Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3e, Lasers and Masers

Cover
......Page 1
Absorption......Page 2
Perfect metals.......Page 3
Lorentz and Drude Models......Page 4
Nonlinear Absorption......Page 5
Laser-Driven Plasma Coupling and Decoupling......Page 6
Analysis of Laser–Plasma Interaction......Page 8
Surface Electromagnetic Waves......Page 9
Photoablation......Page 10
Laser Heating of Materials......Page 11
References......Page 0
Uniformly Illuminated Surface......Page 12
Uniformly Illuminated Circle of Radius A......Page 13
Gaussian Beam Illumination......Page 14
Non-Gaussian Beam Illumination......Page 15
Comparison of Results......Page 16
Some Numerical Examples......Page 17
Responses of Materials......Page 18
See also the Following Articles......Page 20
Glossary......Page 21
Laser History......Page 22
Excitation Mechanisms in Lasers (Energy Sources)......Page 23
Inversions in Solids......Page 24
Stable and Unstable Resonators......Page 25
Transverse Modes......Page 26
Linewidth in Laser Amplifiers......Page 27
Line Narrowing Due to Cavity Effects......Page 28
Visible Lasers......Page 29
Helium-Neon Laser......Page 30
Chemical Lasers......Page 31
Ruby Laser......Page 32
Free-Electron Lasers......Page 33
Brightness Properties......Page 34
See also the Following Articles......Page 35
Laser Fundamentals......Page 36
 The HF/DF Chemical Laser......Page 37
Hardware......Page 39
High-Power Devices......Page 42
Chemistry......Page 43
Hardware......Page 45
High-Power Devices......Page 47
All-Gas-Phase Chemically Pumped Iodine Laser......Page 48
Introduction To Color Center Lasers......Page 49
Physics of Laser-Active Color Centers......Page 50
F-Centers......Page 51
FA(II) Centers and FB(II) Centers......Page 52
F2+ Centers......Page 53
(F2+ )+ and ( F2+ )++ Centers......Page 55
The F2+: O2- Center......Page 56
Summary of Laser Performance......Page 57
Additive Coloration......Page 58
Optical Gain From Color Centers......Page 59
Color Center Laser Cavity......Page 60
Color Center Laser Operation......Page 61
Single-Mode Operation......Page 62
Mode-Locked Operation......Page 63
See also the Following Articles......Page 64
Glossary......Page 66
Dye Laser Types......Page 68
Historical Overview......Page 69
Conjugated Double Bonds as Chromophores......Page 72
Dye Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra Derived from Potential-Energy Curves......Page 74
Spectral Condensation, Gain Saturation, and Laser Output Power......Page 76
Short-Pulse Oscillators......Page 80
Excimer Laser-Pumped Dye Lasers and Oscillator/Amplifier Configurations......Page 83
Short-Pulse Dye Laser Tuning Spectrum......Page 84
Continuous-Wave, Single-Frequency Dye Lasers......Page 85
Spatial Hole Burning and Ring Cavities......Page 87
Tunable Filter Stacks for Single-Frequency Lasers......Page 89
The Narrowest Linewidths—Frequency Stabilization Servomechanisms......Page 91
Single-Frequency Dye Laser Output Tuning Spectrum......Page 95
Gains and Saturation Intensities for Common Dyes......Page 98
Ultrashort-Pulse (Mode-Locked) Dye Lasers......Page 100
Pulse Formation by Phase-Locking of Cavity Modes......Page 101
Pulse-Shaping by Saturable Gain and Absorption......Page 102
Pulse-Shape Dependence on Cavity Length in Synchronous Mode-Locking......Page 104
The Shortest Pulses—Colliding-Pulse Ring Lasers and Pulse Compression......Page 105
Specialized Dye Lasers......Page 106
Recent Developments......Page 107
Ultrashort-Pulse Lasers......Page 108
Solid-State Dye Lasers......Page 109
See also the Following Articles......Page 110
History......Page 111
Spectroscopic Features of Excimer Lasers......Page 112
Discharge-Pumped XeCl Lasers......Page 113
Excimer Laser Technology......Page 115
Electron-Beam Pumping......Page 116
