Encyclopedia of Pain

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 3540439579 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Editors-in-Chief......Page 7
Field Editors......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 13
Abacterial Meningitis......Page 59
Abnormal Temporal Summation......Page 60
Accuracy and Reliability of Memory......Page 61
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels......Page 62
Action Potential in Different Nociceptor Populations......Page 65
Activation/Reassurance......Page 66
Activity......Page 68
Acupuncture Efficacy......Page 69
Acupuncture Mechanisms......Page 71
Acute Backache......Page 73
Acute Pain in Children, Post-Operative......Page 74
Acute Pain......Page 75
Acute Pain in Children, Procedural......Page 86
Acute Pain Management in Infants......Page 89
Acute Pain Mechanisms......Page 91
Acute Pain Service......Page 92
Acute Pain, Subacute Pain and Chronic Pain......Page 93
Acute Painful Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 94
ADD Protocol......Page 95
Adenoviral Vectors......Page 96
Adjuvant Analgesic......Page 97
Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Cancer-Rated Bone Pain......Page 98
Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain......Page 100
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 102
Affective-Motivational Dimension of Pain......Page 103
Age-Related Pain Diagnoses......Page 104
Algogenic Actions of Protons......Page 105
Allodynia......Page 106
Allodynia (Clinical, Experimental)......Page 107
Allodynia and Alloknesis......Page 110
Allodynia Test, Mechanical and Cold Allodynia......Page 113
Alloknesis and Allodynia......Page 115
Alpha(α) 2-Adrenergic Agonists in Pain Treatment......Page 116
Alpha(α) EEG Wave Intrusion......Page 119
AlternativeMedicine in Neuropathic Pain......Page 120
Alternative Therapies......Page 123
Amitriptyline......Page 124
Amygdala, Functional Imaging......Page 125
Amygdala, Pain Processing and Behavior in Animals......Page 130
Analgesia During Labor and Delivery......Page 133
Analgesic Guidelines for Infants and Children......Page 136
Analgesic Ladder......Page 141
Anesthesia Dolorosa Model, Autotomy......Page 142
Anger and Pain......Page 145
Angina Pectoris......Page 147
Angina Pectoris, Neurophysiology and Psychophysics......Page 148
Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 149
Animal Models and Experimental Tests to Study Nociception and Pain......Page 150
Animal Models of Inflammatory Myalgia......Page 155
Anterior Pulvinar Nucleus......Page 156
Antidepressant Analgesics in Pain Management......Page 157
Antidepressants in Neuropathic Pain......Page 162
Antidromic Microstimulation Mapping......Page 165
Antisense Oligonucleotide......Page 166
APS......Page 167
Arthralgias......Page 168
Arthritis Model, Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis......Page 169
Arthritis Model, Kaolin-Carrageenan Induced Arthritis (Knee)......Page 173
Arthritis Model, Osteoarthritis......Page 176
Articular Afferents, Morphology......Page 179
Articular Nociceptors......Page 182
Assessment......Page 186
Ascending Nociceptive Pathways......Page 187
Assessment of Pain Behaviors......Page 194
Association Study......Page 196
Attachment Trigger Point......Page 197
Attributable Effect and Number Needed to Treat......Page 198
Atypical Facial Pain, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Management......Page 200
Autacoids......Page 202
Autologous Thrombocyte Injection as a Model of Cutaneous Pain......Page 203
Autonomic Dysreflexia......Page 205
Avocado-Soybean-Unsaponifiables......Page 206
Axon Reflex......Page 207
Azathioprine......Page 208
Back Pain in theWorkplace......Page 209
Barotraumas......Page 211
Basilar-Type Migraine......Page 212
Behavioral Descriptions of Symptoms......Page 213
Behavioral Therapies to Reduce Disability......Page 214
Beta(β)-Endorphin......Page 216
Biofeedback......Page 217
Biofeedback in the Treatment of Pain......Page 218
Biopsychosocial Model......Page 221
Bisphosphonates......Page 222
Block Design......Page 223
Body Awareness......Page 224
Body Awareness Therapies......Page 225
Body Awareness Training......Page 227
Bone Pain......Page 228
Bone Scan......Page 229
Botulinum Toxin......Page 232
Brachial Plexus Avulsion......Page 234
Brachial Plexus Avulsion and Dorsal Root Entry Zone......Page 235
Brachialgia......Page 236
Brainstem......Page 237
Brainstem Subnucleus Reticularis Dorsalis Neuron......Page 238
Brodmann Areas......Page 240
BurningMouth Syndrome......Page 241
Burning Pain......Page 242
Burst Activity in Thalamus and Pain......Page 243
By the Ladder, by the Clock, by the Child and by the Mouth......Page 244
Calbindin......Page 245
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Migraine Headaches......Page 246
Calcium Channels in the Spinal Processing of Nociceptive Input......Page 249
Cancer Pain......Page 252
Cancer Pain, AnimalModels......Page 254
Cancer Pain and Pain in HIV / AIDS......Page 255
Cancer Pain, Assessment in Children......Page 263
Cancer Pain, Assessment in the Cognitively Impaired......Page 265
Cancer Pain, Assessment of Cultural Issues......Page 267
Cancer Pain, Epidemiology......Page 270
Cancer Pain, Evaluation of Relevant Comorbidities and Impact......Page 273
Cancer Pain, Goals of a Comprehensive Assessment......Page 275
Cancer Pain, Palliative Care in Children......Page 278
Cancer Pain Management......Page 282
Cancer Pain Management, Adjuvant Analgesics in Management of Pain Due To Bowel Obstruction......Page 283
Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions......Page 285
Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions, Neural Blockade......Page 288
Cancer Pain Management, Anesthesiologic Interventions, Spinal Cord Stimulation, and Neuraxial Infusion......Page 291
Cancer Pain Management, Cancer-Related Breakthrough Pain, Therapy......Page 293
Cancer Pain Management, Chemotherapy......Page 296
Cancer Pain Management, Gastrointestinal Dysfunction as Opioid Side Effects......Page 298
Cancer Pain Management, Interface between Cancer Pain Management and Palliative Care......Page 301
Cancer Pain Management, Neurosurgical Interventions......Page 305
Cancer Pain Management, Nonopioid Analgesics......Page 306
Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Cognitive Dysfunction......Page 309
Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Endocrine Changes and Sexual Dysfunction......Page 310
Cancer Pain Management, Opioid Side Effects, Uncommon Side Effects......Page 311
Cancer Pain Management, Orthopedic Surgery......Page 313
Cancer Pain Management, Overall Strategy......Page 315
Cancer Pain Management, Patient-Related Barriers......Page 318
Cancer Pain Management, Principles of Opioid Therapy, Dosing Guidelines......Page 321
Cancer Pain Management, Principles of Opioid Therapy, Drug Selection......Page 322
Cancer Pain Management, Radiotherapy......Page 326
Cancer Pain Management, Rehabilitative Therapies......Page 333
Cancer Pain Management, Treatment of Neuropathic Components......Page 339
Cancer Pain Management, Undertreatment and Clinician-Related Barriers......Page 343
Cancer Pain Model, Bone Cancer Pain Model......Page 345
Cannabinoid......Page 347
Capsaicin Receptor......Page 348
Carotid Arteries......Page 351
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 352
Catalogue......Page 354
Catastrophizing......Page 355
Causalgia......Page 357
Causalgia, Assessment......Page 358
CDH......Page 360
Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Central Pain......Page 361
Cellular AdhesionMolecules......Page 363
Central Changes after Peripheral Nerve Injury......Page 364
Central Nervous System Stimulation for Pain......Page 369
