Encyclopedia of soil science

Table of Contents......Page 0
Contents......Page 1
MINE DRAINAGE CHEMISTRY......Page 16
MINE DRAINAGE MICROBIOLOGY......Page 17
Treatment......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 19
SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 20
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 21
Soils......Page 22
Forest Ecosystems......Page 23
REDUCING ACIDIC DEPOSITION EFFECTS......Page 24
REFERENCES......Page 25
Sulfidic materials......Page 26
CONCLUSIONS......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 28
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 29
REFERENCES......Page 31
Reducing/saturated conditions......Page 35
Environments of Sulfide Formation and Accumulation......Page 36
Other Aspects of Sulfuricization and Properties of Acid Sulfate Soils......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
Ecological Impacts......Page 40
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES......Page 41
CONCLUSIONS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
Mining......Page 44
Nondisturbance......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
INTENSITY MEASUREMENT......Page 48
TRANSPORT RATE MEASUREMENT......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
Breakdown by Compression of Trapped Air: Slaking......Page 51
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN AGGREGATE BREAKDOWN AND ERODIBILITY......Page 52
Soil Fragments Release......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
IMPACT OF AGGREGATE STRENGTH ON CROP AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 56
RELATIONSHIP OF AGGREGATE STRENGTH TO SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 57
CONCLUSIONS......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
Termites......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
AGGREGATE STRUCTURE......Page 63
AGGREGATE STABILIZATION AND ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION......Page 67
SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDICES......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
BASIC PRINCIPLE......Page 71
Steady-State Methods......Page 72
CONCLUSIONS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
FACTORS AFFECTING ALBEDO......Page 75
CONCLUSIONS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
THE CLAY ILLUVIATION PROCESS......Page 78
Pedological Translocations/Transformations of Clay Coatings......Page 79
TIME OF FORMATION OF THE ARGILLIC HORIZON......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 81
Erosion and Rejuvenation......Page 83
Weathering and Soil Formation Rate......Page 84
MAJOR SOILS IN ALPINE BELT AREAS......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
Management Options......Page 88
Integration of Soil Amelioration Strategies with ‘‘Precision Agriculture’’ Technology......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
DESCRIPTION OF THE AMOOZEMETER......Page 91
FIELD DATA COLLECTION......Page 92
CALCULATING KSAT......Page 93
SAMPLE DATA SHEET......Page 94
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR MEASURING KSAT......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
PROPERTIES OF SOILS CONTAINING AMORPHOUS MINERALS......Page 98
Physical Properties......Page 99
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMORPHOUS MINERALS......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY......Page 102
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND SOIL MORPHOLOGY......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
Mineralogy......Page 106
Chemistry......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
CLASSIFICATION AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 110
Freely Drained Soils......Page 111
ANDIC SOILS AND CRYOTURBATION......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 113
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ANIMALS......Page 114
Water Cycling......Page 115
Earthworms......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
SELECTIVE FEEDING BY SOIL FAUNA......Page 118
EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT GROWTH......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
HETEROGENEITY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL......Page 122
SOIL TURNOVER......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
MOROCCAN VERNACULAR SOIL NAMES......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 131
FIELD STUDIES......Page 132
Soil Morphology......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
ARID SOILS ON UPLANDS......Page 136
TYPES OF ARID SOILS......Page 137
ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
Index of Plasticity IP......Page 140
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ATTERBERG LIMITS......Page 141
APPLICATION......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
SENSITIVITY OF AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY TO SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 144
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
Culture- and Process-Based Microbiology......Page 149
Molecular Microbiology......Page 150
Ecological Interactions......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 153
What Is Its Importance?......Page 155
What Is Nature Teaching Us?......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 159
BENEFITS OF BIOENERGY CROPS......Page 160
POTENTIAL OF C SEQUESTRATION......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
BIOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN FIXATION......Page 164
SUBSTRATES OTHER THAN N2......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
Inputs of Fixed Nitrogen by Legumes......Page 167
Levels of Nitrogen Fixation Achieved in Farmers’ Fields......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE NITROGEN FIXATION......Page 171
Nutrient Limitations......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
Soil Water......Page 174
Plant density and row spacing......Page 175
Land Use and Crop Sequence......Page 176
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
ROLE OF PLANTS......Page 179
ROLE OF ANIMALS......Page 180
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 183
APPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS......Page 184
Social, Moral, and Ethical Issues......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
MAJOR FEATURES OF SOIL FORMATION......Page 188
West Siberia......Page 189
GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BOREAL SOILS......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 191
Boron......Page 193
Molybdenum......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
Direct Methods......Page 196
As a Measure of Aeration Status......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 198
MECHANISMS OF CALCIFICATION......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 201
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION......Page 203
OCCURRENCE IN SOILS......Page 204
PROPERTIES......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
Variations in the Chemical Behavior of S in the Nonrhizosphere and Rhizosphere......Page 207
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF S TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 210
Additions......Page 211
Parent Rock......Page 212
Climate......Page 213
Biota......Page 214
REFERENCES......Page 215
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REACTING IONS......Page 216
EXPLAINING THE EFFECTS OF pH......Page 217
EXPLAINING THE EFFECTS OF TIME......Page 218
REFERENCE......Page 219
PLANT YIELD AND QUALITY RESPONSES TO CHLORIDE......Page 220
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CHLORIDE IN PLANTS......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 223
NATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN THE MODERN ERA......Page 225
The Australian Soil Classification......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
COMPARING THE RP AND THE WRB......Page 229
DISCUSSION......Page 230
ARTICLE OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
CLIMATE-BASED SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 233
CONCLUSIONS......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
SOIL TAXONOMY......Page 236
THE WORLD REFERENCE BASE FOR SOIL RESOURCES......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
BRIEF HISTORY OF SOIL MAPPING AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 243
CONCLUSIONS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 246
Soil Classification—A Binomial System for South Africa......Page 247
