Encyclopedia of neuroscience Ten vol. set

cover......Page 1
Editor in Chief......Page 2
Senior Editors......Page 3
Associate Editors......Page 4
Foreword......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acetylcholine Neurotransmission in CNS......Page 11
Acetylcholinesterase......Page 15
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 18
Actin Cytoskeleton in Growth Cones, Nerve Terminals, and Dendritic Spines......Page 23
Action Potential Initiation and Conduction in Axons......Page 30
Active Perception......Page 37
Active Zone......Page 44
Activity in Visual Development......Page 51
Activity-Dependent Metabolism in Glia and Neurons......Page 56
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Glucose Transporters......Page 64
Activity-Dependent Remodeling of Presynaptic Boutons......Page 69
Addiction: Neurobiological Mechanism......Page 77
Adenosine......Page 84
Adenosine Receptor Mediated Functions......Page 97
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)......Page 104
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as a Neurotransmitter......Page 113
Adolescent Brain Development and the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders......Page 122
Adrenal Steroids: Biphasic Effects on Neurons......Page 128
Adrenergic Receptors......Page 132
Adult Cortical Plasticity......Page 137
Aggression: Hormonal Basis......Page 144
Aggression: Neurochemical and Molecular Mechanisms......Page 154
Aging and Memory in Animals......Page 161
Aging and Memory in Humans......Page 169
Aging of the Brain......Page 175
Aging of the Brain and Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 180
Aging: Brain Potential Measures and Reaction Time Studies......Page 189
Aging: Extracellular Space......Page 194
Aging: Invertebrate Models of Normal Brain Aging......Page 202
Agnosia......Page 210
Agonistic and Affiliative Signals: Resolutions of Conflict......Page 213
Agraphia......Page 217
Alcoholism......Page 220
Alexia......Page 226
Allometric Analysis of Brain Size......Page 228
Alternative Splicing in the Nervous System......Page 234
Aluminum......Page 241
Alzheimer\'s Disease: An Overview......Page 246
Alzheimer\'s Disease: Molecular Genetics......Page 251
Alzheimer\'s Disease: MRI Studies......Page 254
Alzheimer\'s Disease: Neurodegeneration......Page 259
Alzheimer\'s Disease: Transgenic Mouse Models......Page 266
Amnesia: Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory......Page 271
AMPA Receptor Cell Biology/Trafficking......Page 277
AMPA Receptors: Disease......Page 285
AMPA Receptors: Molecular Biology and Pharmacology......Page 293
Amphetamines......Page 301
Amphibian Peptides......Page 306
Amygdala: Contributions to Fear......Page 315
Amygdala: Structure and Circuitry in Primates......Page 321
Amygdala: Structure and Circuitry in Rodents and Felines......Page 326
Amyloid: Vascular and Parenchymal......Page 333
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)......Page 341
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Disease Mechanisms......Page 347
Angelman Syndrome......Page 352
Angiotensin Actions on and within Brain......Page 358
Angiotensin II......Page 366
Animal Communication: Honesty and Deception......Page 373
Animal Intelligence: The Search for Animal Intelligence......Page 383
Animal Models of Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 391
Animal Models of Amnesia......Page 398
Animal Models of Huntington\'s Disease......Page 404
Animal Models of Inherited Retinal Degenerations......Page 412
Animal Models of Motor and Sensory Neuron Disease......Page 423
Animal Models of Parkinson\'s Disease......Page 429
Animal Models of Stroke......Page 438
Animals and the Biology of Music......Page 446
Anterior-Posterior Spinal Cord Patterning of the Motor Pool......Page 452
Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 460
Anxiety Disorders......Page 466
Anxiety: Drug Therapy......Page 471
Apelin......Page 481
Aphasia: Sudden and Progressive......Page 489
Apoptosis in Nervous System Injury......Page 494
Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 501
Appetitive Systems: Amygdala and Striatum......Page 508
Apraxia: Disease......Page 515
Apraxia: Sensory System......Page 521
Artificial Intelligence......Page 528
Astrocyte: Calcium Signaling......Page 532
Astrocyte: Identification Methods......Page 540
Astrocyte: Neurotransmitter and Hormone Receptors......Page 545
Astrocyte: Response to Injury......Page 552
Atomic Force Microscopy Methodologies......Page 559
