Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, Four-Volume Set, Volume 1-4

Cover......Page 1<br>Introduction......Page 2<br>Foreword......Page 3<br>Notes on the Subject Index......Page 4<br>Editorial Advisory Board......Page 5<br>Editors......Page 6<br>Dedication......Page 7<br>Permission Acknowledgments......Page 8<br>ACETYLCHOLINE......Page 10<br>ACID–BASE BALANCE......Page 14<br>ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME......Page 20<br>ADAMs AND ADAMTSs......Page 28<br>ADENOSINE AND ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES......Page 33<br>ADHESION, CELL-CELL   Vascular......Page 38<br>ADHESION, CELL-CELL   Epithelial......Page 46<br>ADHESION, CELL-MATRIX   Focal Contacts and Signaling......Page 50<br>ADHESION, CELL-MATRIX   Integrins......Page 56<br>ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS......Page 62<br>AEROSOLS......Page 67<br>ALLERGY   Overview......Page 74<br>ALLERGY   Allergic Reactions......Page 81<br>ALLERGY   Allergic Rhinitis......Page 89<br>ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE......Page 101<br>ALVEOLAR SURFACE MECHANICS......Page 110<br>ALVEOLAR WALL MICROMECHANICS......Page 115<br>ANGIOGENESIS, ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENT FACTORS......Page 119<br>ANTICOAGULANTS......Page 124<br>ANTIVIRAL AGENTS......Page 138<br>APOPTOSIS......Page 143<br>AQUAPORINS......Page 149<br>ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES......Page 153<br>ARTERIES AND VEINS......Page 159<br>ASTHMA   Overview......Page 175<br>ASTHMA   Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis......Page 185<br>ASTHMA   Aspirin-Intolerant......Page 190<br>ASTHMA   Occupational Asthma (Including Byssinosis)......Page 196<br>ASTHMA   Acute Exacerbations......Page 204<br>ASTHMA   Exercise-Induced......Page 208<br>ASTHMA   Extrinsic-Intrinsic......Page 215<br>ATELECTASIS......Page 224<br>AUTOANTIBODIES......Page 228<br>BASAL CELLS......Page 237<br>BREATHING   Breathing in the Newborn......Page 241<br>BREATHING   Fetal Breathing......Page 250<br>BREATHING   Fetal Lung Liquid......Page 254<br>BREATHING   First Breath......Page 258<br>BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION......Page 263<br>BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 267<br>BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 276<br>BRONCHODILATORS   Anticholinergic Agents......Page 284<br>BRONCHODILATORS   Beta Agonists......Page 287<br>BRONCHODILATORS   Theophylline......Page 291<br>BRONCHOMALACIA AND TRACHEOMALACIA......Page 295<br>BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA......Page 299<br>BRONCHOSCOPY, GENERAL AND INTERVENTIONAL......Page 304<br>CAPSAICIN......Page 313<br>CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 318<br>CARBON MONOXIDE......Page 322<br>CAVEOLINS......Page 326<br>CD1......Page 331<br>CD11-18......Page 336<br>CD14......Page 341<br>CELL CYCLE AND CELL-CYCLE CHECKPOINTS......Page 345<br>CHEMOKINES......Page 354<br>CHEMOKINES, CC   C10 (CCL6)......Page 364<br>CHEMOKINES, CC   MCP-1 (CCL2)–MCP-5 (CCL12)......Page 366<br>CHEMOKINES, CC - RANTES (CCL5)......Page 373<br>CHEMOKINES, CC - TARC (CCL17)......Page 378<br>CHEMOKINES, CC - TECK (CCL25)......Page 383<br>CHEMOKINES, CXC - CXCL12 (SDF-1)......Page 388<br>CHEMOKINES, CXC - IL-8......Page 393<br>CHEMOKINES, CXC - CXCL9 (MIG)......Page 396<br>CHEMOKINES, CXC - CXCL10 (IP-10)......Page 400<br>CHEMOKINES, CXC - CXCL1 (GRO1)–CXCL3 (GRO3)......Page 405<br>CHEMORECEPTORS - Central......Page 409<br>CHEMORECEPTORS   Arterial......Page 416<br>CHEST WALL ABNORMALITIES......Page 420<br>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE   Overview......Page 427<br>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE   Acute Exacerbations......Page 437<br>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE   Emphysema, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency......Page 441<br>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE   Emphysema, General......Page 446<br>CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE   Smoking Cessation......Page 455<br>CHYMASE AND TRYPTASE......Page 460<br>CILIA AND MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE......Page 464<br>CLARA CELLS......Page 469<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Overview......Page 476<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Antithrombin III......Page 484<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Factor V......Page 488<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Factor VII......Page 492<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Factor X......Page 497<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Fibrinogen and Fibrin......Page 501<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Intrinsic Factors......Page 507<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   iuPA, tPA, uPAR......Page 512<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Protein C and Protein S......Page 517<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Thrombin......Page 523<br>COAGULATION CASCADE   