Soil Classification—A Taxonomic System for South Africa......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
WHICH PROPERTIES SHOULD BE CHOSEN FOR CLASSIFICATION?......Page 250
SOIL CLASSIFICATION AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 252
ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION......Page 253
1 : 1 Clay Minerals......Page 254
2 : 1 Clay Minerals......Page 255
Hydroxy-Al Interlayered Vermiculites and Smectites......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 257
MINERAL RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING......Page 258
MINERAL WEATHERING PATHWAYS......Page 259
MECHANISMS AND RATES OF MINERAL WEATHERING......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
ORIGINS OF CHARGE......Page 264
High Activity and Low Activity Clays......Page 265
Clay Swelling......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
DISCUSSION......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 270
Plant Availability of Soil Cobalt......Page 272
Forms of Iodine in Soils......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
MEASURING SOIL COLOR......Page 276
WHAT CAUSES SOIL COLORS?......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 279
CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL COMPACTION......Page 280
Amelioration of Compacted Soils......Page 281
Mechanical loosening of compacted soil......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
Thermogravimetric technique......Page 287
Neutron Thermalization......Page 291
FDR......Page 292
CONCLUSIONS......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
WATER FLOW......Page 296
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 300
THE ECONOMICS OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE......Page 301
OVERGRAZING PROBLEMS......Page 302
MIG BENEFITS—CONSERVATION AND ECONOMICS......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 304
SOIL CONSISTENCY......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 307
THEORIES AND ANALYSES......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 310
MULCH TILL......Page 311
IMPLEMENTING CONTROLLED TRAFFIC......Page 312
PLANNING AHEAD......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT......Page 315
PLANT GROWTH ON HIGH-COPPER SOILS......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
IMPROVEMENT OF P EFFICIENCY......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS......Page 321
Soil, Water, and Air Quality......Page 322
CONCLUSIONS......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
ROOT DEVELOPMENT......Page 325
ROOT ORIENTATION......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
The Importance of Fallow Length......Page 328
Burning Versus Mulching......Page 329
EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS OF SOIL STRUCTURAL MANAGEMENT......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
Soil Structure-Forming Agents in Crop Rotation and Farming Systems......Page 332
Organic Additions, Fertilization, and Calcium......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 334
Retaining Soil Cover......Page 335
Pasture Phases to Rebuild Organic Carbon and Structure......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 338
CROPLAND IN THE WORLD......Page 339
CONDITION OF CROPLANDS......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
INITIATION OF DEBRIS FLOW......Page 342
HAZARDS MITIGATION......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
Historical Perspective......Page 345
PROCESSES AND CAUSES IN SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 348
VULNERABLE AREAS......Page 349
Pressure on the Land......Page 350
MINIMUM PER-CAPITA CROPLAND REQUIREMENT......Page 351
SOIL DEGRADATION AND DECLINE IN PRODUCTIVITY......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 353
NATURE OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 354
Central America......Page 355
CONCLUSIONS......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
Natural Processes......Page 359
Anthropogenic Processes......Page 360
EFFECTS OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 361
DATA ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY......Page 362
REFERENCES......Page 364
LINKAGES BETWEEN CARBON, GREENHOUSE EFFECT, AND SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 367
SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 369
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL DEGRADATION......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
Soil Management......Page 373
Stubble burning and grazing......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
Water Retention......Page 377
Electrochemical Measurements......Page 378
SALINITY AND SODICITY......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
A SOCIAL OPTIMIZATION MODEL......Page 382
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 383
REFERENCES......Page 384
Constraints in Expanding Agricultural Areas......Page 385
Limited Use of New Technologies......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 387
Europe......Page 388
Asia......Page 390
Africa......Page 391
North America......Page 392
Australia......Page 393
CONCLUSIONS......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
LOSS OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 398
Compaction......Page 399
Sealing and Crusting......Page 400
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SOIL PHYSICAL DEGRADATION......Page 401
ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PHYSICAL DEGRADATION......Page 402
REFERENCES......Page 403
HUMAN ACTIVITY OR CLIMATE?......Page 404
REVERSIBILITY OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
A Green Island—How Do We Know?......Page 407
Causes and Consequences......Page 408
A Vicious Cycle......Page 409
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF SOIL EROSION AND DESERTIFICATION......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 411
ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF THE DESERTIFICATION PROBLEM......Page 413
AREAL EXTENT OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 414
REFERENCES......Page 416
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE DESERTIFICATION PROCESS......Page 417
INDICATORS OF DESERTIFICATION......Page 418
CASE STUDY—THE SAN PEDRO RIVER BASIN......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
PROCEDURES TO REVERSE DESERTIFICATION......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS IN THE USDA SOIL TAXONOMY......Page 425
THE FAO–UNESCO SOIL MAP OF THE WORLD LEGEND......Page 426
THE WORLD REFERENCE BASE OF THE IUSS......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
Physics......Page 429
Soil Reference Methods......Page 430
Merits and Limitations......Page 431
REFERENCES......Page 432
FIELD STUDIES......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
SOIL AERATION......Page 437
PLANT RESPONSES TO POOR AERATION......Page 438
DRAINAGE TO REDUCE ANAEROBIOSIS......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 440
Soil Temperature......Page 443
Spatial Distribution of Organic Substrates......Page 444
Soil Organic Matter......Page 445
REFERENCES......Page 446
UNDERSTANDING FARMER BEHAVIOR......Page 447
CONCLUSIONS......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 449
Off-Site Impacts of Soil Management......Page 451
Crop Rotations......Page 452
REFERENCES......Page 453
SAMPLING......Page 455
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 456
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE......Page 457
REFERENCES......Page 458
EROSION BY WATER......Page 460
GRAVITY-INDUCED EROSION......Page 461
EROSION CONTROL AND SOIL CONSERVATION......Page 462
REFERENCES......Page 463
ERODED SOIL ORGANIC CARBON: STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE......Page 464
Conceptual Framework and Description of the Mass Balance Approach......Page 465
ESTIMATES OF EROSION-CAUSED CO2 EMISSIONS......Page 466
REFERENCES......Page 467
SOIL EROSION–PRODUCTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 471
Soil Erosion Degrades Soil Quality, Leads to Loss of Agricultural Lands and Threatens to Global Food Security......Page 473
Soil Erosion Deteriorates Global Environment and Influences Global Change......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
HOW SOIL EROSION AFFECTS CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND HUMAN LIFE......Page 477
REFERENCES......Page 479
Gypsum......Page 481
Synthetic Polymer......Page 482