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: Fluid/Mineral Balance......Page 563
Attention and Eye Movements......Page 569
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 581
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and Dopamine......Page 589
Attention: Models......Page 596
Attentional Functions in Learning and Memory......Page 601
Attentional Mechanisms in Ventral Pathway......Page 608
Attentional Networks......Page 615
Attentional Networks in the Parietal Cortex......Page 621
Attractor Network Models......Page 627
Audiovocal Communication in Bats......Page 640
Auditory/Somatosensory Interactions......Page 650
Auditory Cortex Structure and Circuitry......Page 659
Auditory Cortex: Models......Page 666
Auditory Evoked Potentials......Page 672
Auditory Localization......Page 677
Auditory Scene Analysis......Page 685
Auditory System: Central Pathway Plasticity......Page 693
Auditory System: Central Pathways......Page 701
Auditory System: Efferent Systems to the Auditory Periphery......Page 709
Auditory System: Giant Synaptic Terminals, Endbulbs, and Calyces......Page 714
Auditory Systems in Insects......Page 726
Autism......Page 734
Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy......Page 740
Autonomic and Enteric Nervous System: Apoptosis and Trophic Support During Development......Page 745
Autonomic Disorders......Page 753
Autonomic Dysfunction: Drug-Induced......Page 763
Autonomic Dysregulation During REM Sleep......Page 770
Autonomic Failure......Page 777
Autonomic Nervous System......Page 785
Autonomic Nervous System Development......Page 788
Autonomic Nervous System: Cardiovascular Control......Page 800
Autonomic Nervous System: Carotid Body and Chemoception......Page 806
Autonomic Nervous System: Central Cardiovascular Control......Page 814
Autonomic Nervous System: Central Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 821
Autonomic Nervous System: Central Respiratory Control......Page 832
Autonomic Nervous System: Central Thermoregulatory Control......Page 840
Autonomic Nervous System: Central Urogenital Control......Page 848
Autonomic Nervous System: Clinical Testing......Page 859
Autonomic Nervous System: Gastrointestinal Control......Page 877
Autonomic Nervous System: General Overview......Page 888
Autonomic Nervous System: Metabolic Function......Page 897
Autonomic Nervous System: Neuroanatomy......Page 906
Autonomic Nervous System: Ophthalmic Control......Page 912
Autonomic Nervous System: Respiratory Control......Page 920
Autonomic Nervous System: Urogenital Control......Page 927
Autonomic Neuroeffector Junction......Page 937
Autonomic Neuroimmunology......Page 946
Autonomic Neuroplasticity and Aging......Page 952
Autonomic Neuroplasticity and Regeneration......Page 959
Autonomic Neuroplasticity: Development......Page 964
Autophagy and Neuronal Death......Page 972
Aversive Emotions: Genetic Mechanisms of Serotonin......Page 979
Aversive Emotions: Molecular Basis of Unconditioned Fear......Page 986
Awareness: Functional Imaging......Page 993
Axon Guidance by Glia......Page 1001
Axon Guidance: Building Pathways with Molecular Cues in Vertebrate Sensory Systems......Page 1011
Axon Guidance: Guidance Cues and Guidepost Cells......Page 1018
Axon Guidance: Morphogens as Chemoattractants and Chemorepellants......Page 1024
Axonal and Dendritic Identity and Structure: Control of......Page 1029
Axonal and Dendritic Transport by Dyneins and Kinesins in Neurons......Page 1037
Axonal Injury in Demyelinating Disease and CNS Injury......Page 1045
Axonal Injury: Neuronal Responses......Page 1052
Axonal mRNA Transport and Functions......Page 1058
Axonal Pathfinding......Page 1067
Axonal Pathfinding: Extracellular Matrix Role......Page 1073
Axonal Pathfinding: Guidance Activities of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)......Page 1080
Axonal Pathfinding: Netrins......Page 1087
Axonal Regeneration: Role of Growth and Guidance Cues......Page 1095
Axonal Regeneration- Role of the Extracellular Matrix and the Glial Scar......Page 1105
Axonal Transport and ALS......Page 1113
Axonal Transport and Alzheimer\'s Disease......Page 1120
Axonal Transport and Huntington\'s Disease......Page 1126
Axonal Transport and Neurodegenerative Diseases......Page 1130
Axonal Transport Disorders......Page 1135
Axonal Transport Tracers......Page 1139
Babinski\'s Reflex-Sign......Page 1147
BAC Transgenesis- Cell-Type Specific Expression in the Nervous System......Page 1149
BAC Use in the Study of the CNS......Page 1158
Balance and Posture Control......Page 1166
