Encyclopedia of Psychology of Decision Making

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PSYCHOLOGY OF DECISION MAKING......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 13
NEUROECONOMICS AND DECISION MAKING: A COMMON TASK FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS, ECONOMISTS AND NEUROSCIENTISTS......Page 35
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
END OF LIFE DECISION MAKING: AUTONOMY AND CAPABILITY......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 41
ABSTRACT......Page 43
BACKGROUND......Page 44
INTRODUCING DECISION-PROBLEM SPACE......Page 45
CONCLUSION......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DECISION MAKING......Page 49
AUTHOR NOTE......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
COMMENTARY......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 58
ABSTRACT......Page 59
2. THE BAYESIAN STATISTICS......Page 60
3. THE BAYESIAN APPROACH VS THE FREQUENTIST APPROACH......Page 61
4.1. Medical Diagnosis......Page 62
4.3. Interim Analysis in Clinical Trials......Page 63
4.5. Adaptive Studies......Page 64
5.1. Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of the Disease......Page 66
5.2. Disease Natural History and Prognosis......Page 71
6. CONCLUSION......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 76
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
BACKGROUND......Page 80
FINDINGS......Page 81
Personality......Page 84
Gender......Page 85
Culture/ Ethnicity......Page 86
ASSESSMENT, STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 87
2. Organization Commitment and Support......Page 89
4. Educational Seminars and Workshops......Page 90
6. Team Training......Page 91
8. Intervention Strategies......Page 92
10. Reporting......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
ABSTRACT......Page 97
THE CONCEPT OF RISK......Page 98
RISK AVERSION......Page 99
PERSONAL AND GENERAL RISK......Page 100
IMPLICATIONS IN PREVENTION......Page 101
IMPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL DECISIONS......Page 102
CONCLUSION......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
ABSTRACT......Page 109
LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT SAMPLING PRACTICES – WHO ISINCLUDED IN THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH?......Page 110
Heterogeneous Normative Samples......Page 111
Exclusionary Criteria......Page 113
Addressing Sampling Concerns......Page 114
STATISTICAL DESIGN ANDEMPIRICALLY-DERIVED DECISION-MAKING......Page 115
APPLICATIONS OF THESE PRINCIPLESTO UNIQUE POPULATIONS......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 123
ABSTRACT......Page 127
Thalassemia and Survival......Page 128
The Dilemma of BMT in Thalassemia......Page 129
Donor Selection......Page 130
Transplantation Procedures......Page 131
Communication/Motivation Factors and Satisfaction for the Choice of BMT......Page 132
BMT Outcome......Page 133
Communication/Motivation Factors and Satisfaction for the Choice of BMT......Page 134
Quality of Life......Page 135
Clinical Outcome......Page 138
Quality of Life......Page 139
The Ethical Issues......Page 140
CONCLUSIONS......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
ABSTRACT......Page 147
Mismatch between Symptoms and Utilisation of TKR......Page 148
What is Health Care Need?......Page 150
Psychosocial Factors Determining Utilisation of TKR......Page 152
Sample......Page 154
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)......Page 155
Health Care Decision Making and Leventhal’s Self-Regulatory Model......Page 157
Identity - The Medical Model of Illness......Page 159
Importance of X-Ray Findings......Page 160
Importance of Diagnosis by an Expert......Page 161
Importance of the Social Network......Page 162
Pain......Page 164
Loss of Function......Page 165
Effect on Mood and Fatigue......Page 167
Modifying Effect of Age on Perceptions of Need......Page 168
Time-Line - Beliefs Regarding Disease Progression......Page 169
Cure/Controllability - Expectations of Treatment Outcome......Page 171
Cause - Beliefs About Cause of Osteoarthritis......Page 173
Moral Narratives – Patient Accounts of Priority for TKR......Page 174
Gender – Perceptions of Need for TKR......Page 177
3. Patient As Expert......Page 178
4. Expectations of TKR......Page 179
5. Effect on Mood......Page 180
CONCLUSION......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 183