CONCLUSIONS......Page 483
REFERENCES......Page 484
Terraces......Page 485
Contour Ridges and Stone Terraces......Page 486
Conservation Structures......Page 487
Geotextiles......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 489
MASS PLANTING OF VEGETATIVE COVER......Page 490
Vegetated Waterways......Page 491
Filter Strip Terraces......Page 492
REFERENCES......Page 493
EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS......Page 494
Phosphorus......Page 495
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 499
EROSION ASSESSMENT......Page 502
REFERENCES......Page 504
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)......Page 505
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)......Page 506
SLEMSA (Soil-Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa)......Page 507
REFERENCES......Page 508
COMPREHENSIVE HYBRID MODELS......Page 510
Residue Decay......Page 511
1985 RCA appraisal......Page 512
REFERENCES......Page 514
DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF SOIL EROSION......Page 516
European Soil Erosion Model......Page 518
REFERENCES......Page 519
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION MODELS......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 523
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GEOLOGIC RECORD......Page 524
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN HUMAN HISTORY AND TODAY......Page 526
WIND EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE FUTURE......Page 528
REFERENCES......Page 529
No Tillage......Page 530
REDUCING FIELD WIDTHS BY ESTABLISHING BARRIERS OR STRIP CROPPING......Page 531
MAINTAINING STABLE AGGREGATES OR CLODS ON THE SOIL SURFACE......Page 532
Wind Erosion on Irrigated Land......Page 533
REFERENCES......Page 534
Eroded Sediments......Page 535
Crop Production Decline......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 537
CREEP, SALTATION, AND OTHER TRANSPORT MODE COMBINATION SAMPLERS......Page 539
SUSPENSION SAMPLERS......Page 542
REFERENCES......Page 543
INDUCED EROSION......Page 545
REFERENCES......Page 547
ROLE OF TURBULENCE......Page 548
CHANGES IN HUMIDITY......Page 550
REFERENCES......Page 551
WIND DYNAMICS......Page 552
PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT......Page 553
SELF-BALANCING CONCEPT......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 555
Raindrop Impact Frequency......Page 556
Rainsplash Transport......Page 557
REFERENCES......Page 558
Conservation tillage......Page 559
Grassed waterways......Page 560
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT WITH CONSERVATION TILLAGE......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 563
Anthropogenic Soil Disturbances......Page 564
VARIABILITY......Page 565
REFERENCES......Page 566
BASIS FOR SOIL LOSS TOLERANCE VALUES......Page 568
EXISTING CONCERNS......Page 569
REFERENCES......Page 570
Conversion to Sprinklers......Page 571
Water Properties......Page 572
REFERENCES......Page 573
ON-SITE IMPACTS......Page 575
OFF-SITE IMPACTS......Page 576
REFERENCES......Page 577
Numerical Models......Page 578
Analytical Models......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 583
VARIABILITY IN SEED BANKS IN TIME AND SPACE......Page 585
SEED BANK GENETICS......Page 586
REFERENCES......Page 587
TERMITES......Page 588
REFERENCES......Page 589
PLANT ANALYSIS......Page 591
SOIL TEST–CROP RESPONSE CORRELATION......Page 592
CONCLUSIONS......Page 593
REFERENCES......Page 594
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS......Page 595
Water Quality......Page 596
Soil contamination with metals and guidelines for soil quality......Page 597
Management practices for minimizing metal transfer to food crops......Page 598
REFERENCES......Page 599
TECHNIQUES FOR SUSTAINABLE SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT......Page 600
Azolla and Anabaena......Page 601
Composting......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
Broadcasting......Page 605
Placement/Banding......Page 606
CONCLUSIONS......Page 607
REFERENCES......Page 608
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF LEACHING......Page 609
MAGNITUDE OF LEACHING......Page 610
REFERENCES......Page 611
Nitrogen Fertilizers......Page 612
Phosphate Fertilizers......Page 613
Potash Fertilizers......Page 614
FERTILIZER USE: HISTORY AND RECENT TRENDS......Page 615
Fertilizer Use by Nutrients and Products......Page 616
CONCLUSIONS......Page 617
REFERENCES......Page 618
Manures......Page 619
MUNICIPAL WASTES......Page 620
REFERENCES......Page 621
Composting of Biosolids and Municipal Solid Waste......Page 622
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WASTES AS FERTILIZERS......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 624
EFFECTS OF SOIL HEATING......Page 625
CHANGES IN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES......Page 626
REFERENCES......Page 627
PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, AND MOLECULAR ADAPTATION TO FLOODING STRESS......Page 628
IMPROVING FLOODING TOLERANCE BY GENETIC TRANSFORMATION......Page 629
REFERENCES......Page 630
PAST CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS......Page 631
Governing Equations......Page 632
REFERENCES......Page 633
INFLUENCE OF BIOTIC FACTORS......Page 635
ROLE OF DISTURBANCE......Page 637
REFERENCES......Page 638
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS......Page 639
TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS......Page 640
REFERENCES......Page 641
WHY FOREST SOILS?......Page 642
Off-Site Effects of Forest Management......Page 644
REFERENCES......Page 645
SOIL TEMPERATURE......Page 646
INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT SUPPLIES AND AVAILABILITIES......Page 647
CA, MG, K, P AND TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 648
REFERENCES......Page 649
WHY IS CALCIUM DEPLETION A THREAT TO FOREST ECOSYSTEMS?......Page 650
REFERENCES......Page 652
ALTERED ECOSYSTEMS......Page 655
CONTINUING NEEDS......Page 656
THE FUTURE......Page 657
REFERENCES......Page 658
MEASUREMENT OF THE SOIL-GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT......Page 659
CONCLUSIONS......Page 660
REFERENCES......Page 661
CLASSIFICATION OF GELISOLS......Page 662
CONCLUSIONS......Page 664
REFERENCES......Page 665
CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES......Page 666
PARENT MATERIAL......Page 667
REFERENCES......Page 668
Electrical Resistivity (Conductivity)......Page 669
Ground-Penetrating Radar......Page 670
REFERENCES......Page 672
Soils of the Major Biomes......Page 674
Polar Biome......Page 675
REFERENCES......Page 677
The Role of Man......Page 678
KEEPING CARBON IN THE SOIL......Page 679
REFERENCES......Page 680
EFFECT OF BUFFER STRIPS ON FLOW HYDRAULICS......Page 682
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT THROUGH BUFFER STRIPS......Page 683
EFFECT OF BUFFER STRIPS ON CHEMICAL TRANSPORT......Page 684
REFERENCES......Page 685
PROPERTIES OF GRASSLAND SOILS......Page 686
GENESIS OF GRASSLAND SOILS......Page 687
REFERENCES......Page 689
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS......Page 691
POTENTIAL OF WORLD SOILS AS C SINK......Page 692
MANAGING WORLD SOILS FOR MITIGATION OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT......Page 693
REFERENCES......Page 695
Manual or Automated Sampling and Analysis......Page 696
Micrometeorological Methods......Page 697
REFERENCES......Page 699
CLASSICAL GULLY EROSION......Page 700
TECHNIQUES OF MEASURING AND PREDICTING GULLY EROSION......Page 702
REFERENCES......Page 703
HYPERGYPSIC SOILS......Page 705
Physical and Engineering Constraints......Page 706
REFERENCES......Page 707
GENESIS AND ORIGIN OF SULFATE......Page 709
PROPERTIES OF GYPSIFEROUS SOILS......Page 710
REFERENCES......Page 711
Slaking Under Rapid Wetting by Irrigation or Rainfall......Page 713
Measurement of Soil Dispersion......Page 714
REFERENCES......Page 715
SOIL HEALTH AND SOIL QUALITY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH......Page 716
REFERENCES......Page 718
HEAT CAPACITY......Page 720
REFERENCES......Page 722
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL HEAT FLUX......Page 723
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 724
REFERENCES......Page 725
ABUNDANCE IN ROCKS AND SOILS......Page 726
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS......Page 728
REFERENCES......Page 729
The First Half of the 20th Century......Page 730
The Second Half of the 20th Century......Page 731
THE STATUS OF SOIL SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE IN 2000......Page 732