Tissue Factor......Page 527<br>COLLECTINS......Page 532<br>COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS......Page 538<br>COMPLEMENT......Page 544<br>CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR......Page 551<br>CONNEXINS, TISSUE EXPRESSION......Page 556<br>CONTRACTILE PROTEINS......Page 559<br>CORTICOSTEROIDS   Glucocorticoid Receptors......Page 566<br>CORTICOSTEROIDS   Therapy......Page 574<br>CROUP......Page 580<br>CRYOGLOBULINEMIA......Page 582<br>CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES......Page 587<br>CYSTEINE PROTEASES, CATHEPSINS......Page 592<br>CYSTIC FIBROSIS   Overview......Page 597<br>CYSTIC FIBROSIS   Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Gene......Page 608<br>CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS......Page 613<br>DEFENSE SYSTEMS......Page 621<br>DEFENSINS......Page 627<br>DENDRITIC CELLS......Page 630<br>DIFFUSION OF GASES......Page 635<br>DIVING......Page 641<br>DNA   Repair......Page 650<br>DNA   Structure and Function......Page 657<br>DRUG-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE......Page 664<br>DUST MITE......Page 674<br>DYNAMICS OF GAS FLOW AND PRESSURE–FLOW RELATIONSHIPS......Page 679<br>ENDOMETRIOSIS......Page 685<br>ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND ENDOTHELIUM......Page 689<br>ENDOTHELINS......Page 695<br>ENDOTOXINS......Page 700<br>ENERGY METABOLISM......Page 706<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Overview......Page 710<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Diesel Exhaust Particles......Page 716<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Oxidant Gases......Page 721<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Particulate Matter, Ultrafine Particles......Page 724<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Particulate and Dust Pollution, Inorganic and Organic Compounds......Page 730<br>ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS   Radon......Page 740<br>EOTAXINS......Page 745<br>EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTORS......Page 749<br>EPITHELIAL CELLS   Type I Cells......Page 753<br>EPITHELIAL CELLS   Type II Cells......Page 758<br>ERYTHROCYTES......Page 762<br>EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 766<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Basement Membranes......Page 777<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Elastin and Microfibrils......Page 782<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Collagens......Page 788<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Matricellular Proteins......Page 795<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Matrix Proteoglycans......Page 804<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Surface Proteoglycans......Page 808<br>EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX   Degradation by Proteases......Page 812<br>Extracorporeal Membrane-Gas Exchange......Page 815<br>FIBRINOLYSIS   Overview......Page 821<br>FIBRINOLYSIS   Plasminogen Activator and Plasmin......Page 825<br>FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS......Page 830<br>FIBROBLASTS......Page 833<br>FLUID BALANCE IN THE LUNG......Page 839<br>GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX......Page 844<br>GENE REGULATION......Page 850<br>GENETICS   Overview......Page 856<br>GENETICS   Gene Association Studies......Page 859<br>G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS......Page 867<br>GRANULOMATOSIS   Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis......Page 871<br>GRANULOMATOSIS   Wegener's Disease......Page 874<br>HEMOGLOBIN......Page 881<br>HEPATOCYTE GROWTH (SCATTER) FACTOR......Page 886<br>HIGH ALTITUDE, PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASES......Page 890<br>HISTAMINE......Page 897<br>HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS......Page 902<br>HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY......Page 910<br>HYPOCOMPLEMENTEMIC URTICARIAL VASCULITIS SYNDROME......Page 915<br>HYPOXIA AND HYPOXEMIA......Page 920<br>IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS......Page 926<br>IMMUNOGLOBULINS......Page 931<br>INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME......Page 937<br>INHIBITION OF DIFFERENTIATION (ID) PROTEINS......Page 952<br>INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS......Page 956<br>INTERFERONS......Page 963<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-1 and IL-18......Page 967<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-4......Page 971<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-5......Page 976<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-6......Page 980<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-7......Page 982<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-9......Page 985<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-10......Page 990<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-12......Page 994<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-13......Page 999<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-15......Page 