Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science (Print) (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANT & CROP SCIENCE)

Cover......Page 1
B......Page 2
C......Page 3
G......Page 4
M......Page 5
P......Page 6
T......Page 8
Y......Page 9
THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE......Page 10
THE DOMESTICATION OF CROPS......Page 11
REFERENCES......Page 12
AGRICULTURE’S IMPACT ON WILD BIODIVERSITY GLOBALLY......Page 13
LOSS OF DIVERSITY WITHIN AGRICULTURAL SPECIES......Page 14
Biodiversity as a Principle of Agroecosystem Management......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
FACTORS THAT MAY HAVE PROMOTED PRIMARY TRANSITIONS TO AGRICULTURE......Page 17
THE CONTEXTS OF TRANSITIONS TO AGRICULTURE......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 19
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND ELEVATED CO2 ON PLANT DISEASES......Page 21
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND ELEVATED CO2 ON INSECT PESTS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
CROP LOSS ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS......Page 25
‘‘CRITICAL LEVELS’’ OF OZONE......Page 26
EFFECTS OF OZONE ON PROTEIN CONTENTS......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 28
EFFECTS OF CO2 AND O3 ALONE......Page 29
CO2 and O3......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
FLUORIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE, AND AMMONIA......Page 32
NITROGEN OXIDES AND OZONE......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 36
Tropospheric Ozone—Phytotoxicity Overestimated?......Page 37
Changes in Plant Communities Exposed to Sulphur Dioxide......Page 38
CONCLUSION......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
THE CASE FOR RENEWABLES......Page 41
ECONOMICS OF BIOPROCESSING......Page 42
TECHNOLOGY FOR BIOPROCESSING......Page 43
CONCLUSION......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
AMINO ACID METABOLISM......Page 47
CONCLUSION......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TRISOMICS......Page 50
Location of Centromere and Orientation of Linkage Groups......Page 51
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
COMMON ANEUPLOID-BASED MAPPING APPLICATIONS......Page 54
PRINCIPLES OF ANEUPLOID-BASED MAPPING......Page 55
SEARCH ENGINE......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
REDOX GENES: ANOXIA INDUCES STRONGLY A NON-SYMBIOTIC HEMOGLOBIN AND ACTIVATES THE ASCORBATE–GLUTATHIONE CYCLE......Page 60
Signaling......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
Origin of Haploids: Androgenesis......Page 63
MICROSPORE CULTURE......Page 64
CONCLUSION......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
GENOME COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION......Page 67
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENE CONTENT OF THE ARABIDOPSIS GENOME......Page 71
HOW SIMILAR ARE ARABIDOPSIS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO THOSE FROM OTHER PLANTS?......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
CALIBRATION......Page 75
PREMAIZE CULTIVATION IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
WHERE ARE ESSENTIAL OILS FOUND?......Page 78
ESSENTIAL OIL EXAMPLES......Page 79
ORANGE OIL......Page 80
ROSE OIL......Page 81
CONCLUSION......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 84
ASCORBIC ACID AND HUMAN HEALTH......Page 85
ASCORBIC ACID PATHWAYS......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
INVOLVEMENT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC LIGHT REACTIONS......Page 88
CHEMIOSMOTIC ENERGY COUPLING......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS......Page 91
STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
Type IV Pili......Page 95
CONCLUSION......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
Population Structure......Page 99
DISEASE MANAGEMENT......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 102
NUCLEIC ACID–BASED DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS......Page 104
INTEGRATED DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES......Page 106
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
MOVEMENT INTO THE PLANT TISSUE......Page 109
MOVEMENT WITHIN THE PLANT......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
Fimbriae or Pili......Page 112
CONCLUSION......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
AHL-DEPENDENT QUORUM SENSING......Page 115
CONCLUSION......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
PECTINASES......Page 118
SECRETION SYSTEMS FOR EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
Syringomycin and Related Toxins......Page 121
Phaseolotoxin......Page 122
GROWTH FACTORS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
PLANT CELL WALL-DEGRADING ENZYMES, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT......Page 125
The Quorum-Sensing System......Page 126
Other Regulatory Systems in Exoenzyme Production......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
Sucking Insects as Vectors......Page 130
Circulative Transmission of Bacteria......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 132
DISSEMINATION OF PLANT PATHOGENS FROM PLANTS......Page 133
CONCLUSION......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
BACTERIAL INVASION AND SURVIVAL ON PROPAGATIVE MATERIAL......Page 136
DISEASE TRANSMISSION THROUGH PROPAGATIVE MATERIAL......Page 137
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
STRATEGIES FOR ADAPTING TO STRESS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 143
BACTERIAL TYPE III SECRETION OF EFFECTOR PROTEINS......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 146
DETECTION OF A PHYTOPLASMA RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INDUCTION OF FREE-BRANCHING IN POINSETTIA CULTIVARS......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 149
VEGETABLE CROPS......Page 151
CONCLUSION......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
ANALYTICAL METHODS: THE CHALLENGE OF SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT......Page 154
ESTIMATION OF DISTANCE METRICS......Page 155
INFERRING HISTORY: THE PROBLEM OF ESTIMATING PHYLOGENETIC TREES......Page 156
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCE DATA: PARTITIONS OF DATA SETS......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
PHYLLOSPHERE ECOLOGY......Page 159
CONCLUSION......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
Parasites and Pathogens......Page 163
BIOCONTROL APPROACHES......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
COMMERCIALIZATION HURDLES......Page 166
CONCLUSION......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
DEVELOPING A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS PROGRAM......Page 170
BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL AGENTS......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
WHAT IS BIOSAFETY?......Page 175
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF HYBRIDIZATION......Page 179
CONCLUSION......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
BACKGROUND......Page 182
POLLINATORS......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
INSECT PREDATORS......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 187
STEPS OF ADAPTIVE BIOSAFETY ASSESSMENT......Page 189
Implementation......Page 190
CONCLUSION......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
Direct Effects on Survivorship and Reproduction......Page 193
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
PHLOEM TRANSLOCATION......Page 196
BORON FUNCTION AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 199
BREEDING METHODS FOR BIENNIALS......Page 200
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
ANALYTICAL BREEDING......Page 203
EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH......Page 204
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
Cross-Pollination......Page 208
Biological Anarchy......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 210
BREEDING METHODS AND EXAMPLES OF BREEDING FOR IMPROVED NUTRITIONAL QUALITY......Page 211
OTHER ASPECTS OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 217
HISTORY OF HYBRIDS......Page 219