Central Neuropathic Pain......Page 372
Central Neuropathic Pain from Spinal Cord Injury......Page 376
Central Pain......Page 378
Central Pain and Cancer......Page 379
Central Pain, Diagnosis......Page 380
Central Pain, Human Studies of Physiology......Page 382
Central Pain in Multiple Sclerosis......Page 384
Central Pain, OutcomeMeasures in Clinical Trials......Page 387
Central Pain, Pharmacological Treatments......Page 390
Central Sulcus......Page 394
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 395
Cervical Discography......Page 396
Cervical Medial Branch Blocks......Page 399
Cervical Medial Branch Neurotomy......Page 402
Cervical Root Avulsion......Page 404
Cervical Transforaminal Injection of Steroids......Page 405
CGRP and Spinal Cord Nociception......Page 408
C-Heat Receptor......Page 410
Chemotactic Cytokines......Page 411
Cholecystokinin......Page 412
Chronic Back Pain and Spinal Instability......Page 413
Chronic Central Pain Models......Page 416
Chronic Daily Headache in Children......Page 417
Chronic Gynaecological Pain, Doctor-Patient Interaction......Page 421
Chronic Low Back Pain, Definitions and Diagnosis......Page 423
Chronic Pain in Children, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation......Page 426
Chronic Pain, Patient-Therapist Interaction......Page 429
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania......Page 431
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Endometriosis......Page 432
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Laparoscopic Pain Mapping......Page 436
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Musculoskeletal Syndromes......Page 438
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Adhesions......Page 441
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Physical and Sexual Abuse......Page 443
Chronic Pelvic Pain, Physical Therapy Approaches and Myofascial Abnormalities......Page 445
Chronic Relapsing Polyneuropathy......Page 448
Chronicity, Prevention......Page 449
Cingulate Cortex, Functional Imaging......Page 451
Cingulate Cortex, Nociceptive Processing, Behavioral Studies in Animals......Page 453
Classification......Page 455
Clinical Migraine With Aura......Page 456
Clitoral Pain......Page 458
Cluster Analysis......Page 461
Cognition......Page 462
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective of Pain......Page 463
Cognitive-Behavioral Transactional Model of Family Functioning......Page 466
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Pain......Page 467
Cognitive Schemata......Page 469
Cold Nociceptors......Page 470
Cold Pressor Test......Page 471
Combined Spinal Epidural (CSE) Technique......Page 472
Complete Freund’s Adjuvant......Page 473
Compensation, Disability, and Pain in theWorkplace......Page 474
Complex Chronic Pain in Children, Interdisciplinary Treatment......Page 489
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 492
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes, General Aspects......Page 494
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes, Clinical Aspects......Page 497
Conduction Velocity......Page 500
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis......Page 501
Connective Tissue Disease......Page 503
Consciousness and Pain......Page 504
Constitutive Gene......Page 506
Contingent Negative Variation......Page 507
Conventional TENS......Page 508
Coordination Exercises in the Treatment of Cervical Dizziness......Page 509
Coping......Page 511
Coping and Pain......Page 512
Cord Glial Activation......Page 514
Cordotomy Effects on Humans and Animal Models......Page 519
Cortical Plasticity......Page 522
Cortical and LimbicMechanisms Mediating Pain and Pain-Related Behavior......Page 523
Corticosteroid Injections......Page 535
Corticothalamic and Thalamocortical Interactions......Page 536
Cost Shifting......Page 539
COX Isozymes......Page 540
COX-1 and COX-2 in Pain......Page 541
COX-2 Inhibitor......Page 543
Coxibs and Novel Compounds, Chemistry......Page 544
Cranial Nerve Neuralgia......Page 548
Credibility, Assessment......Page 549
Creep......Page 551
CRPS, Evidence-Based Treatment......Page 552
CRPS-1 in Children......Page 556
CT Scanning......Page 559
Cuban Neuropathy Fabry’s Disease......Page 563
Cutaneous Field Stimulation......Page 564
Cutaneous Hyperalgesia......Page 567
Cyclooxygenases......Page 568
Cyclooxygenases in Biology and Disease......Page 569
Cytochrome Oxidase Staining......Page 573
Cytokine Modulation of Opioid Action......Page 574
Cytokines as Targets in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain......Page 576
Cytokines, Effects on Nociceptors......Page 578
Cytokines, Regulation in Inflammation......Page 581
Cytoskeleton......Page 584
Deafferentation......Page 585
Deep Brain Stimulation......Page 586
Degenerative Joint Disease......Page 589
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness......Page 590
Demographic......Page 592
Demyelination......Page 593
Dendritic Spines......Page 595
Dental Pain, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Management......Page 596
Dental Pulp......Page 598
Depression and Pain......Page 599
Dermatomal Level......Page 601
Descending Circuitry, Molecular Mechanisms of Activity-Dependent Plasticity......Page 602
Descending Circuitry, Opioids......Page 605
Descending Circuitry, Transmitters and Receptors......Page 609
Descending Circuits in the Forebrain, Imaging......Page 612
Descending Facilitation and Inhibition in Neuropathic Pain......Page 615
Descending Facilitatory Systems......Page 617
Descending Inhibition/Facilitation......Page 621
Descending Modulation and Persistent Pain......Page 622
Descending Modulation of Nociceptive Processing......Page 625
Descending Modulation of Nociceptive Transmission during Persistent Damage to Peripheral Tissues......Page 633
Descending Modulation of Visceral Pain......Page 634
Detection Threshold......Page 636
Diabetic Neuropathies......Page 637
Diabetic Neuropathy, Treatment......Page 641
Diabetic Polyneuropathy......Page 643
Diagnosis and Assessment of Clinical Characteristics of Central Pain......Page 644
Diagnosis of Pain, Epidural Blocks......Page 646
Diagnosis and General Pain Management......Page 647
Diagnosis of Pain, Neurological Examination......Page 652
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders......Page 653
Diaries......Page 656
Diathesis-Stress Model of Chronic Pain......Page 657
Diencephalic Mast Cells......Page 659
Diencephalic Nociceptive Neurons in the Human......Page 660
Dietary Variables in Neuropathic Pain......Page 661
Dimethylsulfoxide......Page 663
Disability and Impairment Definitions......Page 664
Disability Assessment, Psychological / Psychiatric Evaluation......Page 669
Disability, Effect of Physician Communication......Page 671
Disability Evaluation in the Social Security Administration......Page 673
Disability, Fear of Movement......Page 675
Disability, Functional Capacity Evaluations......Page 679
Disability in Fibromyalgia Patients......Page 681
Disability Management......Page 683
Disability Management in Managed Care System......Page 684
Disability Prevention......Page 686
Disability, Upper Extremity......Page 689
Discharge Frequency......Page 691
Discogenic Back Pain......Page 692
Disruption......Page 695
Disuse Syndrome......Page 696
Diurnal Variations of Pain in Humans......Page 697
Dizziness......Page 699
Dopamine......Page 700
Dorsal Horn......Page 701
Dorsal Root Ganglion......Page 702
Dorsal Root Ganglion Radiofrequency......Page 703
Dorsal Root Ganglionectomy and Dorsal Rhizotomy......Page 704
Dose Titration......Page 706
DREZ Procedures......Page 707
Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels......Page 709
Drugs and Procedures to Treat Neuropathic Pain......Page 710
