Encyclopedia of ocean sciences

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 0121451607......Page 4
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 8
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
C......Page 23
E......Page 24
H......Page 25
M......Page 26
P......Page 27
R......Page 28
S......Page 29
T......Page 30
VOLUME 4 (U - Y)......Page 31
Y......Page 32
Species Choice......Page 33
Ground Preparation......Page 40
Stand Establishment, Treatment and Promotion – European Experience......Page 46
AGROFORESTRY......Page 59
Biodiversity in Forests......Page 65
Plant Diversity in Forests......Page 72
Endangered Species of Trees......Page 76
C......Page 85
D......Page 87
Plant–Animal Interactions in Forest Ecosystems......Page 89
Reproductive Ecology of Forest Trees......Page 95
Forest Canopies......Page 100
Natural Disturbance in Forest Environments......Page 112
Biological Impacts of Deforestation and Fragmentation......Page 117
Human Influences on Tropical Forest Wildlife......Page 122
Aquatic Habitats in Forest Ecosystems......Page 128
Population Dynamics of Forest Insects......Page 134
Foliage Feeders in Temperate and Boreal Forests......Page 139
Defoliators......Page 144
Sapsuckers......Page 146
Bark Beetles......Page 151
Environmental Impacts......Page 158
Impacts of Air Pollution on Forest Ecosystems......Page 164
Carbon Cycle......Page 171
Impacts of Elevated CO2 and Climate Change......Page 176
Biometric Research......Page 184
Design, Performance and Evaluation of Experiments......Page 190
Statistical Methods (Mathematics and Computers)......Page 196
F......Page 205
Genetic Systems of Forest Trees......Page 207
Quantitative Genetic Principles......Page 214
Population, Conservation and Ecological Genetics......Page 220
Genecology and Adaptation of Forest Trees......Page 229
Cytogenetics of Forest Tree Species......Page 236
Forest Management for Conservation......Page 247
Genetic Aspects of Air Pollution and Climate Change......Page 255
Molecular Biology of Forest Trees......Page 261
Propagation Technology for Forest Trees......Page 269
Forest Operations in the Tropics, Reduced Impact Logging......Page 279
Harvesting of Thinnings......Page 284
Roading and Transport Operations......Page 291
Wood Delivery......Page 301
Forest Operations under Mountainous Conditions......Page 311
Diagnosis, Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 317
Biochemical and Physiological Aspects......Page 331
Integrated Pest Management Principles......Page 337
Integrated Pest Management Practices......Page 350
Forest Fires (Prediction, Prevention, Preparedness and Suppression)......Page 366
Hydrological Cycle......Page 372
Impacts of Forest Conversion on Streamflo......Page 382
Impacts of Forest Management on Streamflo......Page 390
Impacts of Forest Plantations on Streamflo......Page 399
Impacts of Forest Management on Water Quality......Page 409
Soil Erosion Control......Page 419
Snow and Avalanche Control......Page 429
Forest Inventory and Monitoring......Page 435
Large-scale Forest Inventory and Scenario Modeling......Page 442
Multipurpose Resource Inventories......Page 446
Stand Inventories......Page 452
Modeling......Page 458
Perceptions of Forest Landscapes......Page 467
Visual Analysis of Forest Landscapes......Page 472
Visual Resource Management Approaches......Page 482
Perceptions of Nature by Indigenous Communities......Page 494
Urban Forestry......Page 503
Forest Amenity Planning Approaches......Page 510
The Role of Visualization in Forest Planning......Page 518
Landscape Ecology, Use and Application in Forestry......Page 530
Landscape Ecology, the Concepts......Page 534
Spatial Information......Page 540
Medicinal Plants and Human Health......Page 547
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Ethnobotany and Conservation Status......Page 555
Tribal Medicine and Medicinal Plants......Page 564
Forest Biodiversity Prospecting......Page 570
Edible Products from the Forest......Page 573
Forest Measurements......Page 582
Timber and Tree Measurements......Page 598
Growth and Yield......Page 605
Yield Tables, Forecasting, Modeling and Simulation......Page 612
Tree-Ring Analysis......Page 618
Energy from Wood......Page 633
Chemicals from Wood......Page 639
Cork Oak......Page 645
Resins, Latex and Palm Oil......Page 652
Rubber Trees......Page 659
Seasonal Greenery......Page 665
Ergonomics......Page 671
Logistics in Forest Operations......Page 677
Nursery Operations......Page 681
Forest Operations Management......Page 690
Small-scale Forestry......Page 695
Paper Recycling Science and Technology......Page 699
Printing......Page 710
Packaging Grades......Page 718