1002<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-16......Page 1007<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-17......Page 1012<br>INTERLEUKINS   IL-23 and IL-27......Page 1017<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Overview......Page 1022<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Alveolar Proteinosis......Page 1029<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Amyloidosis......Page 1036<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia......Page 1043<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis......Page 1050<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis......Page 1057<br>INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE   Lymphangioleiomyomatosis......Page 1065<br>ION TRANSPORT   Overview......Page 1072<br>ION TRANSPORT   Calcium Channels......Page 1076<br>ION TRANSPORT - Chloride Channels......Page 1082<br>ION TRANSPORT   ENaC (Epithelial Sodium Channel)......Page 1088<br>ION TRANSPORT   Potassium Channels......Page 1094<br>KALLIKREIN–KININ CASCADE......Page 1100<br>KERATIN......Page 1110<br>KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR......Page 1115<br>KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES   Bradykinin......Page 1119<br>KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES   Neuropeptides and Neurotransmission......Page 1123<br>KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES   Tachykinins......Page 1126<br>KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES   Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide......Page 1134<br>KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES   Other Important Neuropeptides......Page 1138<br>LARYNGITIS AND PHARYNGITIS......Page 1145<br>LEUKOCYTES   Mast Cells and Basophils......Page 1150<br>LEUKOCYTES   Eosinophils......Page 1158<br>LEUKOCYTES   Neutrophils......Page 1163<br>LEUKOCYTES   Monocytes......Page 1168<br>LEUKOCYTES   T Cells......Page 1173<br>LEUKOCYTES   Pulmonary Macrophages......Page 1179<br>LIPID MEDIATORS   Overview......Page 1188<br>LIPID MEDIATORS   Leukotrienes......Page 1196<br>LIPID MEDIATORS   Prostanoids......Page 1200<br>LIPID MEDIATORS   Platelet-Activating Factors......Page 1205<br>LIPID MEDIATORS   Lipoxins......Page 1210<br>LUNG ABSCESS......Page 1216<br>LUNG ANATOMY (INCLUDING THE AGING LUNG)......Page 1222<br>LUNG DEVELOPMENT   Overview......Page 1229<br>LUNG DEVELOPMENT   Congenital Parenchymal Disorders......Page 1235<br>LUNG DEVELOPMENT   Congenital Vascular Disorders......Page 1244<br>LUNG IMAGING......Page 1249<br>LYMPHATIC SYSTEM......Page 1259<br>LYSOZYME......Page 1265<br>MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN......Page 1270<br>MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITOR FACTOR......Page 1274<br>MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS......Page 1278<br>MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES......Page 1287<br>MEDIASTINAL MASSES......Page 1294<br>MEDIASTINITIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC......Page 1309<br>MESOTHELIAL CELLS......Page 1316<br>MESOTHELIOMA, MALIGNANT......Page 1321<br>MUCINS......Page 1325<br>MUCUS......Page 1331<br>MYOFIBROBLASTS......Page 1335<br>MYOGLOBIN......Page 1342<br>NADPH AND NADPH OXIDASE......Page 1346<br>NEONATAL CIRCULATION......Page 1353<br>NEUROFIBROMATOSIS......Page 1361<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Inherited Myopathies......Page 1367<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Lower Motor Neuron Diseases......Page 1372<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Acquired Myopathies......Page 1378<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Peripheral Nerves......Page 1382<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Upper Motor Neuron......Page 1387<br>NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE   Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction......Page 1393<br>NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   Overview......Page 1400<br>NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   Neural Control of Airway Smooth Muscle......Page 1407<br>NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   Neuroanatomy......Page 1414<br>NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   Neuroendocrine Cells......Page 1418<br>NEUROPHYSIOLOGY   Neurons and Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 1425<br>NITRIC OXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES......Page 1430<br>NOTCH......Page 1438<br>NUTRITION IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE......Page 1441<br>OBESITY......Page 1449<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Overview......Page 1454<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis......Page 1459<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Hard Metal Diseases – Berylliosis and Others......Page 1469<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Inhalation Injury, Chemical......Page 1476<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Asbestos-Related Lung Disease......Page 