Balance and Posture Control- Human......Page 1175
Balint Syndrome......Page 1180
Barrel Cortex Circuits......Page 1183
Basal Forebrain and Memory......Page 1188
Basal Ganglia and Oculomotor Control......Page 1194
Basal Ganglia- Acetylcholine Interactions and Behavior......Page 1203
Basal Ganglia- Evolution......Page 1207
Basal Ganglia- Functional Models of Normal and Disease States......Page 1226
Basal Ganglia- Habit......Page 1232
Basal Ganglia- Internal Organization......Page 1236
Basal Ganglia- Motor Functions......Page 1244
Basal Ganglia- Physiological Circuits......Page 1250
Bayesian Cortical Models......Page 1257
Bayesian Models of Motor Control......Page 1265
BDNF in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory......Page 1272
Behavioral Hierarchies......Page 1281
Bell\'s Palsy......Page 1291
Bergmann Glial Cells......Page 1297
Bilingualism......Page 1308
Binocular Rivalry......Page 1314
Biomechanics- Hydroskeletal......Page 1323
Bipolar Disorder......Page 1335
Bird Brain- Evolution......Page 1342
Bird Song Systems- Evolution......Page 1349
Birdsong Learning......Page 1358
Birdsong Learning- Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Hormonal Issues......Page 1371
Birdsong- The Neurobiology of Avian Vocal Learning......Page 1377
Blindsight- Residual Vision......Page 1382
Blood Pressure- Baroreceptors......Page 1387
Blood–Brain Barrier and Neurovascular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Injury......Page 1393
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling in the Neuroectoderm......Page 1400
Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 1410
Botulinum and Tetanus Toxins......Page 1415
Brain Adrenergic Neurons......Page 1421
Brain Asymmetry- Evolution......Page 1429
Brain Composition- Age-Related Changes......Page 1438
Brain Connectivity and Brain Size......Page 1442
Brain Damage- Functional Reorganization......Page 1452
Brain Development- The Generation of Large Brains......Page 1457
Brain Evolution- Developmental Constraints and Relative Developmental Growth......Page 1460
Brain Evolution- The Radiator Theory......Page 1469
Brain Fossils- Endocasts......Page 1475
Brain Glucose Metabolism- Age, Alzheimer\'s Disease, and ApoE Allele Effects......Page 1484
Brain Injury- Functional Recovery After......Page 1495
Brain Injury- Magnetic Resonance Studies of Metabolic Aspects......Page 1500
Brain Modules- Mosaic Evolution......Page 1507
Brain Na,K-ATPase......Page 1513
Brain Scaling Laws......Page 1518
Brain Trauma......Page 1524
Brain Volume- Age-Related Changes......Page 1534
Brain–Computer Interface......Page 1545
Brains of Primitive Chordates......Page 1554
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves......Page 1564
Brainstem Control of Eye Movements......Page 1571
Brainstem Respiratory Circuits......Page 1577
Broca\'s Area- Evolution......Page 1585
Brodmann\'s Areas......Page 1590
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy)......Page 1593
Cadherins and Synapse Organization......Page 1600
Cajal\'s Place in the History of Neuroscience......Page 1608
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and Receptors......Page 1619
Calcium and Signal Transduction......Page 1631
Calcium Channel and Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel Coupling......Page 1637
Calcium Channel Subtypes Involved in Neurotransmitter Release......Page 1644
Calcium Channels......Page 1652
Calcium Channels and SNARE Proteins......Page 1660
Calcium Homeostasis in Glia......Page 1667
Calcium Waves in Glia......Page 1674
Calcium Waves: Purinergic Regulation......Page 1682
Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII) in Learning and Memory......Page 1687
Canal-Otolith Interactions......Page 1695
Cardiovascular Function: Central Nervous System Control......Page 1704
Cataplexy......Page 1710
CCK/Gastrin and Receptors......Page 1717
Cell Adhesion Molecules at Synapses......Page 1720
Cell Culture: Autonomic and Enteric Neurons......Page 1728
Cell Culture: Primary Neural Cells......Page 1736
Cell Replacement Therapy for Huntington\'s Disease......Page 1741
Cell Replacement Therapy: Mechanisms of Functional Recovery......Page 1745
Cell Replacement Therapy: Parkinson\'s Disease......Page 1750
Cell-Cell Communication through the Extracellular Space......Page 1755
Cells: 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors......Page 1765
Cellular Dynamics Revealed by Digital Holographic Microscopy......Page 1775
Central Gustatory System and Ingestive Behavior......Page 1784