Drugs with Mixed Action and Combinations, Emphasis on Tramadol......Page 717
Dry Needling......Page 720
Dural Puncture......Page 724
DynamicMechanical Hyperalgesia......Page 725
Dysesthesia, Assessment......Page 726
Dysfunctional Pain and the International Classification of Function......Page 728
Dyspareunia......Page 730
Dyspareunia and Vaginismus......Page 731
Dysthesia......Page 733
Dystonia......Page 734
Ectopia, Spontaneous......Page 735
Ectopic Nerve Impulses......Page 739
Effect Size......Page 740
Efficacy......Page 742
Electrodiagnosis and EMG......Page 743
Electron Microscopy......Page 746
EMG-Assisted Relaxation......Page 747
Encoding of Noxious Information in the Spinal Cord......Page 748
Encoding of Noxious Stimuli......Page 750
Endogenous Opioid Peptides......Page 754
Endomorphin 1 and Endomorphin 2......Page 755
Enterohepatic Recirculation (Biliary Recycling)......Page 756
Epidemiology......Page 757
Epidemiology of Chronic Pelvic Pain......Page 758
Epidemiology of Work Disability, Back Pain......Page 761
Epidural......Page 763
Epidural Infusions in Acute Pain......Page 764
Epidural Steroid Injections......Page 767
Epidural Steroid Injections for Chronic Back Pain......Page 769
Epigastric......Page 771
Equianalgesic Dose Ratios......Page 772
Ergonomic Counseling......Page 773
Ergonomics Essay......Page 776
ERK Regulation in Sensory Neurons during Inflammation......Page 778
Erythema......Page 781
Ethics of Pain Control in Infants and Children......Page 782
Ethics of Pain, Culture and Ethnicity......Page 784
Ethics of Pain, Human Dignity and the Ethical Management of Pain and Suffering......Page 786
Ethics of Pain in the Newborn Human......Page 788
Ethics of Pain-Related Disability Evaluations......Page 789
Evaluation of Permanent Impairment......Page 791
Evaluation of Pain in Humans......Page 792
Evoked Activity......Page 803
Evoked andMovement-Related Neuropathic Pain......Page 804
Evoked Pain......Page 806
Evolution of Pediatric Pain Treatment......Page 807
Exercise......Page 810
Exocytosis......Page 812
Exogenous Muscle Pain......Page 813
Experimental Allergic Encephalitis......Page 815
Experimental Pain in Children......Page 816
Exposure In Vivo......Page 819
Extralemniscal Myelotomy......Page 820
Eye Pain Receptors......Page 821
Facet Joint Pain......Page 823
Facet Joint Procedures for Chronic Back Pain......Page 826
Facial Pain......Page 828
Familial HemiplegicMigraine......Page 829
FCA-Induced Arthritis......Page 830
Fear and Pain......Page 831
Fear Avoidance Beliefs......Page 834
Fear Reduction through Exposure In Vivo......Page 835
Fee-for-Service......Page 837
Fibromyalgia......Page 838
Fibromyalgia, Mechanisms and Treatment......Page 839
Fifth Lobe......Page 842
First and Second Pain Assessment (First Pain, Pricking Pain, Pin-Prick Pain, Second Pain, Burning Pain)......Page 843
First Pain Assessment......Page 846
Flip-Flop Isoform of AMPA Receptors......Page 847
Forebrain......Page 848
Forebrain Modulation of the Periaqueductal Gray......Page 849
Formalin Test......Page 853
Free Magnitude Estimation......Page 857
Freezing Model of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia......Page 858
Fulcrum......Page 860
Functional Capacity Evaluation......Page 861
Functional Changes in Sensory Neurons Following Spinal Cord Injury in Central Pain......Page 862
Functional Imaging of Cutaneous Pain......Page 864
Funiculus......Page 868
GABA and Glycine in Spinal Nociceptive Processing......Page 869
GABA Mechanisms and Descending Inhibitory Mechanisms......Page 872
GABAB Receptors......Page 875
Gamma(γ)-Aminobutyric Acid......Page 876
Ganglionopathies......Page 877
Gender......Page 880
Gender and Pain......Page 881
Gene Transcription......Page 883
Genotypic Influences on Opioid Analgesia......Page 884
Glans Clitoris......Page 885
Glove Anesthesia......Page 886
Glutamate Homeostasis and Opioid Tolerance......Page 887
Glutamatergic......Page 890
Goals for Pain Treatment in the Elderly......Page 891
Gray Matter Density......Page 892
Guillain-Barré Syndrome......Page 893
Gynecological Pain and Sexual Functioning......Page 896
Gynecological Pain, Neural Mechanisms......Page 899
Hansen’s Disease......Page 905
Headache......Page 907
Headache, Acute Post-Traumatic......Page 910
Headache Attributed to a Substance or itsWithdrawal......Page 914
Headache Due to Arteritis......Page 917
Headache Due to Brain Metastases......Page 919
Headache Due to Dissection......Page 920
Headache Due to Hypertension......Page 923
Headache Due to Intracranial Bleeding......Page 925
Headache Due to Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure......Page 927
Headache Due to Sinus-Venous Thrombosis......Page 929
Headache Due to Somatoform Disorder......Page 932
Headache, Episodic Tension Type......Page 933
Headache in Aseptic Meningitis......Page 936
Heat Lesion......Page 939
Hemicrania Continua......Page 940
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy......Page 942
Hereditary Neuropathies......Page 943
Heritability of Inflammatory Nociception......Page 948
Heteromeric Channels......Page 951
High Threshold Neurons......Page 952
Hippocampus and Entorhinal Complex, Functional Imaging......Page 953
History of Analgesics......Page 957
Holistic Medicine......Page 962
Hostility......Page 963
Human Models of Inflammatory Pain......Page 964
Human Thalamic Nociceptive Neurons......Page 966
Human Thalamic Response to Experimental Pain (Neuroimaging)......Page 969
Hyaluronan......Page 972
Hydrodistention......Page 973
Hyperaesthesia, Assessment......Page 974
Hyperalgesia......Page 977
Hyperknesis......Page 981
Hyperpathia......Page 982
Hyperpathia, Assessment......Page 984
Hyperresponsiveness......Page 986
Hypervigilance and Attention to Pain......Page 987
Hypnic Alarm Clock Headache Syndrome......Page 989
Hypnic Headache......Page 990
Hypnotic Analgesia......Page 991
Hypoaesthesia......Page 995
Hypoalgesia, Assessment......Page 996
Hypochondriasis, Somatoform Disorders and Abnormal Illness Behaviour......Page 997
Hypoesthesia, Assessment......Page 999
Hypothalamus......Page 1001
Hypothalamus and Nociceptive Pathways......Page 1002
Hypoxia......Page 1006
Iatrogenic Causes of Neuropathy......Page 1007
Iatrogenic Neuropathy......Page 1009
IB4-Positive Neurons, Role in Inflammatory Pain......Page 1010
IDET......Page 1013
IL-4......Page 1014
Immune Cell Recruitment......Page 1015
Immunocytochemistry of Nociceptors......Page 1016
Impact of Familial Factors on Children’s Chronic Pain......Page 1019
Impairment, Pain-Related......Page 1022
Impairment Rating, Ambiguity......Page 1024
Impairment Rating, Ambiguity, IAIABC System......Page 1027
In Vivo CCK Release by Microdialysis......Page 1029
Incomplete Cross Tolerance......Page 1030
Independent Medical Examinations......Page 1031
Infant Pain Mechanisms......Page 1034
Inflammation......Page 1039
Inflammation, Modulation by Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors......Page 1040
Inflammation, Role of Peripheral Glutamate Receptors......Page 1042
Inflammatory Neuritis......Page 1045
Inflammatory Nociception, Genetic Factors......Page 1047
Inflammatory Nociceptor Sensitisation, Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes......Page 1048
Inflammatory Pain and NGF......Page 1051
Information and Psychoeducation in the Early Management of Persistent Pain......Page 1054
Innocuous Input/Stimulus......Page 1057
Insular Cortex, Neurophysiology and Functional Imaging of Nociceptive Processing......Page 1058
Insurance Incentives......Page 1060
Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation......Page 1061
Internal Neurolysis......Page 1064
Interpersonal Pain Behaviour......Page 1065
Interstitial Cystitis and Chronic Pelvic Pain......Page 1068