GENETIC BASIS OF HYBRID VIGOR......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY—HETEROSIS PREDICTION......Page 222
MARKER-ASSISTED ASSEMBLING OF FAVORABLE ALLELES TO DEVELOP NEW HYBRID PARENTS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 225
SHULL’S COMPOSITION OF A FIELD OF MAIZE......Page 226
THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF HETEROSIS......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 229
STAGE 2: COMMERCIAL PLANT BREEDING INVOLVING TRANSGENES......Page 230
CONCLUSION......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
Inbreeding and Selection......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 237
USES OF MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION......Page 239
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
PARENTAL PERFORMANCE......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
WIDE CROSSES......Page 244
BREEDING WITH DOUBLED HAPLOIDS IN SELF-POLLINATING CROPS......Page 245
BREEDING WITH DOUBLED HAPLOIDS IN CROSS-POLLINATING CROPS......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
ADAPTATION AND OPEN-POLLINATED VARIETY DEVELOPMENT......Page 248
ADAPTATION AND HYBRID DEVELOPMENT......Page 249
GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND ADAPTATION......Page 250
REFERENCES......Page 251
SELECTION WITHIN AN F2......Page 252
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL SELECTIONS ARE ANALOGOUS......Page 255
The Case of Composite Cross II Barley......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 257
WHAT IS GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION?......Page 259
IMPLICATIONS OF GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 260
EXPLOITATION OF GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
EXAMPLES......Page 263
CONCLUSION......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
BACKCROSS BREEDING METHOD......Page 266
MULTIPURPOSE MATING DESIGNS......Page 267
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 269
FARMERS AND GOAL SETTING......Page 270
PPB AND CONVENTIONAL BREEDING ARE COMPLEMENTARY STRATEGIES......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
Intrapopulation recurrent selection......Page 273
Interpopulation recurrent selection......Page 274
Realized Gains from Recurrent Selection......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
GENETIC BASIS OF BACKCROSSING......Page 278
BACKCROSSING OPEN-POLLINATED CULTIVARS......Page 279
EVALUATION OF NEW CULTIVAR......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
CAM PLASTICITY......Page 282
SIGNALING EVENTS IN CAM INDUCTION AND CIRCADIAN CONTROL......Page 283
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 284
REFERENCES......Page 285
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CALVIN CYCLE INTERMEDIATES......Page 286
RuBP IS THE MAJOR INTERMEDIATE UNIQUE TO THE CALVIN CYCLE......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 288
DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR OIL......Page 289
EMISSION REDUCTIONS USING VEGETABLE MOTOR OIL......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
CAROTENOIDS IN PHOTOSYSTEM ASSEMBLY AND FUNCTION......Page 292
CAROTENOIDS IN PHOTOPROTECTION......Page 293
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULAR WATER......Page 297
Osmotic Stress: Perception and Defense......Page 298
CONCLUSIONS......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
The Germination Process......Page 301
PROCESSING PROBLEMS OF SPROUTING......Page 302
TESTING FOR SPROUT DAMAGE......Page 303
Prediction of Problems Due to Sprouting......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
HISTORY OF HERBICIDES......Page 306
HOW HERBICIDES KILL WEEDS......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHLOROPHYLLS......Page 309
REGULATION OF CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 311
CONCLUSION......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
GENOMIC COMPLEXITY OF ANCESTRAL CHLOROPLAST GENOMES......Page 314
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
C-BANDING......Page 318
N-BANDING......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 320
WHEAT ENGINEERING......Page 321
PRIMARY RECOMBINANT CHROMOSOMES......Page 322
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
TRITICEAE AS A MODEL FOR STUDYING CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS......Page 325
ORIGIN OF CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
Telomeres......Page 328
Centromeres......Page 329
Primary Rearrangements......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
OUTPUTS: RHYTHMIC PROCESSES IN PLANTS......Page 333
ENTRAINMENT (INPUT)......Page 334
THE OSCILLATOR: INTERLOCKED NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS......Page 335
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
DISEASE CYCLE......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 340
GOALS AND TOOLS OF CLASSIFICATION......Page 341
DIAGNOSTICS......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 343
IDENTIFICATION......Page 344
CONCLUSION......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
SOME ARGUMENTS AGAINST COEVOLUTION......Page 347
CONCLUSION......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 349
ANALOGUE CROPS......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 353
COMMERCIAL MICROPROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 355
High Product Cost......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
HOW DO PLANTS READ THE LIGHT ENVIRONMENT?......Page 358
HOW DO PLANTS USE SPECIFIC PHOTORECEPTORS TO FORAGE FOR LIGHT AND RESPOND TO SHADING?......Page 359
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
Recessive Resistance......Page 362
ENGINEERED RESISTANCE TO PLANT VIRUSES......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 366
MANDE CENTER......Page 368
ENSETE CENTER......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 370
THE PROCESS OF CROP DOMESTICATION......Page 371
CONCLUSION......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE......Page 374
IN SITU DOMESTICATION BY SELECTIVE TOLERANCE......Page 375
REFERENCES......Page 376
EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX......Page 378
LATE PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC AGRICULTURE......Page 381
PLANT HUSBANDRY......Page 382
REFERENCES......Page 383
NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PLANT UTILIZATION......Page 384
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
CROP PLANT IDENTIFICATION THROUGH PHYTOLITH STUDY......Page 387
Phytoliths and the Origins and Dispersals of Maize......Page 388
CONCLUSION......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390
STARCH GRAINS: THEIR PROPERTIES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION......Page 391
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECOVERY AND APPLICATIONS......Page 392
REFERENCES......Page 393
DIVERSITY OF CROPS DOMESTICATED......Page 394
MULTIPLE DOMESTICATIONS OF SOUTH AMERICAN CULTIGENS......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 398
HOW MUCH VARIATION OF THE WILD PROGENITOR IS POSSESSED BY THE CROP?......Page 399
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF PARALLEL VARIATION IN THE CROP AND ITS WILD FORM......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 401
FOUNDER CROPS AND NUCLEAR AREAS......Page 402
THE RISE AND SPREAD OF MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE......Page 403
MODE AND PLACE OF DOMESTICATION......Page 404
REFERENCES......Page 405
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACT......Page 406
THE IMPACT OF SOWING AND REAPING......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
Bottlenecks......Page 409
Population Management......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 411
Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration, and Water Use......Page 412
Seed Yield and Quality......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
IMPORTANCE, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND PRODUCTION TRENDS......Page 415
Nutrient Management......Page 416
SOIL QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS......Page 418