REFERENCES......Page 733
AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY......Page 735
THE EMERGENCE OF SOIL SCIENCE......Page 736
REFERENCES......Page 737
THE AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION......Page 739
CONCLUSIONS......Page 740
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 741
Soil Parasitism......Page 742
THE VANISHING SOIL AND MODERN SOCIETY......Page 743
CONCLUSIONS......Page 744
REFERENCES......Page 745
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 746
CONCLUSIONS......Page 748
REFERENCES......Page 749
Predicting Infiltration Excess Runoff......Page 750
REFERENCES......Page 751
ANTHREPTS......Page 753
XEREPTS......Page 754
SOIL GENESIS......Page 755
USE AND MANAGEMENT......Page 756
REFERENCES......Page 757
Mineral Processing......Page 758
Coal Combustion By-products......Page 759
LAND APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS......Page 760
ROLE OF REGULATORY AGENCIES REGARDING DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES......Page 761
REFERENCES......Page 762
BASIS OF THE INS SYSTEM......Page 763
RESULTS......Page 764
REFERENCES......Page 766
BASE SATURATION......Page 767
SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEMS......Page 768
REFERENCES......Page 769
Gravimetric Techniques......Page 771
X-RAY DIFFRACTION......Page 772
REFERENCES......Page 773
ATMOSPHERIC DERIVATION......Page 775
EFFECT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES......Page 776
REFERENCES......Page 777
SIC AND CLIMATE......Page 778
SIC AND TIME......Page 779
REFERENCES......Page 780
FORMATION......Page 782
Pedogenic vs. Geogenic Carbonate......Page 783
The biogenic model......Page 784
REFERENCES......Page 785
SIC STOCKS RELATED TO SOIL TAXONOMY ORDERS AND SUBORDERS......Page 786
SIC STOCKS RELATED TO ECOLOGICAL REGIONS......Page 787
CONCLUSIONS......Page 789
REFERENCES......Page 790
FERTILIZATION......Page 791
ARID REGION SOILS......Page 792
REFERENCES......Page 793
THE COMPARTMENT MODEL AND SIMULATIONS OF PEDOGENIC CARBONATE ACCUMULATION......Page 794
ISOTOPES IN CALCIC SOILS......Page 795
REFERENCES......Page 796
FREEZE TOLERANCE VS. FREEZE SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 798
CORN ROOTWORMS......Page 799
REFERENCES......Page 800
EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS, CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY, AND BASE CATION SATURATION......Page 802
CATION EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA AND CATION SELECTIVITY......Page 803
ANION EXCHANGE......Page 804
REFERENCES......Page 805
Selective Extractions......Page 806
Formation......Page 807
Chemistry......Page 809
REFERENCES......Page 810
SOIL MOISTURE MANAGEMENT......Page 812
General Design Concepts......Page 813
Salinity Control......Page 815
Application Depth and Frequency......Page 816
REFERENCES......Page 817
DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF SALTS ON PLANTS, SOILS, AND WATERS......Page 818
CAUSES OF SALINATION INDUCED BY IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE......Page 819
REFERENCES......Page 820
Water Conveyance Efficiency......Page 822
Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency......Page 823
Emission Uniformity......Page 825
REFERENCES......Page 826
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION......Page 828
SURFACE IRRIGATION AND RAINFALL EROSION DIFFERENCES......Page 829
REFERENCES......Page 830
ANCIENT ORIGINS AND IMPORTANCE......Page 831
CURRENT STATUS......Page 832
ISSUES AFFECTING THE FUTURE......Page 833
REFERENCES......Page 834
WORLD DATA CENTRE FOR SOILS......Page 836
REFERENCES......Page 840
SOIL FERTILITY AND NUTRIENT BUDGET UNDER SHIFTING AGRICULTURE......Page 841
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS FOR LAND USE MANAGEMENT......Page 842
Contour Pathway......Page 843
REFERENCES......Page 844
Land Capability......Page 845
REFERENCES......Page 847
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 848
Capability Subclasses......Page 849
REFERENCES......Page 850
STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND EVALUATION MODELS......Page 851
ROLE OF SOIL SURVEYS IN LAND EVALUATION AND LAND CLASSIFICATION......Page 852
REFERENCES......Page 853
DESCRIPTION AND MORPHOMETRY......Page 854
LANDFORMS AND MAPPING......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 856
Meanings......Page 857
Agro-Ecologic Components......Page 858
IMPLICATIONS......Page 860
CONCLUSIONS......Page 862
REFERENCES......Page 863
Problem Diagnosis and Definition: Biophysical Factors Limiting Land Restoration......Page 864
CONCLUSIONS......Page 866
REFERENCES......Page 867
MAPPING LAND COVER......Page 868
LAND-COVER MONITORING......Page 869
REFERENCES......Page 871
Development of Spatial Databases......Page 873
RELIABILITY OF GIS-BASED ANALYSIS RESULTS......Page 874
CONCLUSIONS......Page 875
REFERENCES......Page 876
FLUCTUATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL USES......Page 877
GLOBAL LAND USE PATTERNS......Page 879
CONCLUSIONS......Page 880
REFERENCES......Page 881
Footslope......Page 882
LANDSCAPE MORPHOLOGY......Page 883
Landscape and Land Use......Page 884
REFERENCES......Page 885
LANDSCAPES......Page 886
Landscape Classification......Page 888
REFERENCES......Page 889
HILLS AND HILLSLOPES......Page 891
GEOMORPHIC DESCRIPTORS......Page 892
REFERENCES......Page 894
Landform Creation......Page 896
Landform Modification......Page 898
REFERENCES......Page 899
Flow......Page 900
LANDCREEP......Page 901
Landcreep Mitigation Measures......Page 902
DEBRIS FLOW AND MUDFLOW......Page 903
REFERENCES......Page 904
PODZOLIZATION......Page 905
ILLUVIATION OF CLAYS......Page 906
REFERENCES......Page 907
METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS......Page 909
MERITS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 911
REFERENCES......Page 912
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER AND AIR......Page 913
SOIL TEMPERATURE......Page 914
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL ECOLOGY......Page 915
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 916
LIMING MATERIALS......Page 917
Purity and Fineness......Page 918
REFERENCES......Page 919
ORIGIN OF LOESS......Page 920
LOESS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 921
REFERENCES......Page 923
IMPACT OF MACROPORES ON WATER MOVEMENT AND CHEMICAL TRANSPORT......Page 925
REFERENCES......Page 926
MAGNESIUM IN PLANTS......Page 928
FACTORS AFFECTING MAGNESIUM AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS......Page 929
REFERENCES......Page 930
MANURE......Page 932
COMPOST......Page 933
BIOSOLIDS......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
Adsorption—Macroscopic Aspects......Page 936
Adsorption—Molecular Mechanisms......Page 937
REFERENCES......Page 938
Organic Amendments......Page 940
Rice Cultivars......Page 941
REFERENCES......Page 942
Soil Amendments and Mineral Fertilizers......Page 943
Others......Page 944
PROBLEMS AND FEASIBILITY OF THE OPTIONS......Page 945
REFERENCES......Page 946
Chloroform (CHCl3) Fumigation Incubation and Extraction Methods......Page 947
Adenosine Triphosphate Extraction Method......Page 948
REFERENCES......Page 949
DETERMINATION OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES......Page 951
ROLE OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES......Page 952
Breakdown of Toxic and Xenophobic Compounds......Page 953
Mutualistic Interactions......Page 954
REFERENCES......Page 955
SOIL FAUNA......Page 957
MICROCHEMISTRY AND SUBMICROSCOPIC STUDIES......Page 958
REFERENCES......Page 959
CASE STUDY......Page 961
DISCUSSION......Page 962
REFERENCES......Page 963
Feldspars......Page 964
Quartz......Page 965
REFERENCES......Page 966
Kaolinite and Halloysite......Page 968
Illites......Page 969
Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals......Page 970
REFERENCES......Page 971
Solubility of Minerals......Page 972
Microscale Processes......Page 974
REFERENCES......Page 975
MODERN CIVILIZATIONS......Page 976
CONCLUSIONS......Page 978
REFERENCES......Page 979
Planted Fallows and Cover Crops......Page 980
Soil-Surface Management and Erosion Control......Page 981
Water Management......Page 982
Soil Temperature Management......Page 983
The Greenhouse Effect......Page 984
LIMITATION OF MULCH FARMING......Page 985
REFERENCES......Page 986
NUTRIENT UPTAKE......Page 988
INFLUENCE ON SOIL ECOSYSTEMS......Page 989
REFERENCES......Page 990
Life History Classification......Page 991
MORPHOLOGY......Page 992