ABSTRACT......Page 191
INTRODUCTION......Page 192
Consciousness and the Construction of Pain......Page 193
Schemata......Page 194
Sense of Self......Page 195
Purposiveness......Page 198
The Personal Nature of Pain......Page 200
Coherence......Page 202
Influences on Decision-Making......Page 204
Delphi Stage Two......Page 205
Decisions about ‘Important’......Page 206
The Dynamic Nature o Decisions and Opinions......Page 210
Implications of Constructivism/ Scientific Positivism in Discord......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 212
ABSTRACT......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
Previous Uses of Video Decision Aids......Page 219
Using Videos in Advance Care Planning......Page 221
The Psychology of Decision Making with Video Decision Aids......Page 223
Content-Oriented Concerns......Page 225
Film-Making Challenges......Page 226
Future Research Areas......Page 227
CONCLUSION......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 229
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 231
2.1. Reason and Emotion......Page 232
2.2. Perspective Bias or “Framing”......Page 234
2.3. Experienced Emotion as Informative Input in Decision Making......Page 235
2.4. Conclusions: Anticipated Emotions and Experienced Emotions......Page 238
2.5. How Emotion Influences Decision Making: The Somatic Marker Hypothesis......Page 239
3. BRAIN MECHANISMS WHICH SUPPORT THE INTERVENTION OF EMOTION IN DECISION MAKING......Page 240
3.1. Brain Defence System......Page 241
3.1.1. Amygdala......Page 242
3.1.2. Insula......Page 243
3.1.3. Anterior Cingulate Cortex......Page 244
3.1.4. Uncertainty and Risk......Page 245
3.2. Brain Reward System......Page 246
3.2.1. Anticipation of Reward......Page 247
4.1. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex/Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 249
4.1.1. Lesions to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex......Page 250
4.1.2. Asymmetries in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex.......Page 251
4.2. Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex......Page 252
5.1. Performance in Cognitive Tasks by Inhibition of Emotion......Page 253
5.2. Preference for Long Term Rewards......Page 254
5.3. Cooperation, Altruism and Reciprocity in Economic Games......Page 255
5.4. Incorporation of Emotion in Decision Making: Moral Judgements......Page 257
5.5. Loss of Emotional Control: Drug Addiction and Decision Making......Page 258
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 261
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 269
ABSTRACT......Page 271
OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTER......Page 272
The Nucleus Accumbens: A Gateway Between Emotion and Action......Page 273
Nucleus Accumbens And Reward-Guided Decision-Making......Page 274
Functions: Orbitofrontal Cortex and Adaptive Decision-Making......Page 276
Anatomy of the Hippocampus......Page 277
Hippocampus as Novelty Detector......Page 278
Tonic Versus Phasic Dopamine Modes......Page 279
Phasic Dopamine and Reward Signals......Page 280
Tonic Dopamine and Regulation......Page 281
II. INTEGRATION......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 285
INTRODUCTION......Page 295
THE GENERIC RISK DISCOURSE......Page 296
MENTAL HEALTH RISK DISCOURSE......Page 297
RISK AVOIDANCE PRACTICE AND POLICY ISSUES FOR USERS......Page 300
POLICY ISSUES FOR CARERS......Page 301
The Strengths Approach......Page 302
Social Role Valorisation......Page 303
Self-determination and the Right to Fail......Page 304
TYPES OF RISK TAKING......Page 305
SUMMARY......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
ABSTRACT......Page 313
INTRODUCTION......Page 314
DECISION MAKING CHALLENGES TO PATIENTS......Page 315
DECISION MAKING CHALLENGES TO FAMILY AND CARERS......Page 317
DECISION MAKING CHALLENGES IN THEROLE OF THE HEALTH PROFESSIONAL......Page 319
AUTONOMY......Page 322
JUSTICE......Page 323
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES......Page 324
ASSISTED SUICIDE......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
ABSTRACT......Page 331
PATIENT SELF-DETERMINATION ACT (PSDA)......Page 332
IMPLEMENTING THE PSDA......Page 333
Research Findings......Page 334
Cultural Issues......Page 335
Research Background......Page 336
Cultural Issues......Page 337
Cultural Issues......Page 338