REFERENCES......Page 419
PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT BALANCE......Page 421
DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
WHY ARE MAIZE-SOYBEAN ROTATIONS INCREASING?......Page 424
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH MAIZE-SOYBEAN ROTATIONS......Page 425
ARE MAIZE-SOYBEAN ROTATIONS SUSTAINABLE?......Page 426
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
THE FOUR PHASES OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION......Page 429
SHIFTING CULTIVATION SYSTEMS ILLUSTRATE SUSTAINABILITY......Page 430
REFERENCES......Page 431
WHEAT RESEARCH: THE CASE OF CROP PHYSIOLOGY......Page 433
CROP AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
EFFECT OF OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES......Page 436
INTERACTIVE AND INDIRECT EFFECTS......Page 437
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 439
RICE: THE MODEL GRASS SPECIES......Page 440
MORE DETAILED GENOMIC ANALYSIS WITHIN THE PANICOID SUBFAMILY......Page 441
REFERENCES......Page 443
PATHOGEN BIOLOGY AND THE INFECTION PROCESS......Page 445
CONCLUSION......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
GENETICS OF APOMIXIS......Page 449
REFERENCES......Page 451
Drought Escape......Page 452
Level of Organization......Page 453
CONCLUSION......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 455
Analysis of Physiological Traits in an Analytical Model Framework......Page 457
Gene-to-Phenotype Modeling......Page 458
CONCLUSION......Page 459
REFERENCES......Page 460
Caffeic Acid Derivatives......Page 461
CLINICAL STUDIES......Page 463
CONCLUSION......Page 464
REFERENCES......Page 465
THE PROBLEM(S) OF AGRICULTURE......Page 467
THE ‘‘MARRIAGE’’ OF ECOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE......Page 468
REFERENCES......Page 469
THE SEARCH OF GENERAL PATTERNS: COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY......Page 470
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY......Page 471
REFERENCES......Page 472
INSECT PESTS......Page 473
CONCLUSION......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
GRIME’S TRIANGLE......Page 476
CONCLUSION......Page 477
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 478
REFERENCES......Page 479
SOD......Page 480
CONCLUSIONS......Page 481
REFERENCES......Page 482
SYNCITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULARIZATION......Page 483
CELL FATE SPECIFICATION......Page 484
STORAGE PRODUCT ACCUMULATION......Page 485
REFERENCES......Page 486
PATTERNS OF USING CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS......Page 487
AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND THE USE OF CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS......Page 488
REFERENCES......Page 489
POLYPLOIDIZATION INDUCES PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY......Page 490
EPIALLELES ARE FORMED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS......Page 491
REFERENCES......Page 492
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RELATED GENOME SEGMENTS......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 496
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION......Page 498
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION......Page 499
CONCLUSION......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 501
DIVERSITY MEASUREMENTS......Page 502
CORE COLLECTION EVALUATIONS......Page 503
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 504
REFERENCES......Page 505
Field Genebanks......Page 506
Rubber......Page 507
REGENERATION......Page 508
REFERENCES......Page 509
FACTORS CONTROLLING TRACE GAS EXCHANGE......Page 510
PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROLS......Page 511
CONCLUSION......Page 512
REFERENCES......Page 513
CONCEPT AND PROPERTIES......Page 514
THE EXCITON IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS......Page 515
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 516
REFERENCES......Page 517
FARMERS AND FVs IN TRADITIONALLY-BASED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS......Page 518
FARMER CHOICE: GENETIC VARIATION CLASSIFICATION, GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION, AND RISK......Page 519
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 522
REFERENCES......Page 523
Megagametogenesis......Page 524
DEVELOPMENTAL GENES AND MECHANISMS......Page 525
CONCLUSION......Page 526
REFERENCES......Page 527
DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 528
REFERENCES......Page 531
THE Frankia-ACTINORHIZAL SYMBIOSIS......Page 533
VARIATIONS IN THE PROGRESSION OF THE SYMBIOSES......Page 534
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 535
REFERENCES......Page 536
MUTATIONS THAT AFFECT FLORAL INDUCTION......Page 537
INSIGHTS ABOUT THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF THE FLORAL STIMULUS......Page 538
REFERENCES......Page 540
BIOCHEMISTRY OF FLORAL SCENT......Page 541
PHYSIOLOGY OF FLORAL SCENT......Page 542
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF FLORAL SCENT......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 544
Chromosome Sorting......Page 545
Chromosome Sorting......Page 546
REFERENCES......Page 548
Types of Damage......Page 549
CONCLUSION......Page 550
REFERENCES......Page 551
SHIFT FROM VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH......Page 552
SPECIFICATION OF FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 555
Multicolor FISH......Page 556
FISH Using Total Genomic DNA......Page 557
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 558
REFERENCES......Page 559
FLUORESCENCE TRANSIENTS IN GREEN CELLS......Page 560
FLUORESCENCE SIGNATURE OF DEVELOPING THYLAKOID MEMBRANES......Page 562
REFERENCES......Page 563
ASSIGNING FUNCTIONS TO GENES: INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS AND GENE ACTION KNOCKOUTS......Page 564
REFERENCES......Page 566
Spore Germination and Hyphal Tip Growth......Page 568
Host Penetration......Page 569
Haustoria and Nutrient Acquisition......Page 570
REFERENCES......Page 571
WHY DO BREEDERS NEED TO UTILIZE GENE BANKS?......Page 572
NEW APPROACHES TO GENE BANK UTILIZATION IN PLANT BREEDING......Page 573
REFERENCES......Page 574
Glucose Sensing and Signaling......Page 576
INTERACTION OF SUGAR WITH HORMONE SIGNALS......Page 577
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 578
REFERENCES......Page 579
FACTORS AFFECTING GENE FLOW......Page 580
CONCLUSION......Page 582
REFERENCES......Page 583
RNA SILENCING TO CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION......Page 584
RNA SILENCING TO CONTROL INTRACELLULAR PARASITES......Page 585
REFERENCES......Page 587
GENETIC ALTERATIONS......Page 588
EPIGENETIC VARIATION......Page 589
CONCLUSION......Page 590
REFERENCES......Page 591
CENTERS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY......Page 592
CENTERS FOR PLANT PROTECTION......Page 593
CONCLUSIONS......Page 594
REFERENCES......Page 595
GENOMIC RESOURCES......Page 596
GENE BANKING OF GENOMIC RESOURCES......Page 598
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 599
REFERENCES......Page 600
ALTERNATIVE CLONAL PRESERVATION METHODS......Page 601
CONCLUSION......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs)......Page 604
Breeding Systems and Gene Flow......Page 605
REFERENCES......Page 606
Sources of Totipotent Target Cells......Page 607
Selection Systems for Transgenic Tissue Cultures and Plants......Page 608
Avoiding Transgene Expression Problems......Page 609
REFERENCES......Page 610
MUTATIONAL LOAD......Page 612
REFERENCES......Page 613
CONSERVATION OF NONORTHODOX SEEDS......Page 615
Developing improved conservation techniques......Page 616
REFERENCES......Page 617
Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes, Rubiaceae (Ipecac)......Page 618
Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf., Rutaceae (Jaborandi)......Page 619
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 620
REFERENCES......Page 621
BINDING ACCESS FRAMEWORKS......Page 622
BENEFIT SHARING AND BIOPROSPECTING......Page 623
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 624
REFERENCES......Page 625