Central Pattern Generators......Page 1789
Central Pattern Generators: Sensory Feedback......Page 1799
Cerebellar Deep Nuclei......Page 1808
Cerebellar Lesions and Effects on Posture, Locomotion and Limb Movement......Page 1813
Cerebellar Lesions and Effects on Posture, Locomotion and Limb Movement......Page 1819
Cerebellum and Oculomotor Control......Page 1825
Cerebellum: Clinical Pathology......Page 1833
Cerebellum: Evolution and Comparative Anatomy......Page 1839
Cerebellum: Models......Page 1853
Cerebral Cortex......Page 1864
Cerebral Cortex: Inhibitory Cells......Page 1869
Cerebral Cortex: Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Cell Division......Page 1878
Cerebral Fissure Patterns......Page 1885
Cerebrovascular Disease......Page 1893
Cetacean Brains......Page 1899
Chemical Senses: Overview......Page 1903
Chemical Senses: Protozoa......Page 1905
Chemoaffinity Hypothesis: Development of Topographic Axonal Projections......Page 1911
Cholinergic Neurotransmission in the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous System......Page 1918
Cholinergic Pathways in CNS......Page 1926
Cholinergic System......Page 1935
Cholinergic System Imaging in the Healthy Aging Process and Alzheimer Disease......Page 1947
Chromaffin Cells: Model Cells for Neuronal Cell Biology......Page 1959
Chronic (Repeated) Stress: Consequences, Adaptations......Page 1968
Cingulate Cortex......Page 1975
Circadian Function and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin•in•Humans......Page 1981
Circadian Gene Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 1989
Circadian Genes and the Sleep-Wake Cycle......Page 1997
Circadian Metabolic Rhythms Regulated by the Suprachiasmatic•Nucleus......Page 2003
Circadian Organization......Page 2012
Circadian Organization in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates......Page 2018
Circadian Oscillations in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 2026
Circadian Regulation by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 2032
Circadian Regulation in Invertebrates......Page 2038
Circadian Rhythm Models......Page 2044
Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance......Page 2051
Circadian Rhythms: Influence of Light in Humans......Page 2057
Circadian Systems: Evolution......Page 2075
Circumventricular Organs......Page 2082
Circumventricular Organs in Neuroendocrine Control......Page 2088
CIRL/Latrophilins......Page 2092
Clathrin and Clathrin-Adaptors......Page 2097
Clock Gene Regulation of Endocrine Function......Page 2102
Clock Genes and Metabolic Regulation......Page 2105
Cochlear Development......Page 2112
Cochlear Mechanics......Page 2122
Cochlear Prosthesis......Page 2131
Cognition in Aging and Age-Related Disease......Page 2135
Cognition: An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques......Page 2142
Cognition: Basal Ganglia Role......Page 2147
Cognition: Cerebellum Role......Page 2156
Cognition: Neuropharmacology......Page 2163
Cognitive Control and Development......Page 2171
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia......Page 2176
Cognitive Dysfunction in Psychiatric Disorders......Page 2185
Cognitive Neuroscience: An Overview......Page 2191
Color Vision......Page 2197
Coma......Page 2206
Coma and Other Pathological Disorders of Consciousness......Page 2216
Command Systems......Page 2221
Communication in Frogs and Toads......Page 2231
Communication in Terrestrial Animals......Page 2239
Communication in the Honeybee......Page 2244
Communication Networks and Eavesdropping in Animals......Page 2249
Comparative Biology of Invertebrate Neuromuscular Junctions......Page 2255
Comparative Neurobiology: History......Page 2280
Complexins......Page 2290
Computational Approaches to Motor Control......Page 2297
Computational Methods......Page 2306
Computational Neuroethology......Page 2310
Conditioned Reflex......Page 2316
Conditioned Taste Aversion......Page 2322
Conditioning: Simple Neural Circuits in the Honeybee......Page 2329
Conditioning: Theories......Page 2334
Cone Photopigment Evolution......Page 2343
Congenital Muscular Dystrophy......Page 2350
Connectionist Models......Page 2358
Connectionist Models of Language Processing......Page 2366
Connectivity of Primate Reward Centers......Page 2374
Consciousness: Neural Basis of Conscious Experience......Page 2382
Consciousness: Neurophysiology and Visual Awareness in......Page 2387
Conciousness: Philosophy......Page 2399
Consciousness: Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience......Page 2406