The History of Paper and Papermaking......Page 723
World Paper Industry Overview......Page 726
Paper Raw Materials and Technology......Page 733
Overview......Page 739
Paper Grades......Page 752
Paperboard Grades......Page 758
Tissue Grades......Page 762
Coating......Page 768
Diseases of Forest Trees......Page 776
Root and Butt Rot Diseases......Page 782
Phytophthora Root Rot of Forest Trees......Page 790
Vascular Wilt Diseases......Page 798
Pine Wilt and the Pine Wood Nematode......Page 805
Leaf and Needle Diseases......Page 809
Rust Diseases......Page 817
Stem Canker Diseases......Page 824
Insect Associated Tree Diseases......Page 834
Heart Rot and Wood Decay......Page 840
Disease Affecting Exotic Plantation Species......Page 848
Forest Plantations......Page 854
Stand Density and Stocking in Plantations......Page 861
Tending......Page 869
Thinning......Page 877
High Pruning......Page 882
Rotations......Page 887
Multiple-use Silviculture in Temperate Plantation Forestry......Page 891
Sustainability of Forest Plantations......Page 897
Short Rotation Forestry for Biomass Production......Page 904
Fiber Resources......Page 909
Chip Preparation......Page 915
Mechanical Pulping......Page 931
Chemical Pulping......Page 936
Bleaching of Pulp......Page 942
New Technology in Pulping and Bleaching......Page 950
Physical Properties......Page 956
Chemical Additives......Page 965
Environmental Control......Page 971
Q......Page 979
User Needs and Preferences......Page 981
Inventory, Monitoring and Management......Page 990
Forest Resources......Page 997
Regional and Global Forest Resource Assessments......Page 1005
Non-timber Forest Resources and Products......Page 1014
Forest Change......Page 1021
GIS and Remote Sensing......Page 1029
Silvicultural Systems......Page 1035
Bamboos and their Role in Ecosystem Rehabilitation......Page 1043
Natural Stand Regeneration......Page 1049
Forest Rehabilitation......Page 1065
Treatments in Tropical Silviculture......Page 1071
Coppice Silviculture Practiced in Temperate Regions......Page 1077
Forest Dynamics......Page 1085
Natural Regeneration of Tropical Rain Forests......Page 1094
Managing for Tropical Non-timber Forest Products......Page 1098
Unevenaged Silviculture......Page 1105
Reclamation of Mining Lands......Page 1110
Silviculture in Mountain Forests......Page 1117
Ecology and Silviculture of Tropical Wetland Forests......Page 1126
Silviculture and Management in Arid and Semi-arid Regions......Page 1133
Silviculture in Polluted Areas......Page 1144
Forest Functions......Page 1153
Social Values of Forests......Page 1158
Common Property Forest Management......Page 1163
Social and Community Forestry......Page 1168
Joint and Collaborative Forest Management......Page 1175
Forest and Tree Tenure and Ownership......Page 1189
Canadian Model Forest Experience......Page 1194
Public Participation in Forest Decision Making......Page 1205
Soil Biology......Page 1215
Soil and its Relationship to Forest Productivity and Health......Page 1221
Tree Roots and their Interaction with Soil......Page 1227
Soil Organic Matter Forms and Functions......Page 1233
Forests and Soil Development......Page 1240
Landscape and Soil Classificatio for Forest Management......Page 1248
The Forest Floor......Page 1255
Nutrient Cycling......Page 1259
Nutrient Limitations and Fertilization......Page 1267
Soil Contamination and Amelioration......Page 1273
Waste Treatment and Recycling......Page 1280
Water Storage and Movement......Page 1285
Adhesion and Adhesives......Page 1293
Chemical Modi cation......Page 1301
Protection of Wood against Biodeterioration......Page 1306
Protection from Fire......Page 1315
Recycling......Page 1320
Drying......Page 1325
Finishing......Page 1334
Machining......Page 1340
Glued Structural Members......Page 1345
Structural Use of Wood......Page 1350
Lumber Production, Properties and Uses......Page 1359
Construction; Logs, Poles, Piles, Sleepers (Crossties)......Page 1363
Wood-based Composites and Panel Products......Page 1370
Overview......Page 1377
Certificatio......Page 1382
Definitions Good Practices and Certificatio......Page 1389
Causes of Deforestation and Forest Fragmentation......Page 1399
Northern Coniferous Forests......Page 1409
Southern Coniferous Forests......Page 1415
Subalpine and Boreal Forests......Page 1423
Temperate Broadleaved Deciduous Forest......Page 1430
Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems......Page 1435
Alders, Birches and Willows......Page 1446
Fagaceae......Page 1451
Juglandaceae......Page 1459
Pines......Page 1462
Poplars......Page 1473
Spruces, Firs and Larches......Page 1481
Biological Improvement of Wood Properties......Page 1490