Intra-Articular Injections of Steroids......Page 1073
Intracranial Ablative Procedures......Page 1075
Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy......Page 1076
Intraoperative Awareness......Page 1080
Intravenous Infusions, Regional and Systemic......Page 1081
Inverse Agonist......Page 1083
Irritable Bowel Syndrome......Page 1084
ISI......Page 1085
Itch/Itch Fibers......Page 1086
IUPHAR......Page 1088
Jaw-Muscle Silent Periods (Exteroceptive Suppression)......Page 1089
Job Capacity Evaluation......Page 1091
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus......Page 1092
Kappa(κ) Opiate/Opioid Receptors......Page 1093
Kyphotic......Page 1094
Laminae IIouter and Lamina IIinner......Page 1095
Large Fiber Neuropathy......Page 1096
Laser......Page 1097
Laser Heat Stimulator......Page 1098
Lateral Pain System......Page 1099
Lateral Thalamic Lesions, Pain Behavior in Animals......Page 1100
Lateral Thalamic Nuclei......Page 1102
Lateral Thalamic Pain-Related Cells in Humans......Page 1103
LEP......Page 1105
Levator Ani Syndrome......Page 1106
Lignocaine......Page 1107
Load......Page 1108
Local Anaesthetics......Page 1109
Local-Circuit Cells......Page 1111
Long-Term Depression in the Spinal Cord......Page 1112
Long-Term Effects of Pain in Infants......Page 1113
Long-Term Potentiation......Page 1115
Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in the Spinal Cord......Page 1116
Low Back Pain, Epidemiology......Page 1119
Low Back Pain Patients, Imaging......Page 1121
Lower Back Pain, Acute......Page 1125
Lower Back Pain, Physical Examination......Page 1126
LTR Locus......Page 1128
Lumbar Discography......Page 1129
Lumbar Medial Branch Blocks......Page 1132
Lumbar Medial Branch Neurotomy......Page 1134
Lumbar Traction......Page 1137
Lumbar Transforaminal Injection of Steroids......Page 1139
Lysis of Adhesions......Page 1141
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1143
Magnetoencephalography in Assessment of Pain in Humans......Page 1148
Malignant Bone Pain......Page 1152
Malingering, Primary and Secondary Gain......Page 1153
Marital Status and Chronicity......Page 1155
Massage and Pain Relief Prospects......Page 1156
Massage, Basic Considerations......Page 1158
Mastery Experience......Page 1159
McGill Pain Questionnaire......Page 1160
Mechanical Hyperalgesia......Page 1162
Mechano-Insensitive C-Fibres, Biophysics......Page 1163
Mechano-Insensitive Nociceptor......Page 1165
Mechanonociceptors......Page 1166
Medial Pain System......Page 1169
Medical History......Page 1170
Meditation......Page 1173
Membrane Stabilizers......Page 1174
Mental Disorders, Diagnostics and Statistics......Page 1175
Meta-Analysis......Page 1176
Metabolic and Nutritional Neuropathies......Page 1177
Metabolism......Page 1181
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Processing......Page 1182
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Thalamus......Page 1185
Methotrexate......Page 1188
Microglia Activation......Page 1189
Microwaves......Page 1190
Midline Myelotomy......Page 1191
Migraine, Childhood Syndromes......Page 1194
Migraine Epidemiology......Page 1196
Migraine, Genetics......Page 1203
Migraine Optical......Page 1205
Migraine, Pathophysiology......Page 1206
Migraine, Preventive Therapy......Page 1216
Migraine With Aura......Page 1218
Migraine Without Aura......Page 1219
Minocycline......Page 1222
Modalities......Page 1223
Modeling, Social Learning in Pain......Page 1226
Modifying Factors......Page 1228
Molecular Contributions to the Mechanism of Central Pain......Page 1229
Monosynaptic......Page 1231
Morphine Tolerance......Page 1232
Morphology, Intraspinal Organization of Visceral Afferents......Page 1233
Motivational-Affective......Page 1236
Motivational Aspects of Pain......Page 1237
Motor Cortex, Effect on Pain-Related Behavior......Page 1239
Movement-Related Pain......Page 1242
Mucosa......Page 1243
Multiaxial Assessment of Pain......Page 1244
Multidimensional Scaling and Cluster Analysis Application for Assessment of Pain......Page 1246
Multidisciplinary Assessment......Page 1250
Multidisciplinary Pain Centers, Rehabilitation......Page 1251
Multidisciplinary Treatment Program......Page 1254
Multimodal Analgesia in Postoperative Pain......Page 1255
Multimodal Rehabilitation Treatment and Psychiatric Aspects of Multimodal Treatment for Pain......Page 1256
Multimodal Treatment......Page 1259
Muscle Cramp......Page 1260
Muscle Nociceptors, Neurochemistry......Page 1261
Muscle Pain, Fear-Avoidance Model......Page 1265
Muscle Pain, Fibromyalgia Syndrome (Primary, Secondary)......Page 1267
Muscle Pain in Systemic Inflammation (Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Giant Cell Arteritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis)......Page 1272
Muscle Pain Model, Inflammatory Agents-Induced......Page 1274
Muscle Pain Model, Ischemia-Induced and Hypertonic Saline-Induced......Page 1277
Muscle Pain, Referred Pain......Page 1280
Muscle Relaxants......Page 1284
Muscular Cramps......Page 1285
Musculoskeletal Examination......Page 1288
Myalgia......Page 1290
Musculoskeletal Pain......Page 1291
Myelopathy......Page 1302
Myofascial Pain......Page 1303
Myofascial Trigger Points......Page 1307
Myositis......Page 1312
Myotomal Pain......Page 1314
Narcolepsy......Page 1315
Negative or Punishing Responses......Page 1316
Nerve Compression......Page 1317
Nerve Growth Factor Overexpressing Mice as Models of Inflammatory Pain......Page 1318
Nerve Growth Factor, Sensitizing Action on Nociceptors......Page 1323
Nerve Lesion......Page 1325
Neuralgia, Assessment......Page 1326
Neuralgia, Diagnosis......Page 1329
Neuralgia of Cranial Nerve V......Page 1331
Neuroablation......Page 1332
Neurogenic Inflammation......Page 1333
Neurogenic Inflammation and Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 1334
Neurogenic Inflammation, Vascular Regulation......Page 1336
Neuroimmune Activation......Page 1338
NeuromaModel of Neuropathic Pain......Page 1339
Neuroma Pain......Page 1340
Neuron Restrictive Silencer Factor......Page 1342
Neuropathic Pain......Page 1343
Neuropathic Pain, Diagnosis, Pathology and Management......Page 1344
Neuropathic Pain, Joint and Muscle Origin......Page 1346
Neuropathic Pain Model, Anesthesia Dolorosa Model......Page 1347
Neuropathic PainModel, Chronic Constriction Injury......Page 1348
Neuropathic PainModel, Diabetic Neuropathy Model......Page 1350
Neuropathic PainModel, Neuritis/Inflammatory Neuropathy......Page 1352
Neuropathic PainModel, Partial Sciatic Nerve LigationModel......Page 1357
Neuropathic PainModel, Spared Nerve Injury......Page 1358
Neuropathic Pain Model, Spinal Nerve LigationModel......Page 1361
Neuropathic PainModel, Tail Nerve Transection Model......Page 1364
Neuropathic PainModels, CRPS-I Neuropathy Model......Page 1366
Neuropathic Syndrome......Page 1369
Neuropathic Pain of Central Origin......Page 1370
Neuropathy......Page 1377
Neuropeptide Release in Inflammation......Page 1378
Neuropeptide Release in the Skin......Page 1380
Neuropile......Page 1383
Neurotomy......Page 1384
Neurosurgical Treatment of Pain......Page 1385
Neurotrophin......Page 1389
Neutrophils in Inflammatory Pain......Page 1390
New Daily Persistent Headache......Page 1392
NGF, Regulation during Inflammation......Page 1394
NGF, Sensitization of Nociceptors......Page 1396
Nick Model of Cutaneous Pain and Hyperalgesia......Page 1400
Nitric Oxide Synthase......Page 1404
Nitrous Oxide Antinociception and Opioid Receptors......Page 1405
NMDA Receptors in Spinal Nociceptive Processing......Page 1407
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Antagonist......Page 1410
Nocebo......Page 1411
Nociception inMucosa of Sexual Organs......Page 1412