1484<br>OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES   Silicosis......Page 1494<br>ONCOGENES AND PROTO-ONCOGENES   Overview......Page 1504<br>ONCOGENES AND PROTO-ONCOGENES   jun Oncogenes......Page 1509<br>ONCOGENES AND PROTO-ONCOGENES   MYC......Page 1514<br>ONCOGENES AND PROTO-ONCOGENES   RAS......Page 1518<br>ONCOSTATIN M......Page 1522<br>OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS   Antioxidants, Enzymatic......Page 1526<br>OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS   Antioxidants, Nonenzymatic......Page 1534<br>OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS   Oxidants......Page 1539<br>OXYGEN THERAPY......Page 1546<br>OXYGEN TOXICITY......Page 1550<br>OXYGEN–HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE......Page 1558<br>PANBRONCHIOLITIS......Page 1565<br>PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN THE LUNG......Page 1568<br>PECTUS EXCAVATUM......Page 1572<br>PEDIATRIC ASPIRATION SYNDROMES......Page 1577<br>PEDIATRIC PULMONARY DISEASES......Page 1580<br>PERIPHERAL GAS EXCHANGE......Page 1584<br>PERMEABILITY OF THE BLOOD–GAS BARRIER......Page 1591<br>PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS......Page 1595<br>PHYSIOTHERAPY......Page 1600<br>PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR......Page 1611<br>PLATELETS......Page 1615<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Overview......Page 1621<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Pleural Fluid, Transudate and Exudate......Page 1626<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Pleural Fluid Analysis, Thoracentesis, Biopsy, and Chest Tube......Page 1630<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema......Page 1635<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Malignant Pleural Effusions......Page 1640<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Postsurgical Effusions......Page 1647<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Pleural Fibrosis......Page 1650<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Chylothorax, Pseudochylothorax, LAM, and Yellow Nail Syndrome......Page 1656<br>PLEURAL EFFUSIONS   Hemothorax......Page 1661<br>PLEURAL SPACE......Page 1665<br>PNEUMONIA   Overview and Epidemiology......Page 1670<br>PNEUMONIA   Atypical......Page 1678<br>PNEUMONIA   Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens......Page 1685<br>PNEUMONIA   Fungal (Including Pathogens)......Page 1699<br>PNEUMONIA   Nosocomial......Page 1708<br>PNEUMONIA   Parasitic......Page 1715<br>PNEUMONIA   Mycobacterial......Page 1719<br>PNEUMONIA   Viral......Page 1724<br>PNEUMONIA   The Immunocompromised Host......Page 1734<br>PNEUMOTHORAX......Page 1742<br>POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS......Page 1747<br>PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA......Page 1753<br>PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS......Page 1757<br>PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS......Page 1761<br>PROTEASOMES AND UBIQUITIN......Page 1766<br>PROTEINASE INHIBITORS   Alpha-2 Antiplasmin......Page 1771<br>PROTEINASE INHIBITORS   Antichymotrypsin......Page 1775<br>PROTEINASE INHIBITORS   Cystatins......Page 1779<br>PROTEINASE INHIBITORS   Secretory Leukoprotease Inhibitor and Elafin......Page 1785<br>PROTEINASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS......Page 1791<br>PROTEOME......Page 1795<br>PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS......Page 1800<br>PULMONARY CIRCULATION......Page 1805<br>PULMONARY EDEMA......Page 1812<br>PULMONARY EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE......Page 1818<br>PULMONARY FIBROSIS......Page 1825<br>PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTING IN INFANTS......Page 1832<br>PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM   Deep Venous Thrombosis......Page 1845<br>PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM   Pulmonary Emboli and Pulmonary Infarcts......Page 1851<br>PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING......Page 1859<br>RADIATION-INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE......Page 1868<br>RADIOTHERAPY......Page 1877<br>REACTIVE AIRWAYS DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME......Page 1881<br>REFLEXES FROM THE LUNGS AND CHEST WALL......Page 1885<br>RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS......Page 1893<br>RESPIRATORY MUSCLES, CHEST WALL, DIAPHRAGM, AND OTHER......Page 1899<br>RETINOL AND RETINOIC ACID......Page 1910<br>SERINE PROTEINASES......Page 1915<br>SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 1924<br>SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Breathing Patterns......Page 1932<br>SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Clubbing and Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy......Page 1936<br>SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   General Examination......Page 1941<br>SIGNS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Lung Sounds......Page 1949<br>SLEEP APNEA   Overview......Page 1956<br>SLEEP APNEA   Adult......Page 