Discharge Pumping......Page 118
Pumping Circuits......Page 119
Magnetic pulse compressor (MPC) circuit.......Page 120
Preionization Technology......Page 121
High-Repetition-Rate Operation......Page 122
Injection Locking......Page 123
Applications and Trends......Page 124
Molecular Fluorine Excimer Laser......Page 125
References......Page 126
Glossary......Page 127
Introduction......Page 129
General Principles......Page 131
Experiments and Applications......Page 139
Summary and Discussion......Page 146
See also the Following Articles......Page 148
Nuclear Device-Pumped Lasers......Page 149
Reactor Pumped Lasers......Page 150
Pumping Mechanisms......Page 151
Potential Advantages as Large Lasers......Page 152
Reactor Characteristics......Page 153
Laser Medium Aspects......Page 154
Technological Progress......Page 155
Radiation Effects on Optics......Page 156
References......Page 157
Glossary......Page 158
Fiber Laser Fundamentals......Page 159
Lasing wavelengths.......Page 160
Saturation power.......Page 161
Optical Fibers......Page 162
Nonlinear Properties of Optical Fiber Waveguides......Page 163
Fiber Splices and Connectors......Page 164
Grating Filters......Page 165
Nonlinear Mirrors and Switches......Page 166
Short Cavity CW Lasers......Page 167
Tuning Techniques for CW Fiber Lasers......Page 168
Upconversion Fiber Lasers......Page 169
Multiwavelength CW Lasers......Page 170
Mode Locked Fiber Lasers......Page 171
Passive Mode Locking......Page 172
Noise and Jitter in Mode Locked Fiber Lasers......Page 174
Pulse compression.......Page 175
Mode Locked Pulse Generation......Page 176
Superfluorescent Sources......Page 177
Optical Fiber Telecommunications......Page 178
Future Developments......Page 179
References......Page 180
Glossary......Page 181
Brief Historical Overview......Page 182
Semiconductor Basics......Page 183
Energy States and the Density of States......Page 184
Quantum Well Physics......Page 186
Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots......Page 188
Basic Principles......Page 189
Optical and Electronic Confinement: Transverse Confinement......Page 190
LPE......Page 191
Laser Structures......Page 193
Gain-Guided and Index-Guided Laser Structures: Lateral Confinement......Page 194
High-Power Semiconductor Lasers......Page 195
High-Modulation-Frequency Lasers......Page 196
Narrow-Linewidth Lasers......Page 198
Quantum Well Lasers......Page 199
Vertical Cavity Lasers......Page 201
Quantum Cascade Lasers......Page 202
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers......Page 203
Buried-facet amplifier design.......Page 205
Modelocked Semiconductor Laser......Page 206
Diode-Pumped Solid State Lasers......Page 208
Optical Communications......Page 209
Directions and Trends......Page 212
References......Page 213
Introduction......Page 214
Pumping Modes and Experimental Results......Page 216
Characteristics of Plasma X-Ray Lasers......Page 219
Alternative (to Plasmas) and Complimentary Approaches......Page 220
Applications......Page 222
Summary and Prognosis......Page 223
References......Page 224
Glossary......Page 225
Ions in Crystals and Glasses......Page 226
Host Materials......Page 227
Crystals......Page 228
Nd3+-Lasers......Page 229
Yb3+ -Lasers......Page 230
Transition Metal Ion Lasers......Page 231
Examples of Sensitized Laser Materials......Page 233
Practical Laser Materials......Page 234
Solid-State Laser Architectures......Page 235
Methods of Pumping......Page 236
Diode Pumping......Page 237
Pockels Cell......Page 238
Acousto-Optic Switch......Page 239
Free Running......Page 240
Cavity Dumping......Page 241
Mini-Lasers......Page 242
Material Working Lasers......Page 243
Laser Scaling......Page 244
Future Directions......Page 245
Acknowledgment......Page 246