Nociception in Nose and Oral Mucosa......Page 1413
Nociceptive Circuitry in the Spinal Cord......Page 1416
Nociceptive Neurotransmission in the Thalamus......Page 1420
Nociceptive Processing in the Amygdala, Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology......Page 1423
Nociceptive Processing in the Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex, Neurophysiology and Pharmacology......Page 1427
Nociceptive Processing in the Brainstem......Page 1428
Nociceptive Processing in the Nucleus Accumbens, Neurophysiology and Behavioral Studies......Page 1432
Nociceptive Processing in the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex......Page 1434
Nociceptive Specific Neurons......Page 1437
Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal Cord......Page 1438
Nociceptor Desensitization......Page 1446
Nociceptive Processing in the Thalamus......Page 1447
Nociceptor Generator Potential......Page 1458
Nociceptor(s)......Page 1460
Nociceptor, Axonal Branching......Page 1461
Nociceptor, Categorization......Page 1465
Nociceptor, Fatigue......Page 1467
Nociceptors, Action Potentials and Post-Firing Excitability Changes......Page 1468
Nociceptors, Cold Thermotransduction......Page 1471
Nociceptors in the Dental Pulp......Page 1476
Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Meningeal/Cerebrovascular)......Page 1478
Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Skin/Mucosa)......Page 1480
Nociceptors in the Orofacial Region (Temporomandibular Joint and MasseterMuscle)......Page 1482
Nocifensive Behaviors Evoked by Myositis......Page 1485
Nocifensive Behaviors, Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 1486
Nocifensive Behaviors, Muscle and Joint......Page 1488
Nocifensive Behaviors of the Urinary Bladder......Page 1492
Nomogenic Symptoms and Signs......Page 1495
Nonopioid Analgesia......Page 1496
Non-Migraine Headaches......Page 1497
Non-Organic Symptoms and Signs......Page 1498
Non-Pharmacologic Pain Management......Page 1500
Non-TraditionalMedicine......Page 1501
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)......Page 1502
Noxious Stimulus Location......Page 1506
NSAID-Induced Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 1507
NSAIDs and Cancer......Page 1511
NSAIDs and Cardio-Vascular Effects......Page 1515
NSAIDs and their Indications......Page 1518
NSAIDs, Adverse Effects......Page 1521
NSAIDs, Chemical Structure andMolecular Mode of Action......Page 1523
NSAIDs, COX-Independent Actions......Page 1528
NSAIDs, Mode of Action......Page 1531
NSAIDs, Pharmacogenetics......Page 1534
NSAIDs, Pharmacokinetics......Page 1537
NSAIDs, Survey......Page 1545
Nucleus Gracilis......Page 1547
Numerical Rating Scale......Page 1548
Nutraceuticals......Page 1549
NVNP......Page 1551
Obstetric Pain......Page 1553
Obstetric and Gynecological Pain......Page 1554
Ocular Nociceptors......Page 1562
OFQ......Page 1565
Ongoing Pain......Page 1566
Operant Escape......Page 1567
Operant Perspective of Pain......Page 1568
Operant Treatment of Chronic Pain......Page 1570
Opiates During Development......Page 1574
Opiates - Pharmacology of Pain......Page 1575
Opiates, Rostral Ventromedial Medulla and Descending Control......Page 1583
Opioid Analgesia, Strain Differences......Page 1586
Opioid Dose Titration......Page 1589
Opioid Electrophysiology in PAG......Page 1590
Opioid Hypoalgesia......Page 1592
Opioid-Induced Release of CCK......Page 1593
Opioid Modulation of Nociceptive Afferents In Vivo......Page 1596
Opioid Peptide Co-Localization and Release......Page 1599
Opioid Peptides from the Amphibian Skin......Page 1601
Opioid Pseudo-Pharmacological Ceiling Dose......Page 1604
Opioid Receptor Localization......Page 1605
Opioid Receptor Trafficking in Pain States......Page 1608
Opioid Receptors......Page 1610
Opioid Receptors at Postsynaptic Sites......Page 1614
Opioid Responsiveness in Cancer Pain Management......Page 1617
Opioid Rotation......Page 1619
Opioid Rotation in Cancer Pain Management......Page 1622
Opioid Therapy in Cancer Pain Management, Route of Administration......Page 1624
Opioid Therapy in Cancer Patients with Substance Abuse Disorders, Management......Page 1630
Opioids and Bladder Pain/Function......Page 1631
Opioids and Gene Therapy......Page 1637
Opioids and Inflammatory Pain......Page 1640
Opioids and Muscle Pain......Page 1642
Opioids and Reflexes......Page 1644
Opioids, Clinical Opioid Tolerance......Page 1647
Opioids, Effects of Systemic Morphine on Evoked Pain......Page 1649
Opioids in Geriatric Application......Page 1652
Opioids in the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome......Page 1654
Opioids in the Periphery and Analgesia......Page 1656
Opioids in the Spinal Cord and Central Sensitization......Page 1660
Opioids in the Spinal Cord andModulation of Ascending Pathways (N. gracilis)......Page 1662
Opioids, Kappa Receptors and Visceral Pain......Page 1664
Oral Opioids......Page 1667
Orofacial Pain, Movement Disorders......Page 1669
Orofacial Pain......Page 1670
Orofacial Pain, Sleep Disturbance......Page 1676
Orofacial Pain, Taxonomy/Classification......Page 1680
Orphanin FQ......Page 1681
Oscillations (Neuronal)......Page 1683
Osteolysis......Page 1684
Oswestry Disability Index......Page 1685
Outcome Measures......Page 1688
Oxycodone......Page 1691
Oxycontin......Page 1692
p38MAP Kinase......Page 1693
PAG......Page 1694
Pain and Sedation of Children in the Emergency Setting......Page 1695
Pain as a Cause of Psychiatric Illness......Page 1699
Pain Assessment in Children......Page 1702
Pain Assessment in Neonates......Page 1706
Pain Assessment in the Elderly......Page 1710
Pain Behavior......Page 1712
Pain Control in Children with Burns......Page 1713
Pain Coping Skills......Page 1716
Pain Evaluation, Psychophysical Methods......Page 1717
Pain in Children with Disabilities......Page 1722
Pain in Children......Page 1723
Pain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome......Page 1730
Pain in Humans, EEG Documentation......Page 1734
Pain in Humans, Electrical Stimulation (Skin, Muscle and Viscera)......Page 1737
Pain in Humans, Psychophysical Law......Page 1739
Pain in Humans, Sensory-Discriminative Aspects......Page 1743
Pain in Humans, Sleep Disturbances......Page 1746
Pain in Humans, Thermal Stimulation (Skin, Muscle, Viscera), Laser, Peltier, Cold (Cold Pressure), Radiant, Contact......Page 1748
Pain in Humans, Thresholds......Page 1752
Pain in theWorkplace......Page 1753
Pain in Superficial Tissues......Page 1754
Pain in theWorkplace, Compensation and Disability Management......Page 1761
Pain in theWorkplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, Demographics......Page 1763
Pain in theWorkplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, Job Demands......Page 1766
Pain in theWorkplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, Psychosocial Factors......Page 1769
Pain in theWorkplace, Risk Factors for Chronicity, Workplace Factors......Page 1771
Pain Inventories......Page 1772
Pain Measurement by Questionnaires, Psychophysical Procedures and Multivariate Analysis......Page 1775
Pain Memory......Page 1781
Pain Modulatory Systems, History of Discovery......Page 1783
Pain Paroxysms......Page 1786
Pain Processing in the Cingulate Cortex, Behavioral Studies in Humans......Page 1790
Pain Prone Patients......Page 1792
Pain, Psychiatry and Ethics......Page 1794
Pain Schema......Page 1796
Pain Treatment, Implantable Pumps for Drug Delivery......Page 1797
Pain Treatment, Intracranial Ablative Procedures......Page 1799
Pain Treatment, Motor Cortex Stimulation......Page 1801
Pain Treatment, Spinal Cord Stimulation......Page 1802
Pain Treatment, Spinal Nerve Blocks......Page 1805
Painful Channelopathies......Page 1806