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS......Page 626
REFERENCES......Page 627
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS......Page 629
REFERENCES......Page 631
GENOMIC VARIATION BETWEEN POPULATIONS......Page 633
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 634
REFERENCES......Page 635
PLANT DNA C-VALUE REFERENCE SOURCES......Page 636
GENOME SIZE EVOLUTION—MECHANISMS OF DNA GAIN AND LOSS......Page 637
NUCLEOTYPIC EFFECTS......Page 638
REFERENCES......Page 639
MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES IN PROTISTS......Page 640
CONCLUSIONS......Page 642
REFERENCES......Page 643
GENOME ANNOTATION......Page 644
CONCLUSION......Page 645
REFERENCES......Page 646
SEED DEVELOPMENT AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING......Page 647
Genomewide Mechanism of Paternal Imprinting in Arabidopsis......Page 648
CONCLUSION......Page 649
REFERENCES......Page 650
PLANT DEFENSE AND PATHOGEN ATTACK......Page 651
Transcriptomics......Page 652
Mutational Analysis (Reverse Genetics)......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
HISTORY OF PLANT COLLECTING......Page 656
PLANNING AN EXPEDITION......Page 657
CONDUCTING THE EXPEDITION......Page 658
REFERENCES......Page 659
UNINTENDED SELECTION WHILE REGENERATING UNADAPTED ACCESSIONS......Page 660
Changes in Allele Frequency......Page 661
REFERENCES......Page 662
INDUCED MUTATIONS IN ENHANCEMENT OF SEED AND VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS......Page 663
CONCLUSION......Page 665
REFERENCES......Page 666
Field Growouts of Seed Crops......Page 667
Storage of Germplasm......Page 668
REFERENCES......Page 669
INTERNATIONAL CENTERS......Page 670
REGIONAL CENTERS......Page 671
NATIONAL CENTERS......Page 672
REFERENCES......Page 675
Individual Reactions......Page 676
GLYCOLYSIS AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY......Page 678
REFERENCES......Page 679
WEED MANAGEMENT WITH HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS......Page 680
IMPACT OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS ON CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS......Page 681
REFERENCES......Page 682
MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR RESISTANCE......Page 684
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS......Page 685
REFERENCES......Page 686
INTRODUCTION......Page 687
CONCLUSION......Page 690
REFERENCES......Page 691
MEDICINAL HERBS......Page 692
SPICES......Page 694
ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 695
REFERENCES......Page 696
HETEROSIS AND RECURRENT SELECTION......Page 697
REFERENCES......Page 698
HUMAN CHOLINESTERASES......Page 700
HUMAN AChE PRODUCTION IN PLANTS......Page 701
REFERENCES......Page 702
Genes and Pathways of the Hypersensitive Response......Page 704
Programmed Cell Death Genes in the Hypersensitive Response......Page 705
REFERENCES......Page 706
ROLE OF NATIONAL PROGRAMS......Page 707
RESERVE DESIGN......Page 708
REFERENCES......Page 710
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY SECTORS......Page 712
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITIES......Page 713
CONCLUSIONS......Page 714
REFERENCES......Page 715
ANTIMITOTIC AGENTS......Page 716
Treatment of Sporophytic Tissues......Page 717
REFERENCES......Page 718
Phytohormones and In Vitro Flowering......Page 720
CONTRIBUTION OF IN VITRO STUDIES ON FLOWERING......Page 721
REFERENCES......Page 722
GENETIC COMPONENTS OF MORPHOGENESIS......Page 723
Genetic Aspects of Shoot Organogenesis......Page 724
Applications of Thin Cell Layer and Synthetic Seed Techniques......Page 725
REFERENCES......Page 726
COMPETENCE......Page 728
DETERMINATION......Page 729
REFERENCES......Page 730
In vitro placental pollination and fertilization......Page 731
STUDYING REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES AND POLLEN PHYSIOLOGY......Page 732
REFERENCES......Page 733
ENDOSPERM CULTURE......Page 734
PLANT REGENERATION......Page 735
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 736
REFERENCES......Page 737
FACTORS AFFECTING IN VITRO TUBERIZATION......Page 738
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR IN VITRO TUBERIZATION......Page 739
CONCLUSION......Page 740
REFERENCES......Page 741
CARBOHYDRATES......Page 742
LIPIDS, VITAMINS, AND MINERALS......Page 743
NUTRIENT POOR FOODS AND ENDOSYMBIONTS......Page 744
REFERENCES......Page 745
THE IMPACT OF OTHER ORGANISMS ON INSECTS......Page 746
REFERENCES......Page 748
METAMORPHOSIS......Page 750
DEVELOPMENTAL RATES......Page 751
REFERENCES......Page 752
DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION......Page 753
DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS......Page 754
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 755
REFERENCES......Page 756
FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES OF RESISTANCE......Page 757
DNA RESISTANCE MARKERS......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 759
INTERACTIONS OF BENEFIT TO PLANTS......Page 761
FACTORS AFFECTING INSECT-PLANT INTERACTIONS......Page 762
REFERENCES......Page 763
LATENT PERIOD......Page 764
Persistent Transmission of Viruses and Other Pathogens......Page 765
Vectors and Fungi......Page 766
CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY VECTOR-BORNE PATHOGENS......Page 767
REFERENCES......Page 768
THE ECOLOGICAL BASES OF IPM......Page 769
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR IPM IMPLEMENTATION......Page 770
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 771
REFERENCES......Page 772
Copyrights......Page 773
Patenting Life......Page 774
REFERENCES......Page 775
THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 776
Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing......Page 777
Prior Informed Consent......Page 778
The Multilateral System for Access and Benefit Sharing......Page 779
REFERENCES......Page 780
CHROMOSOMES OCCUPY NUCLEAR TERRITORIES......Page 781
CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION......Page 782
REFERENCES......Page 784
Nuclear Instability......Page 785
Hybrid Breakdown and Reversion to Parental Types......Page 786
Presence of Deleterious Genes and Linkage Drag......Page 787
Map-Based Cloning of Gene(s) Controlling Chromosome Pairing......Page 788
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 789
REFERENCES......Page 790
BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOPRENOID PRECURSORS......Page 791
THE ISOPRENOID CONNECTION TO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY......Page 793
REFERENCES......Page 794
Biodegradation of Biomass of Bt Plants......Page 795
Release of Cry Proteins in Root Exudates......Page 796
Uptake by Plants of Cry Proteins from Soil......Page 797
CONCLUSION......Page 798
REFERENCES......Page 799
THE DISEASE CYCLE......Page 801
POPULATION DISPLACEMENT AND REEMERGENCE OF LATE BLIGHT......Page 802
LATE BLIGHT CONTROL......Page 803
REFERENCES......Page 805
FACTORS INFLUENCING LEAF CUTICLES......Page 806
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LEAF CUTICLES AND THE LEAF MICROFLORA......Page 807
REFERENCES......Page 808
STRUCTURE OF THE LEAF......Page 809
LEAF MORPHOLOGY......Page 810
ADDITIONAL MODES OF STRESS PROTECTION AND SPECIALIZATION......Page 811
REFERENCES......Page 812
Extrafloral Nectaries......Page 813
Food......Page 814
CONCLUSION......Page 815
REFERENCES......Page 816
SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION......Page 817
REFERENCES......Page 818
LEAF STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 819
CONCLUSION......Page 820
REFERENCES......Page 821
NUTRACEUTICALS......Page 822
PHARMACEUTICALS......Page 823
REFERENCES......Page 825
MARKET POTENTIAL......Page 827
CONCLUSION......Page 828
REFERENCES......Page 829
STRUCTURE/FUNCTION......Page 830
REFERENCES......Page 832
PLASTIDS PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS......Page 833
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 835
REFERENCES......Page 836
Results......Page 837
CONCLUSION......Page 839
REFERENCES......Page 840
VARIANCE IN LINE MEANS UNDER PURE DRIFT......Page 841
COMPUTING U, THE PROBABILITY OF FIXATION UNDER DRIFT AND SELECTION......Page 842
REFERENCES......Page 843