Research Findings......Page 339
DECISIONAL PROCESSES AT THE END-OF-LIFE......Page 340
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
ABSTRACT......Page 345
Huntington Disease (HD)......Page 346
Origin......Page 347
Decision Making Models......Page 348
Responsibility to Determine and Manage Genetic Risk......Page 349
Participant Recruitment......Page 351
The Interviews......Page 352
Data Analysis - Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)......Page 353
Responsibility to Future Generations......Page 354
Responsibility to Partners......Page 356
Beyond Partners – Responsibility to other Family Members......Page 358
Responsibility to Plan for the Future......Page 359
Responsibility to Communicate Genetic Risk......Page 360
CONCLUSION......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 365
APPENDIX......Page 369
ABSTRACT......Page 371
INTRODUCTION......Page 372
Naturalistic Decision Making......Page 373
Decision-Making in Real Life Contexts......Page 374
Recognition of Competence......Page 375
Transtheoretical Aspects......Page 376
Processes Identified in Image Theory......Page 377
Role Played by Images......Page 378
Contribution of Narrative Approaches to Image Theory......Page 379
Reproductive Decision-Making in General Populations......Page 380
Reproductive Decision-Making in the Face of Genetic Risk......Page 381
Voluntary Childlessness......Page 382
Perception and Experience of Genetic Risk......Page 383
Recruitment and Characteristics of Participants......Page 388
Preparatory Work......Page 389
Subsequent Data Collection and Analysis......Page 390
Overview of the Model of Responsibility......Page 391
Factors Facilitating or Limiting Awareness......Page 393
Cognitive Processing......Page 394
Clarifying Links between Awareness, Responsibility and Blame......Page 395
Redefining as a Response to Awareness......Page 396
Values......Page 398
Vision of the Future......Page 399
Individual Factors Contributing to Decision-Making......Page 400
Impact of Genetic Testing on Reproductive Decision-Making......Page 401
Applying the Model......Page 403
Pre-Implementation Stage......Page 406
Progression Through Stages......Page 408
Evaluating the Retrospective Approach taken to Studying Decision-Making......Page 409
CONCLUSION......Page 410
Further Applications of the Model......Page 411
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 414
REFERENCES......Page 415
ABSTRACT......Page 425
Legal Situation of Abortion in Thailand......Page 426
Psychological Consequences......Page 427
Lack of Knowledge, Moral and Values, Education at Home and in School......Page 428
Health Seeking and Access to Reproductive Health Care......Page 429
1.3. Ways to Solve Problem......Page 430
1.4. Conceptual Framework of the Study......Page 431
1.6.1. Definition of Pregnancy and their Interaction......Page 432
2.1. Research Design......Page 433
Data Collection......Page 434
Key Themes for Data Collection......Page 435
2.5. Definition of Terms......Page 436
1) Preparation......Page 437
5) Data Processing: Categorizing and Coding......Page 438
2.8. Ethics and Confidentiality......Page 439
3.1.2. In-depth Interviews......Page 440
3.2. Experiences of Young Women with Unplanned Pregnancies......Page 441
3.2.1. Terms and Meaning of Unplanned Pregnancy......Page 442
3.2.2. Feelings and Concerns of Women Facing Unexpected Pregnancy......Page 443
1. Individual.......Page 444
2. Partner relationship.......Page 446
4. Parents and close relatives......Page 447
5. Peer pressure.......Page 448
6. Family income.......Page 449
Knowing of Their Pregnancy.......Page 450
1. Knowledge and experiences based on signs and symptoms.......Page 451
3. Physical changes.......Page 452
3.3.2. Consulting Popular Sector (Other People)......Page 453
1. Society and community.......Page 454
2. Family members.......Page 455
4. Friends.......Page 456
5. Women’s situations.......Page 457
6. Women’s Experiences......Page 458
8. Affordable.......Page 459
3.3.4.1. Rationale for Terminating the Pregnancy......Page 460
3.3.4.2. Keeping the Baby to Term......Page 462
3.4. Actions: Help- or Health-Seeking Patterns of the Young Women with Unplanned Pregnancies......Page 464
Examples of Women with Unplanned Pregnancy who did not Put any Effort into Terminating the Pregnancy......Page 466
Terminating the Pregnancy Using Pressure and Objects to Beat the Belly......Page 468