Painful Scars......Page 1809
Painless Neuropathies......Page 1811
Palliative Care in Children......Page 1814
Palliative Surgery in Cancer Pain Management......Page 1815
PAR......Page 1818
Parabrachial Hypothalamic and Amydaloid Projections......Page 1819
Parabrachial/PAG......Page 1824
Parafascicular Nucleus, Pain Modulation......Page 1825
Parallel Pain Processing......Page 1828
Parental Response......Page 1829
Paresthesia......Page 1830
Paroxysmal Hemicrania......Page 1831
Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation......Page 1833
Passive Spinal Mobilisation......Page 1834
Patch-Clamp......Page 1836
Patient Controlled Epidural Analgesia......Page 1837
Patient Education......Page 1838
PCEA......Page 1839
Pelvic Pain Syndrome......Page 1840
Peptides in Neuropathic Pain States......Page 1841
Percutaneous Cordotomy......Page 1843
Perineuronal Basket......Page 1845
Peripheral Nerve Blocks......Page 1846
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia......Page 1848
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain......Page 1849
Perireceptor Elements......Page 1859
Personal Characteristics......Page 1863
Personality and Pain......Page 1864
Personality Disorders and Pain......Page 1866
PET and fMRI Imaging in Parietal Cortex (SI, SII, Inferior Parietal Cortex BA40)......Page 1867
Petrissage......Page 1868
Phantom Limb Pain, Treatment......Page 1869
Pharmacological Interventions......Page 1872
Photosensitivity......Page 1873
Physical Conditioning Programs......Page 1874
Physical Dependence......Page 1876
Physical Exercise......Page 1877
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Team-Oriented Approach......Page 1879
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation......Page 1880
Physiological PainMeasure......Page 1885
Physiotherapy......Page 1886
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide......Page 1888
Placebo......Page 1889
Placebo Analgesia and Descending Opioid Modulation......Page 1891
Plain Radiography......Page 1894
Plexopathy......Page 1899
Plexus Injuries and Deafferentation Pain......Page 1900
Polymodal Nociceptors, Heat Transduction......Page 1902
Polymyalgia Rheumatica......Page 1905
Portacatheters......Page 1906
Postamputation Pain......Page 1907
Postherpetic Neuralgia, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Management......Page 1908
Postherpetic Neuralgia, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options......Page 1911
Postoperative Pain, Acute Neuropathic Pain......Page 1915
Postoperative Pain, Acute Pain Management Principles......Page 1918
Postoperative Pain, Acute Pain Team......Page 1920
Postoperative Pain, Acute Presentation of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome......Page 1921
Postoperative Pain, Acute-Recurrent Pain......Page 1924
Postoperative Pain, Adverse Events (Associated with Acute Pain Management)......Page 1925
Postoperative Pain, Anti-Convulsant Medications......Page 1927
Postoperative Pain, Anti-Depressants......Page 1928
Postoperative Pain, Appropriate Management......Page 1929
Postoperative Pain, Compartment Syndrome......Page 1931
Postoperative Pain, COX-2 Inhibitors......Page 1933
Postoperative Pain, Data Gathering and Auditing......Page 1937
Postoperative Pain, Epidural Infusions......Page 1940
Postoperative Pain, Fentanyl......Page 1942
Postoperative Pain, Gabapentin......Page 1944
Postoperative Pain, Hydromorphone......Page 1945
Postoperative Pain, Importance of Mobilisation......Page 1946
Postoperative Pain, Intrathecal Drug Administration......Page 1949
Postoperative Pain, Ketamine......Page 1951
Postoperative Pain, Lignocaine......Page 1953
Postoperative Pain, Local Anaesthetics......Page 1954
Postoperative Pain, Membrane Stabilising Agents......Page 1959
Postoperative Pain, Methadone......Page 1960
Postoperative Pain, Mexiletine......Page 1961
Postoperative Pain, Morphine......Page 1962
Postoperative Pain, Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs......Page 1964
Postoperative Pain, Opioids......Page 1966
Postoperative Pain, Oxycodone......Page 1970
Postoperative Pain, Paracetamol......Page 1971
Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Cardiovascular Function in Response to Acute Pain......Page 1973
Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Metabolism in Response to Acute Pain......Page 1975
Postoperative Pain, Pathophysiological Changes in Neuro-Endocrine Function in Response to Acute Pain......Page 1976
Postoperative Pain, Patient Controlled Analgesia Devices, Epidural......Page 1977
Postoperative Pain, Patient Controlled Analgesia Devices, Parenteral......Page 1978
Postoperative Pain, Persistent Acute Pain......Page 1981
Postoperative Pain, Postamputation Pain, Treatment and Prevention......Page 1983
Postoperative Pain, Pre-Emptive or Preventive Analgesia......Page 1986
Postoperative Pain, Preoperative Education......Page 1988
Postoperative Pain, Regional Blocks......Page 1990
Postoperative Pain, Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery......Page 1994
Postoperative Pain, Tramadol......Page 1996
Postoperative Pain, Transition from Parenteral to Oral Drugs......Page 1999
Postoperative Pain, Venous Thromboembolism......Page 2002
Postpartum Pain......Page 2004
Post-Seizure Headache......Page 2007
Post-Stroke PainModel, Cortical Pain (Injection of Picrotoxin)......Page 2008
Post-Stroke Pain Model, Thalamic Pain (Lesion)......Page 2009
Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons......Page 2011
Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Neurons, Responses to Visceral Input......Page 2012
Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection, Anatomical Organization......Page 2014
Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projection, Functional Characteristics......Page 2017
Posttraumatic Subdural Hemorrhage......Page 2019
Preamputation Pain......Page 2020
Pre-Emptive or Preventive Analgesia and Central Sensitisation in Postoperative Pain......Page 2021
Preferential Processing......Page 2022
Prefrontal Cortex, Effects on Pain-Related Behavior......Page 2023
Premenstrual Syndrome......Page 2025
Pre-Paid Care......Page 2028
Presynaptic Inhibition......Page 2029
Prevalence of Chronic Pain Disorders in Children......Page 2030
Pricking Pain......Page 2032
Primary Cough Headache......Page 2033
Primary Exertional Headache......Page 2036
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1), Effect on Pain-Related Behavior in Humans......Page 2038
Primary Stabbing Headache......Page 2040
PRM Specialist......Page 2041
Proinflammatory Cytokines......Page 2042
Prolotherapy......Page 2046
Propranolol......Page 2049
Prostaglandins, Spinal Effects......Page 2050
Protein Kinase C......Page 2053
Pruritic Stimulus......Page 2054
Psoriatic Arthritis......Page 2055
Psychiatric Aspects of Litigation and Pain......Page 2056
Psychiatric Aspects of Pain and Dentistry......Page 2061
Psychiatric Aspects of the Epidemiology of Pain......Page 2065
Psychiatric Aspects of the Management of Cancer Pain......Page 2070
Psychiatric Aspects of Visceral Pain......Page 2072
Psychogenic Pain Disorder......Page 2075
Psychiatry and Pain Management......Page 2076
Psychological Aspects of Pain inWomen......Page 2078
Psychological Assessment of Pain......Page 2081
Psychological Predictors of Chronicity......Page 2085
Psychological Strategies......Page 2087
Psychological Treatment in Acute Pain......Page 2088
Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain, Prediction of Outcome......Page 2090
Psychological Treatment of Headache......Page 2092
Psychological Treatment of Pain in Children......Page 2095
Psychological Treatment of Pain in Older Populations......Page 2097