1960<br>SLEEP APNEA   Children......Page 1965<br>SLEEP APNEA   Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy......Page 1970<br>SLEEP APNEA   Drug Treatments......Page 1973<br>SLEEP APNEA   Genetics of Sleep Apnea......Page 1977<br>SLEEP APNEA   Oral Appliances......Page 1981<br>SLEEP APNEA   Surgery for Sleep Apnea......Page 1984<br>SLEEP DISORDERS   Overview......Page 1990<br>SLEEP DISORDERS   Central Apnea (Ondine's Curse)......Page 1994<br>SLEEP DISORDERS   Hypoventilation......Page 1999<br>SLEEP DISORDERS   Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome......Page 2005<br>SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS   Airway......Page 2010<br>SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS   Vascular......Page 2019<br>SPACE, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 2027<br>STEM CELLS......Page 2034<br>STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE LUNG......Page 2038<br>SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME......Page 2046<br>SURFACTANT   Overview......Page 2049<br>SURFACTANT   Surfactant Protein A (SP-A)......Page 2057<br>SURFACTANT   Surfactant Proteins B and C (SP-B and SP-C)......Page 2062<br>SURFACTANT   Surfactant Protein D (SP-D)......Page 2066<br>SURGERY   Pectus Carinatum, Poland's Syndrome, Cleft Sternum, and Acquired Restrictive Thoracic Dystrophy......Page 2073<br>SURGERY   Transplantation......Page 2085<br>SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Cough and Other Symptoms......Page 2091<br>SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Dyspnea......Page 2096<br>SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE   Chest Pain......Page 2103<br>SYSTEMIC DISEASE   Sarcoidosis......Page 2110<br>SYSTEMIC DISEASE   Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Goodpasture's Syndrome......Page 2117<br>SYSTEMIC DISEASE   Langerhans’ Cell Histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X)......Page 2121<br>SYSTEMIC DISEASE   Sickle Cell Disease......Page 2126<br>SYSTEMIC DISEASE   Eosinophilic Lung Diseases......Page 2132<br>THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY......Page 2145<br>TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS......Page 2149<br>TRACHEOSTOMY......Page 2153<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   Overview......Page 2157<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   AP-1......Page 2165<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   ATF......Page 2171<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   Fox......Page 2174<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   NF-κB and Iκb......Page 2179<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   POU......Page 2183<br>TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS   PU.1......Page 2188<br>TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGF-β) FAMILY OF MOLECULES......Page 2192<br>TRANSGENIC MODELS......Page 2197<br>TRAUMA, CHEST   Bronchopleural Fistula......Page 2202<br>TRAUMA, CHEST   Postpneumonectomy Syndrome......Page 2209<br>TRAUMA, CHEST   Subcutaneous Emphysema......Page 2212<br>TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS......Page 2217<br>TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-α)......Page 2221<br>TUMORS, BENIGN......Page 2226<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Overview......Page 2234<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Bronchogenic Carcinoma......Page 2239<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 2246<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Hematological Malignancies......Page 2253<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Lymphoma......Page 2258<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Metastases from Lung Cancer......Page 2264<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Bronchial Gland and Carcinoid Tumor......Page 2270<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Rare Tumors......Page 2275<br>TUMORS, MALIGNANT   Carcinoma, Lymph Node Involvement......Page 2280<br>UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION......Page 2288<br>UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION......Page 2298<br>VACCINATIONS   Bacterial, for Pneumonia......Page 2302<br>VACCINATIONS   Viral......Page 2305<br>VASCULAR DISEASE......Page 2312<br>VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR......Page 2326<br>VASCULITIS   Overview......Page 2331<br>VASCULITIS   Microscopic Polyangiitis......Page 2335<br>VENTILATION   Overview......Page 2341<br>VENTILATION   Collateral......Page 2347<br>VENTILATION   Control......Page 2351<br>VENTILATION   Uneven......Page 2359<br>VENTILATION, MECHANICAL   Negative Pressure Ventilation......Page 2363<br>VENTILATION, MECHANICAL   Noninvasive Ventilation......Page 2368<br>VENTILATION, MECHANICAL   Positive Pressure Ventilation......Page 2373<br>VENTILATION, MECHANICAL   Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 2377<br>VENTILATION, PERFUSION MATCHING......Page 2383<br>VESICULAR TRAFFICKING......Page 2391<br>VIRUSES OF THE LUNG......Page 2396<br>