Genetics and Improvement of Wood Properties......Page 1498
Breeding for Disease and Insect Resistance......Page 1504
Genetic Improvement of Eucalypts......Page 1512
Nitrogen-fixin Tree Improvement and Culture......Page 1522
Genetics of Oaks......Page 1533
Pinus radiata Genetics......Page 1539
Breeding and Genetic Resources of Scots Pine......Page 1549
Southern Pine Breeding and Genetic Resources......Page 1553
Tropical Hardwoods Breeding and Genetic Resources......Page 1559
A Historical Overview of Forest Tree Improvement......Page 1564
Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding; Current and Future Signposts......Page 1570
Conifer Breeding Principles and Processes......Page 1577
Breeding Theory and Genetic Testing......Page 1583
Economic Returns from Tree Breeding......Page 1593
Physiology and Silviculture......Page 1600
A Whole Tree Perspective......Page 1610
Xylem Physiology......Page 1615
Tropical Tree Seed Physiology......Page 1622
Shoot Growth and Canopy Development......Page 1632
Root System Physiology......Page 1638
Nutritional Physiology of Trees......Page 1648
Canopy Processes......Page 1654
Stress......Page 1660
Mycorrhizae......Page 1665
Physiology of Sexual Reproduction in Trees......Page 1671
Forests, Tree Physiology and Climate......Page 1676
Physiology of Vegetative Reproduction......Page 1687
Acacias......Page 1700
Bamboos, Palms and Rattans......Page 1707
Dipterocarps......Page 1714
Eucalypts......Page 1719
Ficus spp. (and other important Moraceae)......Page 1731
Mangroves......Page 1736
Southern Hemisphere Conifers......Page 1744
Swietenia (American Mahogany)......Page 1752
Teak and other Verbenaceae......Page 1758
Tropical Pine Ecosystems and Genetic Resources......Page 1760
Bombacaceae......Page 1772
Combretaceae......Page 1774
Lauraceae......Page 1775
Lecythidaceae......Page 1777
Monsoon Forests (Southern and Southeast Asia)......Page 1784
Myristicaceae......Page 1794
Tropical Dry Forests......Page 1799
Tropical Moist Forests......Page 1807
Tropical Montane Forests......Page 1814
Woody Legumes (excluding Acacias)......Page 1825
U......Page 1831
WINDBREAKS AND SHELTERBELTS......Page 1833
Formation and Structure of Wood......Page 1838
Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 1847
Physical Properties of Wood......Page 1860
Chemical Properties of Wood......Page 1867
Wood Quality......Page 1872
Biological Deterioration of Wood......Page 1878
History and Overview of Wood Use......Page 1884
International Trade in Wood Products......Page 1889
Environmental Benefit of Wood as a Building Material......Page 1895
Y......Page 1903
Adaptation:......Page 1905
Allopatry:......Page 1906
Archegonial polyembryony:......Page 1907
Bark:......Page 1908
Bond paper:......Page 1909
Carrier:......Page 1910
Clear felling:......Page 1911
Compartment:......Page 1912
Cordillera:......Page 1913
Cultural:......Page 1914
Deployment:......Page 1915
Discrete variables:......Page 1916
Ecophysiology:......Page 1917
Epiphytism:......Page 1918
Extractant:......Page 1919
Fire belt:......Page 1920
Fire regime:......Page 1921
Fodder pollen:......Page 1922
Forest inventory:......Page 1923
Fuel:......Page 1924
Gasification......Page 1925
Germination:......Page 1926
Growth and yield model:......Page 1927
Heritability:......Page 1928
Hyporheic exchange:......Page 1929
In situ remedial technology:......Page 1930
Karyotype:......Page 1931
Liana:......Page 1932
Macropores:......Page 1933
Mensuration:......Page 1934
Monitoring:......Page 1935
Nanic:......Page 1936
Nitrogen fixtion:......Page 1937
Omnivory:......Page 1938
Paperboard:......Page 1939
Phenotype:......Page 1940
Pneumatophores:......Page 1941
Porosity:......Page 1942
Progeny test:......Page 1943
RAPDs:......Page 1944
Recurrent selection:......Page 1945
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP):......Page 1946
Sampling design:......Page 1947
Semitransparent stain:......Page 1948
Site index:......Page 1949
Soil-forming materials:......Page 1950
Stand:......Page 1951
Structure:......Page 1952
Sympathetic nervous system:......Page 1953
Thinning:......Page 1954
Trophic level:......Page 1955
Urban forestry:......Page 1956
Virtual reality:......Page 1957
Water-repellent preservative:......Page 1958
Wood rat middens:......Page 1959
Zygote:......Page 1960
A......Page 1961
B......Page 1971
C......Page 1977
D......Page 1990
E......Page 1995
F......Page 2001
G......Page 2008
H......Page 2012
I......Page 2015
K......Page 2019
L......Page 2020
M......Page 2025
N......Page 2032
O......Page 2036
P......Page 2038
Q......Page 2056
R......Page 2057
S......Page 2063
T......Page 2078
U......Page 2085
V......Page 2086
W......Page 2088
X......Page 2092
Z......Page 2093