Microgametogenesis......Page 844
HAPLOID GENE EXPRESSION......Page 846
GENETIC APPROACHES: MUTANTS AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 847
REFERENCES......Page 849
EXAMPLES OF PLANT-EXPRESSED CYTOKINES......Page 850
ADVANTAGES OF PLANT EXPRESSION SYSTEMS......Page 851
REFERENCES......Page 852
Biological Control of Fire Blight of Pear and Apple......Page 854
Biological Control of Bacterial Spot and Bacterial Speck of Tomato: A Model System......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 856
ANTIBIOTICS AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS......Page 857
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL DISEASES......Page 858
REFERENCES......Page 859
APPROACHES TO PREVENT INTRODUCTION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA......Page 860
CREATION OF REGULATIONS......Page 861
REFERENCES......Page 865
Strategies for Managing Seed Crop Diseases......Page 866
REFERENCES......Page 868
CULTURAL PRACTICES......Page 869
Chemical Control of Oomycetes......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 871
COMPLEXITY OF TURFGRASS CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 872
INTEGRATED TURFGRASS DISEASE MANAGEMENT......Page 873
REFERENCES......Page 874
APPROACHES IN MANAGEMENT......Page 875
REFERENCES......Page 877
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 0
EFFECTIVE SCOUTING AND IDENTIFICATION......Page 878
HOST TOLERANCE......Page 879
CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 880
CONCLUSION......Page 881
REFERENCES......Page 882
MARIGOLD FLOWER POLYSACCHARIDE......Page 883
REFERENCES......Page 884
MASS SPECTROMETRY IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEINS......Page 885
MASS SPECTROMETRY IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN INTERACTIONS......Page 886
REFERENCES......Page 887
Penetration Structures......Page 888
INFECTIOUS GROWTH......Page 889
REFERENCES......Page 890
DISPERSAL AND RECOGNITION: SPORANGIA AND ZOOSPORES......Page 891
HOST COLONIZATION AND HAUSTORIUM FORMATION......Page 893
REFERENCES......Page 894
SPORE ATTACHMENT, GERMINATION, AND INFECTION STRUCTURE FORMATION......Page 895
HAUSTORIA......Page 896
REFERENCES......Page 898
PLANT-DERIVED BIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND HUMAN PROTEINS......Page 899
Expression of Human Serum Albumin in Transgenic Chloroplasts......Page 900
Expression and Functionality of Human Interferon in Transgenic Chloroplasts......Page 901
Expression of Anti-Microbial Peptides (AMP) to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens......Page 902
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 903
REFERENCES......Page 904
TELOMERES CLUSTER ON THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AT THE BEGINNING OF MEIOTIC PROPHASE......Page 905
MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION......Page 906
REFERENCES......Page 907
ENGINEERING TO IMPROVE FIBER QUALITIES......Page 908
ENGINEERING TO INCREASE FOOD NUTRITION......Page 909
REFERENCES......Page 910
Engineering Source Tissues......Page 912
Engineering Starch Metabolism......Page 913
Engineering Lipid Biosynthesis......Page 914
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 916
REFERENCES......Page 917
Alkaloids, Glucosinolates, and Cyanogenic Glucosides......Page 918
REFERENCES......Page 921
PRODUCTION FACILITY......Page 922
REFERENCES......Page 923
FUNCTION OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN PLANTS......Page 924
LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT......Page 925
REFERENCES......Page 926
TCA CYCLE......Page 927
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN......Page 928
FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION......Page 929
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 930
REFERENCES......Page 931
GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DURING G2-M PROGRESSION......Page 932
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SISTER CHROMATID COHESION AND CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION......Page 934
MODES OF MICROTUBULE FUNCTIONS......Page 935
METAPHASE-TO-ANAPHASE TRANSITION AND CYTOKINESIS......Page 936
REFERENCES......Page 937
CENTROMERES......Page 938
TELOMERES......Page 939
Constitutive Heterochromatin......Page 940
REFERENCES......Page 941
Herbicide-Resistant Crops......Page 943
Tools to Study Genetic Diversity......Page 944
REFERENCES......Page 945
HOW THE ANCESTORS OF PLANTS LEARNED TO CAPTURE ENERGY THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 946
EVOLUTION OF THE PLANT NUCLEAR GENOME......Page 947
Studies of Molecular Diversity......Page 948
REFERENCES......Page 949
Transgenic Plants......Page 951
Plant Cell Suspension Cultures......Page 952
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 953
REFERENCES......Page 954
CYTOGENETIC MAPPING USING FISH......Page 955
CONCLUSION......Page 956
REFERENCES......Page 957
APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS TO UTILIZATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES......Page 958
REFERENCES......Page 959
Slipped-Strand Mispairing......Page 961
GENE DUPLICATION......Page 962
REFERENCES......Page 963
POLLINATION......Page 964
PROTECTION......Page 965
DISPERSAL......Page 966
REFERENCES......Page 967
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS......Page 968
REFERENCES......Page 969
ECTOMYCORRHIZA......Page 971
CONCLUSION......Page 972
REFERENCES......Page 973
Ochratoxins......Page 974
Zearalenone......Page 975
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 977
REFERENCES......Page 978
NATURAL RUBBER/LATEX......Page 979
CONCLUSION......Page 980
REFERENCES......Page 981
DISCUSSION......Page 982
REFERENCES......Page 984
NEMATODE FEEDING STRATEGIES......Page 985
REFERENCES......Page 988
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS......Page 989
EXTRACTIONS AND BIOASSAYS......Page 990
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN NEMATODE ASSESSMENT......Page 991
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 992
REFERENCES......Page 993
PARASITISM GENES......Page 994
REFERENCES......Page 997
NEMATODE HOST STATUS......Page 998
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND NEMATODE MANAGEMENT......Page 999
REFERENCES......Page 1000
Ectoparasites and Semi-Endoparasites......Page 1001
Sedentary Endoparasites and Semi-Endoparasites......Page 1003
MANAGEMENT: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS......Page 1004
REFERENCES......Page 1005
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 1006
AVAILABILITY OF RESISTANCE......Page 1007
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1008
REFERENCES......Page 1009
BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF PLANT AND SOIL NEMATODES......Page 1010
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY OF PLANT AND SOIL NEMATODES......Page 1011
SUCCESS OF NEMATODE ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES......Page 1012
REFERENCES......Page 1013
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CHAINS......Page 1014
FIBER CROPS......Page 1015
CARBOHYDRATE CROPS (CEREALS AND TUBERS)......Page 1016
APPENDIX......Page 1017
REFERENCES......Page 1018
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PLANT METABOLITES......Page 1019
EVOLUTION OF NEW ENZYMES AND PATHWAYS......Page 1020
REFERENCES......Page 1022
BIOMASS AND NITROGEN......Page 1023
CONCLUSION......Page 1024
REFERENCES......Page 1025
CURRENT NONCHEMICAL METHODS......Page 1026
NEW DIRECTIONS......Page 1027
REFERENCES......Page 1028
Reduced Seed Size......Page 1029
Marsh Spot......Page 1030
Chemical Injuries......Page 1031
REFERENCES......Page 1032
WORLDWIDE USE OF NON-WOOD PLANT FIBERS FOR PAPERMAKING PULP......Page 1033
CONCLUSION......Page 1035
REFERENCES......Page 1036
Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis......Page 1037
Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides......Page 1038
Pyrimidine Catabolism......Page 1040
REFERENCES......Page 1042
MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH......Page 1043
INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION......Page 1044
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1045