Psychology of Pain, Assessment of Cognitive Variables......Page 2100
Psychology of Pain and Psychological Treatment......Page 2101
Psychology of Pain, Efficacy......Page 2109
Psychology of Pain, Self-Efficacy......Page 2112
Psychology of Pain, Sensitisation, Habituation and Pain......Page 2114
Psychophysiologic Model of Pain......Page 2116
Psychophysiological Assessment of Pain......Page 2117
Psychosocioeconomic Syndrome......Page 2120
Pudendal Neuralgia inWomen......Page 2121
Puerperium......Page 2124
Punishment......Page 2125
Purine Receptor Targets in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain......Page 2126
Pyeloplasty......Page 2128
Pyramidal Neuron......Page 2129
Quantitative Sensory Testing......Page 2131
Quantitative Thermal Sensory Testing of Inflamed Skin......Page 2135
Quotas......Page 2137
Radicular Pain, Diagnosis......Page 2139
Radiculopathies......Page 2141
Radiofrequency Denervation......Page 2144
Radiofrequency Neurotomy, Electrophysiological Principles......Page 2145
Radioisotope......Page 2148
Randall-Selitto Paw Pressure Test......Page 2149
Randomized Controlled Trial......Page 2151
Rating Impairment Due to Pain in aWorkers’ Compensation System......Page 2152
Ratio Scale......Page 2154
Receptive Field (RF)......Page 2155
Recognition......Page 2156
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children......Page 2157
ReferredMuscle Pain, Assessment......Page 2161
Referred Pain......Page 2164
Regional Heterogeneity......Page 2165
Relaxation......Page 2166
Relaxation in the Treatment of Pain......Page 2167
Relaxation Training......Page 2169
Reliability......Page 2170
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 2172
Respondent Conditioning......Page 2173
Respondent Conditioning of Chronic Pain......Page 2174
Response to Analgesics......Page 2176
Rest and Movement Pain......Page 2177
Restless Legs Syndrome......Page 2178
Reticular Formation......Page 2179
Retrograde Cellular Changes after Nerve Injury......Page 2180
Reversal Reaction......Page 2184
Risk Factors for Chronicity......Page 2185
Rostral Ventromedial Medulla......Page 2186
Rostral Ventromedial Medulla Cell Types......Page 2188
RSD......Page 2189
Rumination......Page 2190
Sacroiliac Joint Blocks......Page 2191
Sacroiliac Joint Injection......Page 2193
Sacroiliac Joint Pain......Page 2194
Sacroiliac Joint Radiofrequency Denervation......Page 2195
Satellite Cells and Inflammatory Pain......Page 2198
Schema......Page 2201
Sciatica......Page 2202
Second Order Neurons......Page 2204
Secondary Losses......Page 2205
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2) and Insula, Effect on Pain Related Behavior in Animals and Humans......Page 2206
SedentaryWork......Page 2207
Selective Nerve Root Injection......Page 2208
Sense of Control......Page 2209
Sensitization ofMuscular and Articular Nociceptors......Page 2210
Sensitization of Visceral Nociceptors......Page 2214
Sensory Discrimination......Page 2218
Sensory Saturation......Page 2219
Serous Meningitis......Page 2220
Sex Differences in Descending Pain Modulatory Pathways......Page 2221
Sex Differences in Opioid Analgesia......Page 2225
Sexual Response......Page 2226
SIA......Page 2227
Signal-to-Noise Ratio......Page 2228
Silent Nociceptor......Page 2229
Simple Analgesics......Page 2231
Simple Synapse......Page 2232
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography......Page 2233
Sinus Thrombosis......Page 2235
Skin-to-Skin Contact......Page 2236
Small Fiber Neuropathies......Page 2237
Small Fiber Neuropathy/Polyneuropathy......Page 2239
Social Dislocation and the Chronic Pain Patient......Page 2240
Sodium Pump......Page 2247
Somatic Pain......Page 2248
Somatic Referred Pain......Page 2250
Somatization and Pain Disorders in Children......Page 2254
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials......Page 2258
Somatotropin......Page 2259
Spa Treatment......Page 2260
Species Differences in Skin Nociception......Page 2262
Specificity......Page 2265
Spinal Ascending Pathways, Colon, Urinary Bladder and Uterus......Page 2266
Spinal Cord......Page 2268
Spinal Cord Injury Pain......Page 2269
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Contusion Injury Model......Page 2270
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Cordotomy Model......Page 2273
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, HemisectionModel......Page 2276
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Model, Ischemia Model......Page 2278
Spinal Cord Injury, Excitotoxic Model......Page 2282
Spinal Cord Nociception and CGRP......Page 2289
Spinal Cord Nociception, Neurotrophins......Page 2290
Spinal Cord Stimulation......Page 2292
Spinal Dorsal Horn Pathways, Dorsal Column (Visceral)......Page 2293
Spinal Dorsal Horn Pathways, Muscle and Joint......Page 2297
Spinal Fusiform Neuron......Page 2300
Spinal Fusion for Chronic Back Pain......Page 2301
Spinal Manipulation, Characteristics......Page 2304
Spinal Manipulation, Pain Management......Page 2305
Spinal (Neuraxial) Opioid Analgesia......Page 2307
Spinal Tract of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 2308
Spinohypothalamic Tract, Anatomical Organization and Response Properties......Page 2309
Spinomedullary Neurons......Page 2311
Spinomesencephalic Tract......Page 2312
Spinoparabrachial Pathway......Page 2314
Spinoparabrachial Tract......Page 2315
Spinoreticular Neurons......Page 2316
Spinothalamic Input, Cells of Origin (Monkey)......Page 2317
Spinothalamic Neuron......Page 2320
Spinothalamic Projections in Rat......Page 2322
Spinothalamic Terminations, Core and Matrix......Page 2327
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Central Sensitization......Page 2330
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Descending Control by Brainstem Neurons......Page 2331
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Glutamatergic Input......Page 2334
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, in Deep Dorsal Horn......Page 2336
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Morphology......Page 2340
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Peptidergic Input......Page 2343
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Responses to Chemical Stimulation......Page 2347
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Role of Nitric Oxide......Page 2348
Spinothalamic Tract Neurons, Visceral Input......Page 2352
Spinothalamocortical Projections from SM......Page 2354
Spinothalamocortical Projections to Ventromedial and Parafascicular Nuclei......Page 2357
Spondylolisthesis......Page 2360
Spouse, Role in Chronic Pain......Page 2361
Sprained Ankle PainModel......Page 2363
Statistical Decision Theory Application in Pain Assessment......Page 2366
Stereotaxy......Page 2370
Steroid Injections......Page 2371
Stimulation-Produced Analgesia......Page 2372
Stimulation Treatments of Central Pain......Page 2376
Stimulus Response Functions......Page 2379
Strength (Efficiency) of Chemical Synapses......Page 2382
Stress and Pain......Page 2383
Stressor......Page 2386
Stretching......Page 2387
Subacute Pain......Page 2389
Subjective Judgment......Page 2390
Substance P......Page 2391
Substance P Regulation in Inflammation......Page 2392
Substantial Gainful Activity......Page 2394
Sunct Status......Page 2395
SUNCT Syndrome......Page 2396
Superficial Dyspareunia......Page 2399
Surgical Denervation......Page 2400
Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the Afferent Nerve Fiber, Neurophysiological Experiments......Page 2401
Sympathetic-Afferent Coupling in the Dorsal Root Ganglion, Neurophysiological Experiments......Page 2404
Sympathetic and Sensory Neurons after Nerve Lesions, Structural Basis for Interactions......Page 2407
Sympathetic Blockade......Page 2410
