1748
CRITERIA FOR DEFINING TAXA......Page 1750
CORRELATION WITH OTHER SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 1751
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1754
REFERENCES......Page 1755
Ferrosols......Page 1756
REFERENCES......Page 1757
THE PHYSICAL DIMENSION......Page 1758
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1760
REFERENCES......Page 1761
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE......Page 1762
DISTRIBUTION......Page 1763
FURTHER READING......Page 1764
REFERENCES......Page 1765
COMPACTION PRINCIPLES......Page 1766
Sand Cone......Page 1767
REFERENCES......Page 1768
FARM-LEVEL IMPLICATIONS......Page 1769
REFERENCES......Page 1771
SOIL pH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL ACIDITY......Page 1772
Salinity......Page 1773
LOSS OF PLANT NUTRIENTS......Page 1774
REFERENCES......Page 1775
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......Page 1776
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1777
REFERENCES......Page 1778
Biological Changes......Page 1779
Modern Studies......Page 1780
REFERENCES......Page 1781
Origin of Deserts......Page 1782
Definition......Page 1783
Indirect causes......Page 1784
Severity and extent......Page 1785
Natural Amelioration......Page 1786
Agroforestry......Page 1787
REFERENCES......Page 1788
Soil Texture......Page 1790
TRAFFICABILITY......Page 1791
REFERENCES......Page 1792
Earthworm Communities......Page 1793
Effects on Physical Properties of Soil......Page 1794
Undesirable Effects of Earthworms......Page 1795
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1796
REFERENCES......Page 1797
CLASSIFICATION......Page 1798
Climate......Page 1799
REFERENCES......Page 1800
PROCESSES OF EROSION BY WATER......Page 1802
EROSION BY WATER: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE......Page 1803
THE GLOBAL PROBLEM OF EROSION BY WATER......Page 1804
REFERENCES......Page 1805
SOIL CONSERVATION—THE EVOLVING PARADIGM......Page 1807
EROSION CONTROL......Page 1808
REFERENCES......Page 1809
EFFECT OF SNOW AND FREEZING CONDITIONS......Page 1811
RUNOFF EVENTS......Page 1812
REFERENCES......Page 1813
MORE PROCESS-BASED APPROACHES......Page 1814
REFERENCES......Page 1816
THE NEED FOR FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS......Page 1818
COMPOUND FERTILIZERS......Page 1819
Secondary nutrients and micro-nutrients......Page 1820
REFERENCES......Page 1821
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION......Page 1822
FUNGI AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION......Page 1823
REFERENCES......Page 1824
Modeling of the Random Function......Page 1825
Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties......Page 1827
REFERENCES......Page 1828
FORMATION......Page 1830
PROPERTIES......Page 1831
USES AND PROBLEMS......Page 1832
REFERENCES......Page 1833
INDIGENOUS SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS AND FERTILITY INDICATORS......Page 1835
INDIGENOUS SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 1836
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1837
REFERENCES......Page 1838
MODEL PARAMETERS......Page 1839
REFERENCES......Page 1841
Mineral and Synthetic Fertilizers......Page 1843
Nitrogen......Page 1844
Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Leguminous Crop Rotations, Agroforestry, etc.......Page 1845
Nutrient Losses......Page 1846
REFERENCES......Page 1847
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 1849
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE—STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION......Page 1850
IUSS—THE NEW SCIENTIFIC STRUCTURE......Page 1851
REFERENCES......Page 1852
DISTRIBUTION OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE AGRICULTURE......Page 1853
RANGE OF GLOBALLY OBSERVED SEASONAL EMISSIONS......Page 1854
REFERENCES......Page 1855
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE......Page 1856
REFERENCES......Page 1857
NUTRIENT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY......Page 1859
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 1860
REFERENCES......Page 1861
PROCESSES OF FORMATION......Page 1862
HUMAN USE......Page 1863
REFERENCES......Page 1864
BACKGROUND......Page 1865
LANDSCAPE CROP WATER AND NITROGEN USE......Page 1866
REFERENCES......Page 1868
SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1869
REFERENCES......Page 1870
FACTORS AFFECTING PROTOZOAN ACTIVITY AND COMPOSITION......Page 1872
REFERENCES......Page 1873
Sodic and Saline Soils......Page 1875
ORIGIN AND FORMATION......Page 1876
Geological—Long-term development of sodic soils......Page 1877
REFERENCES......Page 1878
WHEN SHOULD INCENTIVES BE USED?......Page 1880
THE IMPACT OF INCENTIVES......Page 1881
REFERENCES......Page 1882
HYDROPHOBICITY, WETTABILITY, AND CAPILLARITY......Page 1883
EFFECTS OF HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 1884
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1885
REFERENCES......Page 1886
TRANSLOCATION AND ACCUMULATION WITHIN SOILS......Page 1887
REFERENCES......Page 1888
CRYOTURBATION......Page 1889
PEDOTURBATION......Page 1890
REFERENCES......Page 1891
Soil Solution Calcium......Page 1892
Amelioration of Sodic Soils......Page 1893
REFERENCES......Page 1894
TIMESCALES......Page 1896
SPATIAL SCALES......Page 1897
REFERENCES......Page 1898
Rejective uptake......Page 1899
Beneficial Effects of Si......Page 1900
Si-decreased susceptibility to disease and insect damage......Page 1901
Si-alleviated mineral stress......Page 1902
Sodium Fertilizers......Page 1903
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1904
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 1905
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1907
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1909
REFERENCES......Page 1910
AGRICULTURAL SOIL MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1911
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF IMPROVING SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1914
REFERENCES......Page 1915
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 1917
REFERENCES......Page 1919
SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MODELS......Page 1921
REFERENCES......Page 1923