REFERENCES......Page 1046
OOMYCETES AS PLANT PATHOGENS......Page 1047
PLANT RESISTANCE TO OOMYCETE PATHOGENS......Page 1048
REFERENCES......Page 1049
ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES......Page 1050
ORGANIC CERTIFICATION......Page 1051
REFERENCES......Page 1053
BENEFITS OF OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT......Page 1054
MEASUREMENT OF OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT......Page 1055
REFERENCES......Page 1056
REACTIONS OF OXYGEN RADICALS: DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR......Page 1058
SUMMARY......Page 1059
REFERENCES......Page 1060
LIGHT-DRIVEN ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS......Page 1061
REFERENCES......Page 1063
Sugarcane Bagasse......Page 1065
Kenaf and Other Stem Fiber Sources......Page 1066
REFERENCES......Page 1067
Mistletoes......Page 1068
Broomrapes and Witchweeds......Page 1069
CONTROL OF PARASITIC WEEDS......Page 1070
REFERENCES......Page 1071
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TRANSGENIC PLANTS......Page 1072
CHLOROPLAST GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION......Page 1073
BIOPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION......Page 1074
EXTRACTION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEINS......Page 1075
REFERENCES......Page 1077
SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION......Page 1079
REFERENCES......Page 1080
Flavonoids......Page 1082
Coumarins, Stilbenes, and Related Compounds......Page 1083
The Molecular Biology of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis......Page 1084
REFERENCES......Page 1085
Significance......Page 1086
Development......Page 1087
Root Exudation of Organic Acids and Acid Phosphatase......Page 1088
Phosphorus Uptake......Page 1089
REFERENCES......Page 1090
THE PHOTOTHERMAL MECHANISM AND SPECTROSCOPY—ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 1091
Photobaric Mechanism—PA Signals Due to Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution......Page 1092
Photobaric PA Signals Due to Gas Uptake......Page 1093
CONCLUSION......Page 1094
REFERENCES......Page 1095
THE TIMING MECHANISM......Page 1096
PERCEPTION OF LIGHT SIGNALS......Page 1097
REFERENCES......Page 1098
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYTOCHROME PHOTORECEPTOR MUTANTS......Page 1100
PHYTOCHROMES ARE COMPLEX LIGHT-REGULATED CHROMOPROTEINS......Page 1101
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1102
REFERENCES......Page 1103
CRYPTOCHROME GENES AND PROTEINS......Page 1104
CRYPTOCHROMES MEDIATE VARIOUS PHOTOMORPHOGENETIC RESPONSES......Page 1105
REFERENCES......Page 1106
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOT2 MUTANTS......Page 1108
PHOTOTROPIN PROTEINS ARE FLAVIN-BINDING LIGHT-ACTIVATED SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN KINASES......Page 1109
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1110
REFERENCES......Page 1111
UV-A RECEPTION......Page 1112
UV-B RECEPTORS......Page 1113
ARTICLE OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1114
REFERENCES......Page 1115
STARCH SYNTHESIS OCCURS IN PLASTIDS......Page 1116
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF SUCROSE AND STARCH SYNTHESIS INVOLVES TWO CELL COMPARTMENTS......Page 1117
APOPLASTIC OR SYMPLASTIC PHLOEM LOADING IN LEAVES DEPENDS ON THE SPECIES......Page 1118
REFERENCES......Page 1119
PERSISTENT AND FLEXIBLE FORMS OF PHOTOPROTECTION......Page 1120
Freezing Temperatures......Page 1121
Low Water Availability and Salinity......Page 1122
Low Nitrogen Availability......Page 1123
REFERENCES......Page 1124
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN LAND PLANTS......Page 1125
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism......Page 1126
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1127
REFERENCES......Page 1128
PSI......Page 1129
REFERENCES......Page 1132
NONCYCLIC OR LINEAR ELECTRON TRANSFER......Page 1133
CONCLUSION......Page 1135
REFERENCES......Page 1136
Culture-Based Methods......Page 1137
Culture-Independent Methods......Page 1139
REFERENCES......Page 1140
FURTHER READING......Page 1141
Yield Components......Page 1142
Defining What Stages Are Critical......Page 1143
A Modified Model Recognizing a Critical Phase......Page 1144
REFERENCES......Page 1145
Thorax......Page 1146
Maintenance Systems......Page 1147
Coordinating Systems......Page 1148
Food Acquisition and Utilization......Page 1149
REFERENCES......Page 1150
Nonprotein amino acids (NPAA)......Page 1151
Cyanogenic glycosides......Page 1152
Terpenoids......Page 1153
CONCLUSION......Page 1154
REFERENCES......Page 1155
De-etiolation......Page 1156
Shade-Avoidance......Page 1157
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1158
REFERENCES......Page 1159
Phytoextraction......Page 1160
Rhizofiltration......Page 1161
REFERENCES......Page 1162
TRANSGENIC PHYTOREMEDIATION APPROACHES......Page 1164
THE PHYTOREMEDIATION GENOME/PROTEOME......Page 1165
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1166
REFERENCES......Page 1167
DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMPORTANCE TO VITICULTURE......Page 1168
CONCLUSION......Page 1169
REFERENCES......Page 1170
LARGE-SCALE CULTIVATIONS......Page 1171
THE PRODUCTION OF FOREIGN PROTEINS FROM GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANT CELLS......Page 1172
REFERENCES......Page 1173
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES......Page 1174
REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE......Page 1175
Stage III: Preparation for External Environment......Page 1176
CONCLUSION......Page 1177
REFERENCES......Page 1178
INDUCED DEFENSES......Page 1179
Activation of Wound Responses......Page 1180
Activation of Pathogen-Response Pathways......Page 1181
CONCLUSION......Page 1182
REFERENCES......Page 1183
ADAPTATIONS......Page 1184
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL DEFENSES ON INSECT NATURAL ENEMIES......Page 1185
REFERENCES......Page 1186
Horizontally Transmitted Endophytes......Page 1187
CONCLUSION......Page 1188
REFERENCES......Page 1189
Rapid Cell Death......Page 1190
Generalized Wilt......Page 1193
SYMPTOMLESS DISEASES......Page 1194
CONCLUSION......Page 1197
REFERENCES......Page 1198
SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH PHYTOPLASMA INFECTION......Page 1199
MANAGEMENT OF PHYTOPLASMA DISEASES......Page 1200
REFERENCES......Page 1201
SATELLITES AND DISEASES CAUSED BY SATELLITES......Page 1202
CONCLUSION......Page 1203
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1204
REFERENCES......Page 1205
BADNAVIRUSES: BACILLIFORM dsDNA VIRUSES CAUSING BANANA STREAK AND RICE TUNGRO DISEASES......Page 1206
GEMINIVIRUSES: THE FIRST SINGLE-STRANDED DNA VIRUSES SHOWN TO CAUSE DISEASES IN PLANTS......Page 1208
BANANA BUNCHY TOP DISEASE: AN ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT DISEASE CAUSED BY A NANOVIRUS......Page 1209
REFERENCES......Page 1210
EVOLUTION AS AN ‘‘ARMS RACE’’......Page 1211
PRESENT-DAY HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS: SOME EXAMPLES......Page 1212
CONCLUSION......Page 1213
REFERENCES......Page 1214
VACCINES......Page 1215
OTHER PROTEIN THERAPEUTICS......Page 1216
REFERENCES......Page 1217
BIOSYNTHESIS OF ENDOGENOUS ABA......Page 1219
REGULATION OF ABA BIOSYNTHESIS AND CATABOLISM GENES BY WATER STRESS......Page 1220
REFERENCES......Page 1221
Stem and Mesocotyl Parenchyma......Page 1222
LONG DISTANCE FLOW OF ABA CONJUGATES......Page 1223
REFERENCES......Page 1224
2A: Acid phosphatase......Page 1225
Adaptation #3: Induction of Alternative Pathways of Cytosolic Glycolysis......Page 1226
Adaptation #5: Induction of Alternative Pathways of Respiratory Electron Transport......Page 1228
REFERENCES......Page 1229
WHAT IS A DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOW?......Page 1230
CONCLUSION......Page 1231
REFERENCES......Page 1232
WHAT CHANGES OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO NUTRITIONAL AND TEMPERATURE STRESS?......Page 1233
ARE THESE RAPID CHANGES ADAPTIVE?......Page 1234
REFERENCES......Page 1235
Changes in Concentration of Phytohormone and Other Molecules Under Stress......Page 1236