Entomopathogenic Nematodes......Page 993
REFERENCES......Page 994
THE N LEACHING INDEX......Page 996
FRAMEWORK FOR AN IMPROVED N LEACHING INDEX......Page 997
REFERENCES......Page 998
Primary Techniques for Managing Nitrate Leaching......Page 999
Within-Season Monitoring Techniques for Managing Nitrate Leaching......Page 1000
REFERENCES......Page 1001
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE SOIL......Page 1002
Biological Nitrogen Fixation......Page 1003
Emission of Nitrogen Oxides (N2O, NO) and Molecular Nitrogen (Nitrification and Denitrification)......Page 1004
REFERENCES......Page 1005
Nitrous Oxide from Denitrification......Page 1006
Biomass Burning......Page 1007
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO DECREASE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION......Page 1008
REFERENCES......Page 1009
Agricultural Fields......Page 1010
Other Mechanisms......Page 1011
REFERENCES......Page 1012
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND NO-TILL......Page 1014
RESULTS ACHIEVED BY USING CONSERVATION TILLAGE OR NO-TILL......Page 1015
REFERENCES......Page 1016
IMPLICATIONS TO SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 1018
MANAGEMENT AND OR REMEDIATION OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 1019
REFERENCES......Page 1020
In Relation to the Mobility of the Elements......Page 1021
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Limitations......Page 1022
REFERENCES......Page 1023
DIFFUSIONS......Page 1024
Nutrient Movement by Mass Flow and Diffusion from Soil to Plant Roots......Page 1026
IMPORTANCE OF ROOT HAIRS......Page 1027
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND NUTRIENT ENTRY......Page 1028
REFERENCES......Page 1029
NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS AND DYNAMICS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 1030
NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS IN PLANTS......Page 1031
REFERENCES......Page 1032
SYNCHRONIZATION OF SINKS AND SOURCES FOR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1034
NEW TECHNOLOGY, CONTINUING EDUCATION, AND TRAINING......Page 1036
REFERENCES......Page 1037
COMBUSTION METHODS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SOC AFTER REMOVAL OF INORGANIC C......Page 1038
NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL ORGANIC C......Page 1040
REFERENCES......Page 1041
SOURCES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS......Page 1043
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1044
REFERENCES......Page 1045
Surface Accumulation in Mineral Soils......Page 1046
Subsurface Accumulation......Page 1047
Time......Page 1048
REFERENCES......Page 1049
CARBON FLUXES......Page 1050
SOIL CARBON FLUXES AND GLOBAL CHANGE......Page 1051
REFERENCES......Page 1052
COMPOSITION......Page 1054
Phosphorus and Sulfur......Page 1055
REFERENCES......Page 1056
Lateral Distribution......Page 1058
Tillage......Page 1059
IMPLICATIONS......Page 1060
REFERENCES......Page 1061
Soil Erosion Processes......Page 1063
Mechanisms of Soil C Sequestration......Page 1064
REFERENCES......Page 1067
FOOD-WEB MODELS......Page 1070
SOM MODEL APPLICATION......Page 1071
REFERENCES......Page 1074
Spectroscopic Techniques......Page 1077
Individual Plant and Microbial Components......Page 1080
REFERENCES......Page 1081
MEASURING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TURNOVER......Page 1084
FACTORS CONTROLLING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TURNOVER......Page 1086
TURNOVER OF DIFFERENT SOIL ORGANIC MATTER POOLS......Page 1087
REFERENCES......Page 1088
Species Composition......Page 1090
Placement......Page 1091
Organic Matter Quality......Page 1092
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1093
REFERENCES......Page 1094
Bacteria......Page 1096
Microfauna......Page 1097
Collembola......Page 1098
Macrofauna......Page 1099
REFERENCES......Page 1100
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANO-MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS......Page 1101
Binding Forces Within Organo-Mineral Associations......Page 1102
ORGANO-MINERAL RELATIONSHIPS ALTER THE PROPERTIES OF SOIL MINERALS......Page 1103
REFERENCES......Page 1104
Root Response......Page 1107
Shoot Response......Page 1108
REFERENCES......Page 1109
Paramos Vegetation......Page 1110
Geology–Geomorphology......Page 1111
Paramos and Water Cycle Regulation......Page 1112
REFERENCES......Page 1113
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE DENSITY......Page 1114
REFERENCES......Page 1115
PACKING DENSITY......Page 1116
MODELS OF PARTICLE PACKING......Page 1117
REFERENCES......Page 1119
PEDOGENESIS......Page 1120
REFERENCES......Page 1121
SILICA MORPHOLOGY......Page 1122
REFERENCES......Page 1123
OVERVIEW......Page 1125
MODELING PROCESSES......Page 1126
REFERENCES......Page 1127
SELECTION OF PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTION PREDICTOR VARIABLES......Page 1128
METHODS TO DEVELOP PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS......Page 1129
Regression Tree Algorithm......Page 1130
REFERENCES......Page 1131
PERMAFROST CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1133
SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE......Page 1134
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1135
REFERENCES......Page 1136
THE PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1137
VERTICAL SUCCESSION OF THE CALCIC AND PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1138
LATERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CALCIC AND PETROCALCIC HORIZONS......Page 1139
REFERENCES......Page 1140
PRESENCE OF HYDROXY-Al......Page 1141
STRENGTH OF SOIL ACIDITY......Page 1142
ORGANIC MATTER......Page 1143
REFERENCES......Page 1144
SOIL PHOSPHORUS EQUILIBRIA......Page 1146
Slow Reaction Phase......Page 1147
Soil Phosphorus Availability......Page 1148
Phosphorus Requirement of Plants......Page 1149
REFERENCES......Page 1150
MOBILITY OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS......Page 1151
SPATIAL SPECIATION OF PHOSPHORUS......Page 1152
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1153
REFERENCES......Page 1154
Nutritional Strategies to Reduce the Manure Phosphorus Concentration......Page 1156
IMPACT OF DIET MODIFICATION ON NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1157
REFERENCES......Page 1158
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 1159
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE......Page 1161
REFERENCES......Page 1163
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF THE LOWER LIMIT......Page 1165
ESTIMATING THE LIMITS OF PLANT AVAILABLE WATER......Page 1166
REFERENCES......Page 1168
Definition of Plant Nutrients......Page 1170
Other Aspects......Page 1171
REFERENCES......Page 1172
QUANTITY FACTOR......Page 1173
BUFFER POWER......Page 1174
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1175
REFERENCES......Page 1176
DETERMINING NUTRIENT SUFFICIENCY AND REQUIREMENTS......Page 1177
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1180
REFERENCES......Page 1181
Water Films......Page 1182
Organic Carbon......Page 1183
REFERENCES......Page 1184
MODE OF FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGY......Page 1185
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS......Page 1186
REFERENCES......Page 1187
MINERALOGY......Page 1189
FORMATION OF PODZOLS......Page 1190
Alternative Theories......Page 1191
OCCURRENCE OF PODZOLS......Page 1192
AGRICULTURAL USE......Page 1193
REFERENCES......Page 1194
Inorganic Chemicals......Page 1195
SAMPLING FOR POINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 1198
GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND RESPONSIBILITY......Page 1199
REFERENCES......Page 1200
SOIL-FORMING PROCESSES......Page 1201
Arctic Soils......Page 1202
Antarctic Soils......Page 1203
REFERENCES......Page 1204
Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants......Page 1205
Pathways of Contamination......Page 1206
REFERENCES......Page 1207
Hydrolytic Reactions......Page 1209
Sorption and Sequestration......Page 1210
Biodegradation of a N-Containing Herbicide......Page 1211
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY AND BIODEGRADATION......Page 1212
REFERENCES......Page 1213
SOIL POLLUTION: THE HUMAN IMPACT......Page 1214
MERCURY CONTAMINATION......Page 1216
REFERENCES......Page 1217
POTENTIAL POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE......Page 1218
Soil Remediation......Page 1219
REFERENCES......Page 1220