Consult Popular and Folk Sectors, and Drugstores for Abortifacient Products......Page 469
Examples of Women with Unplanned Pregnancies who Consulted Popular, Folk, and Professional Sectors using Abortifacient Products......Page 470
Visiting the Professional Sector using Modern Medicine......Page 471
Examples of common types of unplanned pregnancy, visiting the professional sector to terminate the pregnancy:......Page 472
Interaction with Providers at the Abortion Clinic......Page 474
Women Need Counseling Before the Final Stage......Page 476
Factors Deterring Young Women from Visiting the ANC Clinic......Page 478
Sadness and Happiness are Common at the Shelter......Page 479
Encouragement and Arranging Activities are Provider Roles......Page 480
Decision Making Process and Help – or Health-Seeking Pattherns of Young Women with Unplanned Pregnancies......Page 481
Expectations of Women with Unplanned Pregnancies of the Types and Characteristics of Services Needed......Page 482
Counseling to prevent recurrent unplanned pregnancies.......Page 483
Establishing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health systems.......Page 484
Enhancing sex education in the school by collaboration with the home.......Page 485
Parent-child relationship.......Page 486
Revise of the abortion law.......Page 487
REFERENCES......Page 488
ABSTRACT......Page 491
Developmental Transitions during Emerging Adulthood......Page 492
Prevention Programming Relevant to Emerging Adulthood......Page 493
Social Service Resource Telephone Program (SSRTP) and Booster Programming Considerations......Page 494
CHS Youth Subjects: Risk, Ethnic Diversity, and Contexts for BoosterProgramming.......Page 496
THE PRESENT STUDY......Page 497
METHODS......Page 498
RESULTS......Page 499
DISCUSSION......Page 500
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 502
REFERENCES......Page 503
ABSTRACT......Page 509
INTRODUCTION......Page 510
NEGLECT......Page 511
PHYSICAL ABUSE......Page 512
SEXUAL ABUSE......Page 513
EMOTIONAL ABUSE......Page 515
CAUSES OF CHILD-ABUSE AND NEGLECT......Page 516
IMPACT OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT......Page 518
PREVENTION......Page 520
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH......Page 521
WHY DOES PREVENTION MATTER?......Page 522
INTERVENTION AND TREATMENT......Page 523
FORENSIC ASPECTS OF INTERVIEWINGALLEGEDLY ABUSED CHILDREN......Page 524
MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT......Page 526
REFERENCES......Page 529
Objectives......Page 537
Historical......Page 538
Reproductive Health in Adolescence......Page 539
METHODS......Page 540
Measures......Page 541
School as a Setting......Page 542
Parent Relationships......Page 543
Substance Use......Page 544
Sexual Behavior......Page 545
Associations with Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior......Page 546
CONCLUSION......Page 547
REFERENCES......Page 548
VULNERABILITY AND TRAUMA......Page 551
SYNTHETIC REVIEW OF THE QUESTION (CLINICAL ASPECTS)......Page 552
Results......Page 554
Results......Page 555
Results’ Synthesis......Page 557
Comments and Analyses......Page 558
DISCUSSION......Page 560
CONCLUSION......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 562
ABSTRACT......Page 565
INTRODUCTION......Page 566
Participant Recruitment......Page 567
Measures......Page 568
RESULTS......Page 570
CONCLUSION......Page 571
REFERENCES......Page 572
ABSTRACT......Page 575
STUDIES ON YOUNG CHILDREN’S GRASP OF INFERENCE......Page 576
EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH SO FAR......Page 580
THE NEXT RESEARCH STEP......Page 581
TRUE AND FALSE INFERENCES......Page 582
REFERENCES......Page 587
THE ROLE OF FILIAL PIETY IN THE CAREER DECISION PROCESSES OF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN CHINA*......Page 591
Familial Factors and the Career Commitment Process......Page 592
Filial Piety......Page 593
Commitment to Career Choices Scale......Page 595
Procedure......Page 596
RESULTS......Page 597
CONCLUSIONS......Page 598
REFERENCES......Page 600
ABSTRACT......Page 605
CONCEPTUALIZING REPRODUCTIVE AGENCY......Page 606
ETHNOGRAPHY OF REPRODUCTION: INTERVIEWING WOMEN IN BRAZIL......Page 608
SITUATING REPRODUCTION: DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS......Page 609
DEBATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STERILIZATION IN WOMEN’S LIVES......Page 612