CONCLUSION......Page 1237
REFERENCES......Page 1238
Light-induced Protein Phosphorylation in Thylakoid Membranes......Page 1239
The Xanthophyll Cycle and Photoprotection of Chloroplasts......Page 1240
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II......Page 1241
REFERENCES......Page 1242
ABA and Osmotic Stress......Page 1244
PA ACTION AND SPECIFICITY......Page 1245
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1246
REFERENCES......Page 1247
ABA-INDEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION......Page 1248
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT-STRESS SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 1249
REFERENCES......Page 1250
Hsp70......Page 1251
Hsp100......Page 1252
Hsp60......Page 1253
REFERENCES......Page 1254
JA SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION......Page 1255
JA RESPONSES......Page 1256
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1257
REFERENCES......Page 1258
REGULATION OF SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS BY ABIOTIC STRESS......Page 1259
INTERACTIONS AND SIGNAL INTEGRATION......Page 1260
REFERENCES......Page 1261
WOUND AND DEFENSE RESPONSES OF INFECTED PLANTS......Page 1263
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE FEEDING CELLS IN RESPONSE TO SEDENTARY NEMATODES......Page 1264
NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC CHANGES IN FEEDING CELLS......Page 1265
GENES EXPRESSED IN FEEDING CELLS......Page 1266
REFERENCES......Page 1267
Gene Activation......Page 1268
UV-B Defense Mechanisms......Page 1269
REFERENCES......Page 1270
DIVERSITY, COMPOSITION, AND REPLICATION......Page 1272
CONTROLLING RNA VIRUS INFECTIONS OF PLANTS......Page 1273
REFERENCES......Page 1274
APPLICATION FOR PVP......Page 1275
Processing of Applications......Page 1276
REFERENCES......Page 1278
Gene Silencing......Page 1279
Synergism......Page 1280
REFERENCES......Page 1281
Species of Plant Viruses......Page 1282
REFERENCES......Page 1285
Class 2......Page 1286
Class 4......Page 1287
CONCLUSION......Page 1288
REFERENCES......Page 1289
VECTOR TRANSMISSION......Page 1290
CONCLUSION......Page 1291
REFERENCES......Page 1292
PATHWAYS......Page 1293
WHY STUDY VIRUS STRUCTURE?......Page 1294
REFERENCES......Page 1295
VIRUS DISSASSEMBLY......Page 1296
TRANSLATION- AND REPLICASE-MEDIATED DISASSEMBLY......Page 1297
REFERENCES......Page 1298
CLUSTER ROOTS: A SPECIAL CASE......Page 1299
ROOT HAIRS......Page 1300
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1301
REFERENCES......Page 1302
POLLEN-STIGMA INTERACTIONS IN SPECIES WITH DRY STIGMAS......Page 1303
REFERENCES......Page 1305
GENETIC TRANSMISSION......Page 1306
INCIDENCE......Page 1307
POLYPLOID CROPS......Page 1308
REFERENCES......Page 1309
GENETIC RANDOM DRIFT: THE ROLE OF CHANCE IN EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE......Page 1310
NATURAL SELECTION: THE ENGINE OF ADAPTIVE CHANGE......Page 1311
THE COALESCENT: LOOKING BACKWARD IN TIME......Page 1312
REFERENCES......Page 1313
THE FIVE EVOLUTIONARY FORCES......Page 1314
AN EXAMPLE OF GENETIC STRUCTURE......Page 1315
REFERENCES......Page 1316
N-Linked Glycosylation......Page 1317
Hydroxylation......Page 1318
REFERENCES......Page 1319
Functions of Potassium......Page 1321
Uptake and Cellular Compartmentation......Page 1322
Functions of Calcium......Page 1323
Sulfur Uptake and Transport......Page 1324
Functions of Sulfur......Page 1325
REFERENCES......Page 1326
Bulb, Corm, and Tuber Management......Page 1327
WILD PLANT MANAGEMENT FOR BASKETRY......Page 1328
VIEWING HUMAN-PLANT INTERACTIONS AS A CONTINUUM......Page 1330
REFERENCES......Page 1332
PAST WORK......Page 1333
PRODUCTION OF NOVEL PROTEIN......Page 1334
REFERENCES......Page 1335
GAMETOSOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION......Page 1336
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOMATIC HYBRID PLANTS......Page 1337
REFERENCES......Page 1338
Nutritional Requirements of Protoplasts: Culture Media......Page 1340
Physical Methods to Stimulate Protoplast Growth......Page 1341
REFERENCES......Page 1342
Major vs. Minor Genes......Page 1344
Clustered Distribution of QTLs......Page 1345
FROM MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION TO MOLECULAR EVOLUTION......Page 1347
REFERENCES......Page 1348
GENERAL QTL ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS AND STRATEGY......Page 1349
QTL Mapping Using Distributional Extremes......Page 1350
Software......Page 1351
REFERENCES......Page 1352
RADIATION HYBRID MAPPING......Page 1353
REFERENCES......Page 1355
MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION......Page 1357
MITOTIC RECOMBINATION......Page 1358
REFERENCES......Page 1359
Forest Remnants and Primary Forest Gardens......Page 1360
CONCLUSION......Page 1361
REFERENCES......Page 1362
Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca)......Page 1363
CONCLUSION......Page 1364
REFERENCES......Page 1365
STRUCTURE, ABUNDANCE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF RETROTRANSPOSONS......Page 1366
Gene Mutation......Page 1367
CONCLUSION......Page 1369
REFERENCES......Page 1370
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS......Page 1371
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS......Page 1372
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1373
REFERENCES......Page 1374
PROS AND CONS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 1375
MECHANISMS USED BY BCAs......Page 1376
REFERENCES......Page 1378
SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS (AND TOXIC ELEMENTS)......Page 1379
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1380
REFERENCES......Page 1381
ENZYMES IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 1382
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 1383
REFERENCES......Page 1384
ROOT COLONIZATION......Page 1385
MINERALIZATION AND IMMOBILIZATION......Page 1386
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1387
REFERENCES......Page 1388
Diffusion of Solutes......Page 1389
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS......Page 1390
REFERENCES......Page 1391
PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND FACTORS OF NUTRIENT MOVEMENT......Page 1392
CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND FACTORS INVOLVED IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY......Page 1393
REFERENCES......Page 1395
MAPPING THE RICE GENOME CLONE-BY-COLNE......Page 1396
GENETIC AND REVERSE-GENETIC METHODS......Page 1397
REFERENCES......Page 1398
CAUSAL ORGANISM, DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, AND CONTROL METHODS......Page 1400
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE RICE BLAST FUNGUS......Page 1401
CONCLUSION......Page 1402
REFERENCES......Page 1403
THE BASIC RNA-MEDIATED SILENCING MACHINERY......Page 1404
TRIGGERS OF RNA-MEDIATED SILENCING......Page 1405
RNA-MEDIATED SILENCING AND CHROMATIN/DNA MODIFICATIONS......Page 1406
REFERENCES......Page 1407
Nutrient Acquisition by Rhizosphere Acidification......Page 1408
Response to Abiotic Stress and Signals from the Rhizosphere......Page 1409
CHANNEL PROTEINS......Page 1410
REFERENCES......Page 1411
DIVERSITY OF INSECTS THAT FEED ON PLANT ROOTS......Page 1412
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1413
REFERENCES......Page 1414
WHY DO PLANTS NEED ACTIVASE AND HOW DOES IT WORK?......Page 1415
CONCLUSION......Page 1416
REFERENCES......Page 1417
BENEFITS OF CHEMICAL SYNERGISMS......Page 1418
MEDICINAL USES AND ACTIVE PHYTOMEDICINAL CHEMICALS OF SEVERAL FREQUENTLY USED MEDICINAL PLANTS......Page 1419
REFERENCES......Page 1420
WEED SEEDS AND DEPTH OF BURIAL......Page 1421
CONCLUSION......Page 1422
REFERENCES......Page 1423
DETECTION OF SEEDBORNE PATHOGENS......Page 1424
CONTROL OF SEEDBORNE PATHOGENS......Page 1425
ARTICLES OF FUTHER INTEREST......Page 1426
REFERENCES......Page 1427
MEASURING DORMANCY......Page 1428
Seed-to-Seed Variation in Dormancy......Page 1429
PRIMARY DORMANCY......Page 1430
REFERENCES......Page 1431
IN SITU AND EX SITU CONSERVATION......Page 1432
SEED STORAGE REQUIREMENTS......Page 1433
SEED HEALTH......Page 1434
REFERENCES......Page 1435
SITE SELECTION AND CROP MANAGEMENT......Page 1436