Macroporosity......Page 1221
Methods of Measurement......Page 1222
KEY FUNCTIONS OF THE PORE SYSTEM......Page 1223
REFERENCES......Page 1224
POTASSIUM IN SOILS......Page 1225
POTASSIUM IN PLANT–SOIL INTERACTIONS......Page 1227
REFERENCES......Page 1228
Feldspars, Their Structure and Weathering......Page 1230
Micaceous Minerals, Their Structure and Weathering......Page 1231
Kinetics of Potassium Release......Page 1232
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1233
REFERENCES......Page 1234
GEOREFERENCED SOIL AND CROP INFORMATION......Page 1235
ACCURACY OF TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND DATA......Page 1236
REFERENCES......Page 1237
WHAT MAKES IT POSSIBLE?......Page 1238
SENSING FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE......Page 1239
REFERENCES......Page 1240
Fire......Page 1242
Harvesting......Page 1243
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1244
REFERENCES......Page 1245
OCCURRENCE......Page 1246
REACTIVITY......Page 1247
REFERENCES......Page 1248
DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS SOIL QUALITY......Page 1249
MONITORING SOIL QUALITY......Page 1250
REFERENCES......Page 1252
Physical Effects......Page 1253
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1254
REFERENCES......Page 1255
Carbon Dioxide......Page 1256
Nitric and Nitrous Oxides......Page 1257
Ammonia......Page 1258
REFERENCES......Page 1259
INHERENT SOIL QUALITY......Page 1261
DYNAMIC SOIL QUALITY......Page 1262
SOIL QUALITY AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION......Page 1263
REFERENCES......Page 1264
Water......Page 1265
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL QUALITY......Page 1266
REFERENCES......Page 1268
Time and Spatial Aspects......Page 1269
REFERENCES......Page 1271
Setting Critical Limits......Page 1273
Site Specific Critical Limits......Page 1274
REFERENCES......Page 1275
Absorb, Buffer, and Transform Chemical Flows......Page 1277
SCALES OF SOIL AND WATER QUALITY......Page 1279
DECISION MAKING AND POLICY......Page 1280
REFERENCES......Page 1281
Hydrologic Processes......Page 1283
Microbial Processes......Page 1284
REFERENCES......Page 1286
Stress Associated with Lateral Flow......Page 1289
Splash Droplets......Page 1290
Loss of Soil Material by Splash......Page 1291
REFERENCES......Page 1292
MODERN APPLICATIONS OF RAISED-BED CULTIVATION......Page 1294
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1296
REFERENCES......Page 1297
Species of REEs in Soils......Page 1298
Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements in Soils......Page 1299
Translocation of Rare Earth Elements in Soils......Page 1300
UPTAKE OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS BY PLANTS......Page 1301
REFERENCES......Page 1302
THE NATURE OF THE ELECTRON AND THE PROTON AND THEIR ACTIVITIES IN SOILS......Page 1303
APPLICATIONS OF REDOX PRINCIPLES IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS......Page 1304
REFERENCES......Page 1305
COVERSOIL THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS......Page 1307
In Situ Acid Minesoil Remediation......Page 1308
REFERENCES......Page 1309
Engineering Approach......Page 1311
Ecological Approach......Page 1312
Chemical Properties......Page 1313
REFERENCES......Page 1315
DETERMINATION OF REHABILITATION GOALS BEFORE MINING COMMENCES......Page 1317
RESTORING A GROWING MEDIUM FOR PLANTS......Page 1318
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1319
REFERENCES......Page 1320
DEVELOPING SOIL BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING REHABILITATION AFTER MINING......Page 1321
CASE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF INDICATORS......Page 1322
REFERENCES......Page 1323
INVENTORYING AND MONITORING......Page 1325
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 1326
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1328
REFERENCES......Page 1329
Remote Sensing as a Source of Spatial Data......Page 1330
Applications of Remote Sensing/GIS in Soil Science......Page 1331
REFERENCES......Page 1333
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 1334
SOIL TEXTURE......Page 1335
REFERENCES......Page 1336
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR SYSTEMS AND DATA......Page 1338
PASSIVE MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND DATA......Page 1339
Quantitative Soil Moisture Estimation......Page 1341
REFERENCES......Page 1342
HISTORY OF USE......Page 1343
REFERENCES......Page 1344
A NATURE......Page 1345
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1346
REFERENCES......Page 1347
Resilience and Lack of Degradation are not Identical......Page 1349
EXTENT AND RATE OF DEGRADATION......Page 1350
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1351
REFERENCES......Page 1352
TRENDS IN GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY......Page 1353
INCENTIVES FOR SOIL USE AND CONSERVATION......Page 1354
REFERENCES......Page 1355
MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL RESPIRATION......Page 1357
RESPIRATION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SOILS......Page 1358
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT AND SEASON ON SOIL RESPIRATION......Page 1359
REFERENCES......Page 1360
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND RESTORATION GOALS......Page 1362
RESTORATION OPTIONS......Page 1363
REFERENCES......Page 1364
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS......Page 1365
CASE STUDY......Page 1366
REFERENCES......Page 1368
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE......Page 1370
Landfill Gas......Page 1371
Suitable Tree Species for Landscaping Completed Landfill......Page 1372
REFERENCES......Page 1373
COARSE AND FINE MINERAL MATERIAL OF MANTLE DEPOSITS INHERITED BY SOILS......Page 1376
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN MANTLE DEPOSITS......Page 1377
THE TRANSFORMATION OF MANTLE DEPOSITS......Page 1378
REFERENCES......Page 1379
FACTORS INFLUENCING ROOT GROWTH......Page 1380
REFERENCES......Page 1382
ROOT GROWTH PRESSURE IN COMPACTED SOILS......Page 1384
MEASUREMENTS OF AXIAL ROOT GROWTH PRESSURE......Page 1385
REFERENCES......Page 1386
EXTENT AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 1387
CROP TOLERANCE......Page 1388
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1389
REFERENCES......Page 1390
DIRECT EVIDENCE......Page 1391
INDIRECT EVIDENCE......Page 1392
REFERENCES......Page 1393
Similitude-Based Scaling......Page 1395
Fractal Scaling Using Self-Similarity, Self-Affinity, and Multiscaling Hypotheses......Page 1397
Inverse Modeling......Page 1398
REFERENCES......Page 1399
MORPHOLOGY OF SECONDARY CARBONATES......Page 1400
CALCULATION OF PEDOGENIC CARBONATE IN SOIL USING STABLE ISOTOPES......Page 1401
REFERENCES......Page 1402
SEEPAGE PRINCIPLES......Page 1404
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY......Page 1405
Water Supply and Groundwater Contamination......Page 1406
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1407
REFERENCES......Page 1408
Soil Application......Page 1409
Experience on a Larger Scale......Page 1410
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1411
REFERENCES......Page 1412
SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 1413
REFERENCES......Page 1414
Properties of Iron Oxides......Page 1417
Chemical and Physical Properties of Iron Oxides......Page 1418
Manganese Oxide Minerals......Page 1419
GENERAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OXIDE MINERALS......Page 1420
REFERENCES......Page 1421
Mechanisms of Dispersion......Page 1422
Clay Type and Composition of Adsorbed Cations......Page 1423
MANAGEMENT OF SLAKING AND DISPERSION......Page 1424
REFERENCES......Page 1425
OVERVIEW......Page 1426
LITERATURE AND SOME OF ITS POTENTIAL LESSONS ABOUT SOIL MANAGEMENT......Page 1427
REFERENCES......Page 1428
SALT ACCUMULATION IN ROOT ZONES OF SODIC SOILS......Page 1429
MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND SODIC SOILS......Page 1430
REFERENCES......Page 1431
Nutrient Status......Page 1432
Irrigation Practices......Page 1433
REFERENCES......Page 1434
SOIL PROCESSES......Page 1436
CLASSIFICATION......Page 1437
REFERENCES......Page 1438
Miscellaneous Chemical Ameliorants......Page 1439
Effects of Additions of Organic Matter......Page 1440
Rate of Supply of Ameliorants......Page 1442
REFERENCES......Page 1443
Sodic Soil Genesis Model......Page 1444
Taxonomical Classification......Page 1445
REFERENCES......Page 1446
EROSION UNDER COFFEE AND COCOA......Page 1448
EROSION CONTROL......Page 1449