GENDER AND SEXUALITY IN TAQUARIL......Page 613
GOOD MOTHERHOOD: FAMILY PLANNING AND THE SOCIAL STRUCTURING OF REPRODUCTION......Page 614
ACCESS TO FERTILITY CONTROL METHODS ANDENCOUNTERS WITH HEALTH SERVICES......Page 617
TANIA’S STORY......Page 620
ENDNOTES......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 624
ABSTRACT......Page 627
2. DECISIONS WITHOUT RISK......Page 628
3. DECISIONS UNDER RISK......Page 629
Economic Utility Theories......Page 630
Violations of Preference Axioms......Page 631
Contribution from Behavioral Ecology Risk-Sensitive Foraging Theory......Page 633
A Normative Framework for Inter-Temporal Decisions......Page 634
Violation of Stationarity......Page 635
Why Do We Discount the Future?......Page 637
Preference for Delay Variability......Page 638
Ecological Models of Inter-Temporal Decisions: Ecological Rationality......Page 639
Ecological Models of Inter-Temporal Decisions: Feeding Ecology......Page 643
Commonalities and Differences Between Risky and Inter-TemporalDecisions......Page 644
CONCLUSION......Page 646
REFERENCES......Page 647
ABSTRACT......Page 653
The Debate over Sexuality Education......Page 654
An Examination of Sexual Health Behavior Terminology......Page 656
Abstinence......Page 659
Oral Sex......Page 660
An Examination of Sexual Language Used on National Surveys......Page 661
Exploratory Study of the Connotative Meaning of Safer Sex......Page 662
RESULTS......Page 664
CONCLUSION......Page 666
REFERENCES......Page 667
ABSTRACT......Page 671
2. Decisions Without Risk......Page 672
3. Decisions Under Risk......Page 673
Economic Utility Theories......Page 674
Violations of Preference Axioms......Page 675
Contribution from Behavioral Ecology Risk-sensitive forAging Theory......Page 677
A Normative Framework for Inter-Temporal Decisions......Page 678
Violation of Stationarity......Page 679
Why do we Discount the Future?......Page 680
Animals do not (always) maximize intake rate......Page 681
Ecological models of inter-temporal decisions: Ecological rationality......Page 682
Ecological models of inter-temporal decisions: Feeding ecology......Page 686
Commonalities and differences between risky and inter-temporal decisions......Page 688
CONCLUSION......Page 689
REFERENCES......Page 690
ABSTRACT......Page 697
INTRODUCTION......Page 698
Pre-Observation Mate Preference Trials......Page 700
Observation Trials......Page 702
RESULTS......Page 703
CONCLUSION......Page 704
REFERENCES......Page 707
ABSTRACT......Page 711
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND......Page 712
PROSPECT RELATIVITY PRINCIPLE AND REALISTICFINANCIAL DECISION SCENARIOS......Page 716
1) Representative Sample......Page 718
3) Financial Affordability Questionnaire......Page 719
4) Risk Preference Tests......Page 720
METHOD......Page 721
RESULTS......Page 724
Theoretical Accounts......Page 731
Practical Applications......Page 733
APPENDIX AFINANCIAL AFFORDABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 734
APPENDIX CMEASURES OF RISK AVERSION USED IN THE STUDY......Page 736
REFERENCES......Page 738
ABSTRACT......Page 741
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 742
II. THE METHODOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS......Page 743
Risk Preferences, Loss Aversion, the Endowment Effect and FramingEffects......Page 745
Social Preferences: Fairness, Reciprocity, Altruism and Trust......Page 747
Money Illusion......Page 748
The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment......Page 749
Seniority and Rising Consumption Profiles......Page 750
The Equity Premium Puzzle......Page 751
Environmental Economics......Page 752
REFERENCES......Page 753
ABSTRACT......Page 759
CONFLICT BETWEEN MONEY AND SELF-ESTEEM IN INVESTMENT......Page 760
GENERAL DISCUSSION......Page 763
Implications to Other Theories on Entrapment......Page 764
CONCLUSION......Page 765
REFERENCES......Page 766
INTRODUCTION......Page 769
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE......Page 770
METHODOLOGY......Page 773
RESULTS......Page 774
CONCLUSION......Page 781
REFERENCES......Page 782
ABSTRACT......Page 785
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 786
2. MEASURING RISK AVERSION AND THE EQUITY PREMIUM......Page 787
3. ECONOMETRIC METHODOLOGY......Page 789
4.1. Data......Page 790
4.2. Descriptive Statistics......Page 791
5.1. Time-domain Techniques......Page 792