CROP ROTATION AND PADDOCK HISTORY......Page 1437
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION......Page 1439
REFERENCES......Page 1440
TYPES OF SEED TESTS......Page 1441
REFERENCES......Page 1444
Aging......Page 1445
ASSESSMENT OF SEED VIGOR......Page 1446
REFERENCES......Page 1447
MECHANISMS OF PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION AND REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLES OF IMPORTANT DISEASES......Page 1448
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSMISSION OF SEEDBORNE PATHOGENS......Page 1451
CONCLUSION......Page 1452
REFERENCES......Page 1453
The Second Stage: White Campion......Page 1454
The Third Stage: Sorrel......Page 1455
CONCLUSION......Page 1456
REFERENCES......Page 1457
PHYTOCHROMES AND SHADE AVOIDANCE......Page 1458
SHADE AVOIDANCE IN AGRICULTURE......Page 1459
REFERENCES......Page 1460
SUSTAINABILITY AND THE CORPORATE-INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY......Page 1461
PUBLIC POLICY AND THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY......Page 1462
REFERENCES......Page 1463
ORIGINS OF THE GENETIC CHANGES......Page 1464
PROBLEM FOR MICROPROPAGATION AND GENETIC MODIFICATION OF CROPS......Page 1465
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1466
REFERENCES......Page 1467
SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND MUTATION INDUCTION......Page 1468
PROTOPLAST ISOLATION AND CULTURE......Page 1469
REFERENCES......Page 1470
Explant Type......Page 1471
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS......Page 1472
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1473
REFERENCES......Page 1474
Soy-Based Adhesives......Page 1475
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1476
REFERENCES......Page 1477
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS......Page 1478
GEOSTATISTICS......Page 1479
REFERENCES......Page 1480
CAUSES FOR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEEDS......Page 1481
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1482
REFERENCES......Page 1483
ANALYSIS OF STARCH BIOSYNTHESIS IN KERNELS OF MAIZE......Page 1484
REFERENCES......Page 1487
Germination......Page 1488
Haustorium Development......Page 1489
REFERENCES......Page 1490
FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCT TO THE PHLOEM STREAM......Page 1491
FROM THE PHLOEM TO HETEROTROPHIC CELLS......Page 1492
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1493
REFERENCES......Page 1494
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE......Page 1495
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS......Page 1496
REFERENCES......Page 1497
SUSTAINABLE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURE PRACTICES......Page 1499
CONCLUSION......Page 1501
REFERENCES......Page 1502
WATER......Page 1503
FOSSIL ENERGY......Page 1504
REFERENCES......Page 1505
Biotic Indicators......Page 1506
REFERENCES......Page 1508
SUSTAINABILITY AS A RESEARCH PROBLEM......Page 1510
SUSTAINABILITY AS A SOCIAL MOVEMENT......Page 1511
REFERENCES......Page 1512
POTENTIAL SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING SWEET SORGHUM FOR ETHANOL......Page 1513
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1514
REFERENCES......Page 1515
SWEETGRASS BASKETS......Page 1516
CONCLUSION......Page 1517
REFERENCES......Page 1518
ECOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTES OF SWITCHGRASS......Page 1519
DESIRABLE PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1520
EVALUATING SWITCHGRASS AS A BIOFUEL......Page 1522
REFERENCES......Page 1523
PRIMARY SIGNALS FROM LEGUMES TO RHIZOBIA......Page 1525
LEGUME ROOT RESPONSES TO RHIZOBIAL NOD FACTORS......Page 1526
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1528
REFERENCES......Page 1529
ROOT INFECTION AND NODULE ORGANOGENESIS......Page 1530
Energy Costs......Page 1531
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1532
REFERENCES......Page 1533
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTION......Page 1534
PHOSPHORUS......Page 1535
REFERENCES......Page 1536
MOLYBDENUM......Page 1538
NICKEL......Page 1539
REFERENCES......Page 1540
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS VECTORS......Page 1541
Viral Vector Design Construct......Page 1542
REFERENCES......Page 1543
Binary Vector System for Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation......Page 1545
In Planta Transformation......Page 1546
MICROINJECTION......Page 1547
REFERENCES......Page 1548
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF TRANSGENES......Page 1550
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES......Page 1551
REFERENCES......Page 1553
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING (PTGS)......Page 1554
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1555
REFERENCES......Page 1556
OPTIONS FOR USING MULTIPLE TOXINS......Page 1557
MAINTAINING REFUGES......Page 1558
REFERENCES......Page 1559
AGRONOMICAL USEFULNESS OF TRANSGENES......Page 1560
ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR TRANSGENIC CROPS......Page 1561
REFERENCES......Page 1562
REGULATORY STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR TESTING AND CULTIVATING GM CROPS......Page 1563
LABELING OF GM FOODS......Page 1564
REFERENCES......Page 1565
TRANSPOSONS ALTER PROTEIN CODING INFORMATION......Page 1566
TRANSPOSONS INCREASE GENE NUMBER......Page 1567
REFERENCES......Page 1568
TRICHOME ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 1570
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TRICHOME PRODUCTS......Page 1571
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1572
REFERENCES......Page 1573
RESPONSE OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS TO UV RADIATION......Page 1574
REFERENCES......Page 1576
WITHIN-CANOPY RADIATION ENVIRONMENT......Page 1577
Downward Penetration in the Canopy......Page 1578
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 1579
REFERENCES......Page 1580
PLANT EXPRESSION SYSTEMS......Page 1581
ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES......Page 1582
REFERENCES......Page 1583
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND VIRAL PATHOGENICITY......Page 1585
VIRUS-BASED TECHNOLOGY FOR DISCOVERY OF PLANT GENE FUNCTION......Page 1586
CONCLUSION......Page 1587
REFERENCES......Page 1588
NUCLEIC ACID–BASED TECHNIQUES......Page 1589
CONCLUSION......Page 1590
REFERENCES......Page 1591
VIGS VECTOR......Page 1592
VIGS AS A FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS TOOL......Page 1593
REFERENCES......Page 1594
CELL-TO-CELL MOVEMENT OF VIRUS......Page 1596
VASCULAR-DEPENDENT ACCUMULATION OF VIRUS......Page 1597
REFERENCES......Page 1598
ORIGIN OF PLANT VIRUSES......Page 1600
REFERENCES......Page 1601
WATER STATUS OF CROP PLANTS......Page 1603
MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL OF WATER TRANSPORT......Page 1604
CONCLUSION......Page 1605
REFERENCES......Page 1606
COMPARTMENTATION AND TISSUE SPECIALIZATION......Page 1607
MECHANISMS OF WATER MOVEMENT AND XYLEM FUNCTION......Page 1608
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1609
REFERENCES......Page 1610
Capturing and Extracting Subsoil Moisture......Page 1611
Carbon Isotope Discrimination......Page 1612
REFERENCES......Page 1613
IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR WAX BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 1615
PRODUCTION OF WAX ESTERS IN Brassica napus......Page 1616
REFERENCES......Page 1617
INTEGRATED WEED-CONTROL SYSTEMS......Page 1618
CONCLUSION......Page 1620
REFERENCES......Page 1621
Reducing Numbers of Weed Propagation Structures......Page 1622
In Crop......Page 1623
REFERENCES......Page 1625
Cultural Management......Page 1626
Chemical Controls......Page 1627
REFERENCES......Page 1628
WHEAT RUST LIFE CYCLE......Page 1629
WHEAT STEM RUST (P. GRAMINIS PERS.: PERS. F. SP. TRITICI ERIKSS. AND HENN.)......Page 1630
WHEAT STRIPE RUST (P. STRIIFORMIS F. SP. TRITICI WESTEND.)......Page 1631
REFERENCES......Page 1632
USING THE YEAST TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM TO DISSECT PLANT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS......Page 1633
REFERENCES......Page 1634