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1450
REFERENCES......Page 1451
Expert Knowledge......Page 1453
MEASURED CHANGE IN SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 1454
REFERENCES......Page 1455
Water Vapor Movement......Page 1457
Soil Freezing......Page 1458
Water Vapor Movement......Page 1459
REFERENCES......Page 1460
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SOIL......Page 1461
EFFECTIVENESS OF SOIL LAW......Page 1462
REFERENCES......Page 1463
MECHANISMS OF SOIL SHRINKAGE......Page 1464
Natural Soil Aggregates......Page 1465
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1466
REFERENCES......Page 1467
Gravimetric Sampling and Oven Drying......Page 1468
Time domain reflectometry......Page 1469
Remote sensing......Page 1470
DATA SOURCES......Page 1471
REFERENCES......Page 1472
THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF SOILS......Page 1473
REFERENCES......Page 1474
Systems Without a Solid Medium......Page 1475
Organic substrates......Page 1476
REFERENCES......Page 1477
SOIL EVOLUTION AND DEGRADATION AS A FUNCTION OF TIME......Page 1479
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MATURE SOILS......Page 1480
REFERENCES......Page 1483
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE......Page 1484
REFERENCES......Page 1485
MAIN SOILS OF THE PAMPAS......Page 1487
MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE......Page 1488
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES......Page 1489
REFERENCES......Page 1491
SUBDIVISION OF THE PANTANAL AND HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 1492
SOILS OF THE PANTANAL......Page 1495
REFERENCES......Page 1497
Diffusion......Page 1498
SORPTION......Page 1499
REFERENCES......Page 1500
ORIGINS OF SOIL VARIABILITY......Page 1502
MEASURING SOIL VARIABILITY......Page 1504
MANAGING VARIABILITY......Page 1505
REFERENCES......Page 1506
BASICS OF MIXTURE MODELING......Page 1507
INFERRING SOIL PROPERTIES THROUGH VEGETATION......Page 1508
REFERENCES......Page 1509
Chemometrics......Page 1510
Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Analytes......Page 1511
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1512
REFERENCES......Page 1513
Translocation of humus and sesquioxides......Page 1514
Vegetation......Page 1515
REFERENCES......Page 1516
AGGREGATE FORMATION......Page 1517
REFERENCES......Page 1518
HUMAN IMPACTS ON SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1519
SOIL STRUCTURE EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH......Page 1520
MANAGING SOIL STRUCTURE FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT......Page 1521
REFERENCES......Page 1522
Natural Isotopes of Carbon......Page 1523
MICRODENSITOMETRY OF SOIL AGGREGATES......Page 1524
REFERENCES......Page 1525
FORMATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1526
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 1527
SOIL STRUCTURAL STABILITY......Page 1528
SOIL MANAGEMENT FOR WATER FLOW......Page 1529
REFERENCES......Page 1530
Soil Strength......Page 1532
OUTLOOK......Page 1533
REFERENCES......Page 1534
THE PRESENT......Page 1535
THE FUTURE......Page 1536
REFERENCES......Page 1537
QUALITY OF SUBSOIL ORGANIC CARBON......Page 1538
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1539
REFERENCES......Page 1540
SULFATES......Page 1542
Sodium and Magnesium Sulfates......Page 1543
REFERENCES......Page 1544
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SULFUR IN SOILS......Page 1545
Crops and Crop Rotation......Page 1546
Capillary Rise/Leaching......Page 1547
Sustainability......Page 1548
REFERENCES......Page 1549
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA......Page 1552
Microporosity and Accessibility of Surfaces......Page 1553
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1554
REFERENCES......Page 1555
Tillage......Page 1556
Introduction of soil fauna......Page 1557
REFERENCES......Page 1558
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT......Page 1560
Phosphorus......Page 1561
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1562
REFERENCES......Page 1563
THE ANCIENT RATIONAL SLM OF THE MEDITERRANEAN......Page 1565
RECENT APPLICATIONS OF ITK TO SLM......Page 1566
REFERENCES......Page 1568
TYPES OF SOIL THERMOMETERS......Page 1570
SOURCES OF ERROR......Page 1571
REFERENCES......Page 1572
TEPETATES: HARDENED VOLCANIC SOIL LAYERS......Page 1573
REFERENCES......Page 1576
HABITAT......Page 1577
EFFECTS ON SOILS......Page 1578
REFERENCES......Page 1579
BENCH TERRACES......Page 1580
TERRACE BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS......Page 1581
REFERENCES......Page 1582
APPARATUS FOR SOIL ANALYSIS......Page 1583
CORRELATION AND CALIBRATION......Page 1584
REFERENCES......Page 1585
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS......Page 1587
Packing of Particles, Hardsetting and Engineering Properties of Soils......Page 1588
REFERENCES......Page 1591
FORMATION OF THE LOESS PLATEAU AND LOESS DEPOSITION......Page 1593
VEGETATION AND SOIL......Page 1594
SOIL EROSION CONTROL......Page 1596
REFERENCES......Page 1597
CROP RESIDUE......Page 1598
SOIL MANAGEMENT......Page 1599
REFERENCES......Page 1600
TILLAGE-INDUCED CO2 LOSS......Page 1601
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS......Page 1602
REFERENCES......Page 1603
DETERMINATION OF TILLAGE EROSION......Page 1604
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE EROSION......Page 1605
REFERENCES......Page 1606
TRANSLOCATION MEASUREMENTS......Page 1607
MEASUREMENTS OF LOSS AND ACCUMULATION......Page 1608
REFERENCES......Page 1609
LANDSCAPE POSITION AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1610
MODELING TILLAGE EROSION AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1611
REFERENCES......Page 1612
TILLAGE EROSION AND WATER EROSION......Page 1613
REFERENCES......Page 1615
EXTENT OF EROSION IN HIMALAYAN REGION......Page 1616
GENESIS OF TORRENTIAL EROSION......Page 1617
State Interventions......Page 1618
Torrent control treatments......Page 1619
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1622
REFERENCES......Page 1623
OXISOLS......Page 1624
ULTISOLS......Page 1625
VERTISOLS......Page 1626
REFERENCES......Page 1627
SOIL CONSERVATION......Page 1628
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1629
REFERENCES......Page 1630
Argillic and Kandic Horizons......Page 1631
Base Saturation in Ultisols......Page 1632
Cultivation of Ultisols......Page 1633
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1634
REFERENCES......Page 1635
HAZARDS OF URANIUM......Page 1636
URANIUM IN WATERS......Page 1637
REFERENCES......Page 1638
Degradation......Page 1639
Hazardous Compounds......Page 1640
REHABILITATION OF CONSTRUCTION SITES......Page 1641
REFERENCES......Page 1642
THE SOIL AS A PRODUCER OF FORESTS......Page 1644
THE SOIL FOR USE IN RECREATION AND SPORTS......Page 1645
REFERENCES......Page 1646
OVERVIEW......Page 1647
MINERALOGY OF VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS......Page 1648
Variable-Charge Minerals......Page 1649
MANAGEMENT OF VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS......Page 1651
REFERENCES......Page 1653
Organic matter......Page 1655
Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, and electrolyte concentration of the soil solution......Page 1657
Groundwater in Vertisols?......Page 1658
Soil Management and Tillage Operations......Page 1659
Raingrown Annual Crops......Page 1660
Forestry and Agroforestry......Page 1661
REFERENCES......Page 1662
THE MECHANISM OF AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION......Page 1666
Cropping Systems......Page 1667
REFERENCES......Page 1668
Increasing Infiltration......Page 1669
SOIL-WATER CONSERVATION ACHIEVED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS......Page 1670
REFERENCES......Page 1671
Soil Erodibility......Page 1672
Rainfall simulators......Page 1673
Rill erosion......Page 1674
OTHER MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT......Page 1675
REFERENCES......Page 1676
Types of Systems......Page 1677
CROPPING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1678
REFERENCES......Page 1679
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INFILTRATION PROCESS......Page 1680
Horton Equation......Page 1681
REFERENCES......Page 1682
APPLICATIONS......Page 1683
REFERENCES......Page 1684
EXTENT AND ORIGIN......Page 1685
MANAGEMENT OF WATER REPELLENT SOILS......Page 1686
REFERENCES......Page 1687
BACKGROUND......Page 1689
MODELS OF SOIL WATER RETENTION......Page 1690