5.2. Frequency-domain Techniques......Page 793
6. CONCLUSION......Page 797
REFERENCES......Page 798
ABSTRACT......Page 801
Support for Shared Decision-Making in Healthcare......Page 802
Decision Theory Underpinning a Framework for Support......Page 803
Caesarean Section: A Growing Dilemma......Page 805
Birth after Caesarean Section......Page 806
The Ottawa Decision Support Framework......Page 807
Decision-Aids as Shared Decision Strategies for Health......Page 808
METHOD......Page 809
Decisional Conflict Score (DCS) (Survey 2, 3 and 4)......Page 810
Sample......Page 811
Relationship between Knowledge and Feeling Informed......Page 812
Effect of Knowledge on Feeling Informed......Page 818
Decision-Aids as Preparation for Shared Decision Making......Page 820
The Extent to which Decisions were Shared......Page 821
Consumer Participation in Healthcare Decision-Making......Page 824
Limitations of the Research......Page 825
CONCLUSION......Page 826
REFERENCES......Page 827
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 833
2.2. The Emprirical Specification......Page 836
3. THE DATA AND PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE......Page 837
4.1. Risk and Benefit Perception......Page 839
4.2. Risk Acceptance......Page 841
REFERENCES......Page 843
INTRODUCTION......Page 845
THE SURVEYS......Page 846
Risk Perceptions......Page 847
Objective Risk......Page 848
Data Summary......Page 849
EMPIRICAL MODEL......Page 850
Risk Perceptions......Page 852
Hurricane Preparedness......Page 854
CONCLUSIONS......Page 856
REFERENCES......Page 857
INTRODUCTION......Page 859
RELATED RESEARCH......Page 861
DEGREE OF RISK AVERSION......Page 863
PERCEIVED SEVERITY OF RISK......Page 864
PERCEIVED RESPONSIBILITY......Page 865
WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY (WTP) MEASURES......Page 866
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS......Page 867
CONCLUSIONS......Page 868
APPENDIX 1THEORETICAL MODEL......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 872
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 874
ABSTRACT......Page 875
Personality......Page 876
Risk Acceptance......Page 877
Mood......Page 878
Step 1......Page 879
Results......Page 880
Step 3: Confirmatory Factor Analysis......Page 883
Participants and Procedure......Page 884
Results......Page 885
Step 4: Test of Convergent Validity......Page 887
Discussion......Page 888
Relations Between Sensation Seeking, Perception of Danger and Driving Fast/Risk Taking......Page 889
Relations Between Sensation Seeking, Attitudes Toward Traffic Laws, andDriving Fast/Risk Taking......Page 890
RESULTS......Page 891
DISCUSSION......Page 893
GENERAL DISCUSSION......Page 894
REFERENCES......Page 895
ABSTRACT......Page 901
INTRODUCTION......Page 902
Risk-benefit tradeoffs: Risk of injury vs. benefit of physical fitness, risks of illness vs. benefits of travel to beautiful and interesting foreign environments......Page 904
Risks Associated with Mountaineering......Page 905
Benefits Associated with Mountaineering......Page 907
Risk Management in Mountaineering......Page 908
Macro Decisions......Page 912
Meso Decisions......Page 914
Micro Decisions......Page 915
Additional Proact Considerations: Uncertainty, Risk Tolerance, and Linked Decisions......Page 917
CONCLUSION......Page 918
REFERENCES......Page 919
ABSTRACT......Page 923
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 924
2.1 The Normative Approach......Page 925
2.2 Violations of Normative Decision Theory......Page 927
3.1 A Psychological Alternative to the Normative Approach......Page 929
3.2 Probability Prospects - Cumulative Prospect Theory......Page 931
4. THEORETICAL DIRECTIONS IN PROTECTIVE DECISION-MAKING......Page 934
4.1 The Role of Experience in People’s Judgments under Risk: Implicationsfor Protective Decision-Making......Page 935
4.2 The Effect of Accessibility on Decision-Making under Risk......Page 938
5. CONCLUSION......Page 940
REFERENCES......Page 941
ABSTRACT......Page 945
INTRODUCTION......Page 946
MOTIVATION FROM PSYCHOPHYSICS......Page 948
TRANSFER OF UTILITIES ACROSS SCALES AND CONTEXTS......Page 950
THE ROLE OF CONTEXT IN DECISION MAKING......Page 951
IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR......Page 957
THE ROLE OF CONTEXT IN COGNITION......Page 959
CONCLUSION......Page 961
REFERENCES......Page 962
ABSTRACT......Page 969
BACKGROUND......Page 970