Sympathetic Blocks......Page 2411
Sympathetic Nerve Block......Page 2413
Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain......Page 2414
Sympathetic Nervous System in the Generation of Pain, Animal Behavioral Models......Page 2424
Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons in Neurogenic Inflammation of the Synovia......Page 2427
Sympathetically Dependent Pain......Page 2431
Sympathetically Maintained Pain and Inflammation, Human Experimentation......Page 2432
Sympathetically Maintained Pain in CRPS I, Human Experimentation......Page 2435
Sympathetically Maintained Pain in CRPS II, Human Experimentation......Page 2438
Sympathetically Maintained Pain, Clinical Pharmacological Tests......Page 2440
Sympatho-Adrenal System and Mechanical Hyperalgesic Behavior, Animal Experimentation......Page 2441
Synapse......Page 2446
Syringomyelia......Page 2447
Systems Theory......Page 2448
Tail Skin Temperature Recording......Page 2449
Tail Flick Test......Page 2450
Targeting......Page 2453
Taxonomy......Page 2454
Technique of Ultrasound Application......Page 2456
Temporomandibular Joint......Page 2457
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders......Page 2458
Tender Points......Page 2462
Tendon Sheath Inflammation......Page 2463
TENS, Mechanisms of Action......Page 2464
TePs......Page 2467
Thalamic Bursting Activity, Chronic Pain......Page 2468
Thalamic Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators......Page 2470
Thalamic Nuclei Involved in Pain, Cat and Rat......Page 2476
Thalamic Nuclei Involved in Pain, Human and Monkey......Page 2478
Thalamic Plasticity and Chronic Pain......Page 2481
Thalamic Reorganization......Page 2482
Thalamo-Amygdala Interactions and Pain......Page 2483
Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic Interactions......Page 2484
Thalamocortical Loops and Information Processing......Page 2485
Thalamocortical Neurones......Page 2489
Thalamotomy for Human Pain Relief......Page 2490
Thalamotomy, Pain Behavior in Animals......Page 2493
Thalamus......Page 2495
Thalamus and Visceral Pain Processing (Human Imaging)......Page 2496
Thalamus, Clinical Pain, Human Imaging......Page 2498
Thalamus, Clinical Visceral Pain, Human Imaging......Page 2499
Thalamus, Dynamics of Nociception......Page 2502
Thalamus, Nociceptive Cells in VPI, Cat and Rat......Page 2504
Thalamus, Nociceptive Inputs in the Rat (Spinal)......Page 2507
Thalamus, Receptive Fields, Projected Fields, Human......Page 2512
Thalamus, Visceral Representation......Page 2515
Therapeutic Heat......Page 2518
Therapeutic Heat, Microwaves and Cold......Page 2519
Therapy of Pain, Hypnosis......Page 2522
Thermal Nociception Test......Page 2524
Thermal Sensory Testing......Page 2528
Theta Rhythm......Page 2529
Thoracic Medial Branch Blocks and Intra-Articular Blocks......Page 2530
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome......Page 2534
Three-Way ScalingModels......Page 2536
Threshold Determination Protocols......Page 2537
Tic and Cranial Neuralgias......Page 2540
Timolol......Page 2543
Tinel Sign......Page 2544
TNS......Page 2545
Topical Drug Therapy......Page 2546
Tourniquet Test......Page 2548
Toxic Neuropathies......Page 2551
Traction......Page 2556
Traditional Pharmacological Pain Relief......Page 2557
Trafficking and Localization of Ion Channels......Page 2558
Trafficking of Proteins......Page 2559
Training by Quotas......Page 2560
Trajectory......Page 2561
Tramadol Hydrochloride......Page 2562
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation......Page 2564
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Treatment of Muscle Pain......Page 2566
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Outcomes......Page 2569
Transforaminal Injection of Steroids......Page 2572
Transduction and Encoding of Noxious Stimuli......Page 2573
Transganglionic Transport......Page 2586
Transient Headache and CSF Lymphocytosis......Page 2587
Transient Receptor Potential Family of Ion Channels......Page 2588
Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain......Page 2589
Transsynaptic Changes after Peripheral Nerve Injury......Page 2591
Tricyclic Antidepressants......Page 2592
Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex, Anatomy......Page 2594
Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex, Immunohistochemistry and Neurochemistry......Page 2599
Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex, Physiology......Page 2601
Trigeminal Motor Nucleus......Page 2604
Trigeminal Neuralgia, Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 2605
Trigeminal Neuralgia, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Management......Page 2609
Trigeminal Neuralgia, Types of Ablative Surgery......Page 2612
Trigeminal, Glossopharyngeal, and Geniculate Neuralgias......Page 2613
Trigeminocervical Complex......Page 2615
Trigeminohypothalamic Tract......Page 2616
Trigeminothalamic Tract Projections......Page 2618
Trigeminovascular System......Page 2620
TrkA Receptor(s)......Page 2621
TRPV1......Page 2622
TRPV1 Modulation by p2Y Receptors......Page 2623
TRPV1 Modulation by PKC......Page 2626
TRPV1 Receptor, Species Variability......Page 2628
TRPV1, Regulation by Nerve Growth Factor......Page 2632
TRPV1, Regulation by Protons......Page 2633
Twin Studies......Page 2636
Tyrosine Kinase A......Page 2637
Ulceration, Prevention by Nerve Decompression......Page 2639
Ulcerative Colitis......Page 2641
Ultrasound......Page 2642
Ultrasound Therapy......Page 2645
Ultrasound Therapy of Pain from the Musculoskeletal System......Page 2646
Ultraviolet Light......Page 2648
Upregulation......Page 2649
UV-Erythema, aModel for Inducing Hyperalgesias......Page 2650
UV-Induced Erythema......Page 2653
UV Light......Page 2655
Vagal Input and Descending Modulation......Page 2657
Vaginismus and Dyspareunia......Page 2659
Validity......Page 2660
Vanilloid Receptor, Regulation by Protons......Page 2661
Vascular Neuropathies......Page 2662
Vascular-Type Craniofacial Pain......Page 2664
VDCCs......Page 2665
Ventral Posterior Complex (VP)......Page 2666
Ventral Tegmental Area......Page 2667
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter......Page 2668
Viral Neuropathies......Page 2669
Visceral Afferent......Page 2672
Visceral Nociception and Pain......Page 2673
Visceral Pain and Nociception......Page 2675
Visceral Pain Model, Angina Pain......Page 2677
Visceral Pain Model, Esophageal Pain......Page 2679
Visceral Pain Model, Irritable Bowel SyndromeModel......Page 2681
Visceral Pain Model, Kidney Stone Pain......Page 2684
Visceral Pain Model, Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Pain......Page 2687
Visceral Pain Model, Pancreatic pain......Page 2688
Visceral Pain Model, Small Intestinal Bowel Distension Pain......Page 2692
Visceral Pain Model, Urinary Bladder Pain (Irritants or Distension)......Page 2694
Visceral Pain Models, Female Reproductive Organ Pain......Page 2698
Visceral Pain Pathway......Page 2702
Visceral Referred Pain......Page 2703
Visceroreception......Page 2705
Vmpo......Page 2706
Vocational Assessment in Chronic Pain......Page 2707
Vocational Counselling......Page 2709
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels......Page 2712
VPM......Page 2713
Vulvodynia......Page 2714
Vulvo-Vaginal Atrophy......Page 2716
Wallerian Degeneration......Page 2717
WGA-HRP......Page 2720
Whiplash......Page 2721
WHO System on Impairment and Disability......Page 2723
Wide Field Radiation......Page 2725
Wind-Up of Spinal Cord Neurons......Page 2726
Withdrawal Symptoms......Page 2728
World Health Organization (WHO) Analgesic Ladder......Page 2729
Xanthochromic......Page 2731
Yellow Flags......Page 2733
Zymosan......Page 2737
List of Entries......Page 2739