METHODS OF CHARACTERIZING SOIL WATER RETENTION......Page 1691
PLANT AVAILABLE WATER......Page 1693
REFERENCES......Page 1694
REDUCING TILLAGE/MAINTAINING CROP RESIDUES......Page 1695
SHIFTING WATER USE TO CRITICAL GROWTH STAGES......Page 1696
REFERENCES......Page 1697
SCALE: MOVING UP FROM POINT TO PLOT TO FIELD TO WATERSHED......Page 1699
STRATEGY......Page 1700
Multiple Use Conflicts......Page 1701
Kissimee River, Florida, U.S.A.......Page 1702
REFERENCES......Page 1703
Hydrolysis......Page 1704
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A WEATHERING PROFILE......Page 1705
BASIC FACTORS IN WEATHERING......Page 1706
REFERENCES......Page 1707
WETLAND FLORA......Page 1708
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1710
REFERENCES......Page 1711
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN SOILS......Page 1712
REFERENCES......Page 1714
WHAT ARE WETLAND POLICIES AND ARE THEY NEEDED?......Page 1716
Implementation Strategies......Page 1717
Policies......Page 1718
REFERENCES......Page 1719
ECONOMIC VALUES OF WETLANDS......Page 1720
Valuing Wetlands Goods—Techniques and Examples......Page 1721
REFERENCES......Page 1723
WETLAND TYPES......Page 1725
EXTENT OF WETLANDS......Page 1728
REFERENCES......Page 1729
Water Table Position......Page 1730
Soil Temperature......Page 1731
REFERENCES......Page 1732
Phosphorus Accumulation......Page 1734
PARTICLE TYPES AND SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES IN WETLANDS......Page 1735
REFERENCES......Page 1736
EMISSION OF DUST......Page 1737
TRANSPORT OF WINDBLOWN DUST......Page 1738
REFERENCES......Page 1739
TOOL TO REDUCE EROSION AND FOR WATER CONSERVATION......Page 1740
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1741
REFERENCES......Page 1742
The Reference Base: an Overview of the World Soil Cover into 30 Reference Groups......Page 1743
Simplified Key to the WRB Reference Groups......Page 1747
REFERENCES......Page 1748
EFFECTS OF SURFACE TILLAGE......Page 1749
EFFECTS OF SUBSURFACE TILLAGE......Page 1750
REFERENCES......Page 1751
PROPERTIES......Page 1753
REFERENCES......Page 1755
UPLAND SOILS (TERRA FIRME)......Page 1756
FLOOD PLAINS......Page 1757
REFERENCES......Page 1758
HISTORY......Page 1759
BRAZILIAN SYSTEM OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION......Page 1760
REFERENCES......Page 1762
CRITERIA FOR DEFINING TAXA......Page 1764
CORRELATION WITH OTHER SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS......Page 1765
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1768
REFERENCES......Page 1769
Ferrosols......Page 1770
REFERENCES......Page 1771
THE PHYSICAL DIMENSION......Page 1772
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1774
REFERENCES......Page 1775
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE......Page 1776
DISTRIBUTION......Page 1777
FURTHER READING......Page 1778
REFERENCES......Page 1779
COMPACTION PRINCIPLES......Page 1780
Sand Cone......Page 1781
REFERENCES......Page 1782
FARM-LEVEL IMPLICATIONS......Page 1783
REFERENCES......Page 1785
SOIL pH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL ACIDITY......Page 1786
Salinity......Page 1787
LOSS OF PLANT NUTRIENTS......Page 1788
REFERENCES......Page 1789
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......Page 1790
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1791
REFERENCES......Page 1792
Biological Changes......Page 1793
Modern Studies......Page 1794
REFERENCES......Page 1795
Origin of Deserts......Page 1796
Definition......Page 1797
Indirect causes......Page 1798
Severity and extent......Page 1799
Natural Amelioration......Page 1800
Agroforestry......Page 1801
REFERENCES......Page 1802
Soil Texture......Page 1804
TRAFFICABILITY......Page 1805
REFERENCES......Page 1806
Earthworm Communities......Page 1807
Effects on Physical Properties of Soil......Page 1808
Undesirable Effects of Earthworms......Page 1809
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1810
REFERENCES......Page 1811
CLASSIFICATION......Page 1812
Climate......Page 1813
REFERENCES......Page 1814
PROCESSES OF EROSION BY WATER......Page 1816
EROSION BY WATER: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE......Page 1817
THE GLOBAL PROBLEM OF EROSION BY WATER......Page 1818
REFERENCES......Page 1819
SOIL CONSERVATION—THE EVOLVING PARADIGM......Page 1821
EROSION CONTROL......Page 1822
REFERENCES......Page 1823
EFFECT OF SNOW AND FREEZING CONDITIONS......Page 1825
RUNOFF EVENTS......Page 1826
REFERENCES......Page 1827
MORE PROCESS-BASED APPROACHES......Page 1828
REFERENCES......Page 1830
THE NEED FOR FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS......Page 1832
COMPOUND FERTILIZERS......Page 1833
Secondary nutrients and micro-nutrients......Page 1834
REFERENCES......Page 1835
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION......Page 1836
FUNGI AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION......Page 1837
REFERENCES......Page 1838
Modeling of the Random Function......Page 1839
Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties......Page 1841
REFERENCES......Page 1842
FORMATION......Page 1844
PROPERTIES......Page 1845
USES AND PROBLEMS......Page 1846
REFERENCES......Page 1847
INDIGENOUS SOIL CLASSIFICATIONS AND FERTILITY INDICATORS......Page 1849
INDIGENOUS SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 1850
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1851
REFERENCES......Page 1852
MODEL PARAMETERS......Page 1853
REFERENCES......Page 1855
Mineral and Synthetic Fertilizers......Page 1857
Nitrogen......Page 1858
Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Leguminous Crop Rotations, Agroforestry, etc.......Page 1859
Nutrient Losses......Page 1860
REFERENCES......Page 1861
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 1863
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE—STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION......Page 1864
IUSS—THE NEW SCIENTIFIC STRUCTURE......Page 1865
REFERENCES......Page 1866
DISTRIBUTION OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE AGRICULTURE......Page 1867
RANGE OF GLOBALLY OBSERVED SEASONAL EMISSIONS......Page 1868
REFERENCES......Page 1869
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE......Page 1870
REFERENCES......Page 1871
NUTRIENT AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY......Page 1873
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 1874
REFERENCES......Page 1875
PROCESSES OF FORMATION......Page 1876
HUMAN USE......Page 1877
REFERENCES......Page 1878
BACKGROUND......Page 1879
LANDSCAPE CROP WATER AND NITROGEN USE......Page 1880
REFERENCES......Page 1882
SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY......Page 1883
REFERENCES......Page 1884
FACTORS AFFECTING PROTOZOAN ACTIVITY AND COMPOSITION......Page 1886
REFERENCES......Page 1887
Sodic and Saline Soils......Page 1889
ORIGIN AND FORMATION......Page 1890
Geological—Long-term development of sodic soils......Page 1891
REFERENCES......Page 1892
WHEN SHOULD INCENTIVES BE USED?......Page 1894
THE IMPACT OF INCENTIVES......Page 1895
REFERENCES......Page 1896
HYDROPHOBICITY, WETTABILITY, AND CAPILLARITY......Page 1897
EFFECTS OF HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 1898
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1899
REFERENCES......Page 1900
TRANSLOCATION AND ACCUMULATION WITHIN SOILS......Page 1901
REFERENCES......Page 1902
CRYOTURBATION......Page 1903
PEDOTURBATION......Page 1904
REFERENCES......Page 1905
Soil Solution Calcium......Page 1906
Amelioration of Sodic Soils......Page 1907
REFERENCES......Page 1908
TIMESCALES......Page 1910
SPATIAL SCALES......Page 1911
REFERENCES......Page 1912
Rejective uptake......Page 1913
Beneficial Effects of Si......Page 1914
Si-decreased susceptibility to disease and insect damage......Page 1915
Si-alleviated mineral stress......Page 1916
Sodium Fertilizers......Page 1917
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1918
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 1919
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1921
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1923
REFERENCES......Page 1924
AGRICULTURAL SOIL MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1925
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF IMPROVING SOIL RESILIENCE......Page 1928
REFERENCES......Page 1929
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 1931
REFERENCES......Page 1933
SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MODELS......Page 1935
REFERENCES......Page 1937