Data......Page 971
Theoretical Framework......Page 972
Explanatory Variables......Page 973
RESULTS......Page 977
CONCLUSION......Page 980
REFERENCES......Page 981
ABSTRACT......Page 985
COMPARISON-INDUCED DISTORTION THEORY......Page 986
MEASURING COMPARISON-SUGGESTED DIFFERENCES......Page 989
MEASURING LIKELIHOOD OF JUDGING TWO VALUES THE SAME......Page 991
S-SHAPED EVALUATION FUNCTIONS......Page 993
DISTRIBUTION-DENSITY EFFECTS......Page 997
ANCHORING EFFECTS......Page 1002
SOCIAL COMPARISONS......Page 1005
DECOY EFFECTS......Page 1007
CONCLUSION......Page 1010
REFERENCES......Page 1012
ANALYSIS AND DECISION-MAKING MODELS IN THE PROCESS OF THE ASSIMILATION OF CHANGE AND INNOVATION IN LEARNING SYSTEMS∗......Page 1015
EVALUATING A PROCESS OF CHANGE......Page 1017
THE OCCURRENCE OF LEARNING......Page 1021
JUDGING AND EVALUATING LEARNING PROCESSES......Page 1025
THE TEACHER'S ROLE IN INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY......Page 1028
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY......Page 1029
Research Process for Evaluating the Integration of Technologies in Learning......Page 1030
STAGES OF RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OFINSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY......Page 1032
Assimilating Distance Learning as an Environment for Investigating theGeneration of Changes in the Education System......Page 1035
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1039
REFERENCES......Page 1042
ABSTRACT......Page 1047
INTRODUCTION......Page 1048
Dynamic Averaging......Page 1049
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH......Page 1050
SPECIES SIMILARITIES IN DECISION-MAKING......Page 1051
Rate of Patch Change......Page 1052
Different Patch Values......Page 1053
TWR and Non-foraging Variables......Page 1054
Interruptions in Foraging......Page 1055
Memory Mechanisms......Page 1056
Other Mechanisms......Page 1057
Computational Considerations......Page 1060
APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 1061
CONCLUSION......Page 1062
REFERENCES......Page 1063
ABSTRACT......Page 1067
DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN MONTY HALL DILEMMA REASONING......Page 1068
Material......Page 1071
RESULTS......Page 1072
GENERAL DISCUSSION......Page 1074
REFERENCES......Page 1075
ABSTRACT......Page 1079
SELF EVALUATION OVER TIME......Page 1081
SOLO EVALUATIONS VS. SOCIAL COMPARISONS......Page 1082
CURRENT STUDY......Page 1083
Procedure......Page 1085
Measures......Page 1086
Overview of Analyses......Page 1087
Question 1. Accuracy and Validity of Solo Evaluations and SocialPerformance Judgments......Page 1088
Question 2. Social Comparisons......Page 1092
Question 3. Discrepancies between Solo and Social Performance Judgments......Page 1095
DISCUSSION......Page 1098
Implications for Behaviour......Page 1099
PROPOSED DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH......Page 1100
ENDNOTES......Page 1102
REFERENCES......Page 1103
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1107
2. THE SURVEY......Page 1109
2.1. The Attributes......Page 1110
2.2. Attribute Levels......Page 1111
2.3. Experimental Design......Page 1114
3. MODELLING CHOICES......Page 1115
4.1. Standard Logit......Page 1117
4.2. Random Parameters Logit......Page 1121
5. CONCLUSION......Page 1124
APPENDIX A: THE PERCEPTIONS AND CHOICE QUESTIONS (QUESTIONNAIRE A, QUESTIONS 19-21)......Page 1125
APPENDIX B: THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 1127
REFERENCES......Page 1129
ABSTRACT......Page 1133
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 1134
2. AGENCY THEORY AND FIRM CONTROL......Page 1135
3. OUTSIDER-DOMINATED BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND FIRM RISK TAKING......Page 1136
5. SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION AND METHODOLOGY......Page 1138
6. EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 1141
CONCLUSION......Page 1144
REFERENCES......Page 1145
ABSTRACT......Page 1149
INTRODUCTION......Page 1150
THE IOWA GAMBLING TASK: A NEUROBEHAVIOURAL MODEL......Page 1152
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AS A FACTOR IN THE IOWA GAMBLING TASK......Page 1154
Differences between Males and Females Revisited: Neurobiology......Page 1158
Male-Female Differences at the Level of Individual Decks......Page 1162
REFERENCES......Page 1164
INDEX......Page 1169