Consciousness: Theories and Models......Page 2412
Contextual Interactions in Visual Perception......Page 2418
Contextual Interactions in Visual Processing......Page 2426
Cornelia De Lange Syndrome......Page 2440
Corpus Callosum: Agenesis......Page 2444
Cortical Control of Eye Movements......Page 2455
Cortical Plasticity and Learning: Mechanisms and Models......Page 2462
Cortical Processing of the Reward Value of Food......Page 2468
Corticomotoneuronal System......Page 2475
Corticospinal Development......Page 2481
Corticothalamic Connections: Structure and Function......Page 2493
Corticothalamic Connections: Ultrastructure......Page 2498
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins: Binding Proteins and Receptors......Page 2508
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: Integration of Adaptive Responses to Stress......Page 2515
Cotransmission......Page 2522
Cranial-Cervical Dystonia......Page 2530
Cross-Modal Interactions Between Vision and Touch......Page 2534
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Role in Learning and Memory......Page 2539
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated and Hyperpolarization-Activated Channels......Page 2552
Cysteine-String Proteins (CSPs)......Page 2558
Cysticercosis: Cerebral......Page 2566
Cytokine Receptors in Glia......Page 2568
Cytoskeletal Interactions in the Neuron......Page 2574
Cytoskeleton in Plasticity......Page 2583
Deafness......Page 2589
Decision-Making and Neuroeconomics......Page 2594
Decision-Making and Vision......Page 2600
Decision-Making in Financial Markets......Page 2610
Declarative Memory System- Anatomy......Page 2618
Decoding Neuron Transcriptome by SAGE......Page 2628
Deep Brain Stimulation......Page 2635
Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorder Treatment......Page 2639
Deep Brain Stimulation and Parkinson\'s Disease......Page 2644
Delayed Reinforcement- Economics......Page 2654
Delayed Reinforcement- Neuroscience......Page 2662
Dementia......Page 2671
Dementia and Language......Page 2677
Demyelinating Diseases......Page 2683
Demyelination and Demyelinating Antibodies......Page 2691
Dendrite Development, Synapse Formation and Elimination......Page 2694
Dendrites- Localized Translation......Page 2698
Dendritic RNA Transport- Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Control of Neuronal Gene Expression......Page 2703
Dendritic Signal Integration......Page 2711
Dendritic Spine History......Page 2719
Depression and the Brain......Page 2724
Development of Behavior......Page 2736
Development of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions......Page 2742
Developmental Disability and Fragile X Syndrome- Clinical Overview......Page 2751
Developmental Synaptic Plasticity- LTP, LTD, and Synapse Formation and Elimination......Page 2759
Diabetes Type 2 and Stress- Impact on Memory and the Hippocampus......Page 2766
Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 2773
Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry......Page 2779
Differentiation- The Cell Cycle Instead......Page 2785
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)......Page 2792
Dopamine......Page 2800
Dopamine – CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology......Page 2809
Dopamine Control of Arousal......Page 2816
Dopamine in Perspective......Page 2822
Dopamine Neurons- Reward and Uncertainty......Page 2830
Dopamine Receptors and Antipsychotic Drugs in Health and Disease......Page 2837
Dopamine- Cellular Actions......Page 2855
Dopaminergic Agonists and l-DOPA......Page 2859
Dopaminergic Differentiation......Page 2866
Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons......Page 2871
Double Cortex......Page 2876
Down Syndrome......Page 2882
Down Syndrome- A Disorder of Histogenesis......Page 2890
Dream Function......Page 2894
Dreams and Dreaming- Incorporation of Waking Events......Page 2901
Dreams and Nightmares in PTSD......Page 2909
Dreams, Dreaming Theories and Correlates of Nightmares......Page 2916
Drosophila Apterous Neurons- From Stem Cell to Unique Neuron......Page 2923
Drug Addiction- Behavioral Neurophysiology......Page 2928
Drug Addiction- Behavioral Pharmacology of Drug Addiction in Rats......Page 2934
Drug Addiction- Cellular Mechanisms......Page 2942
Drug Addiction- Neuroimaging......Page 2949
Drugs Addiction- Actions......Page 2962
d-Serine- From Its Synthesis in Glial Cell to Its Action on Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity......Page 2966
Dynamin......Page 2973
Dysautonomia- Familial......Page 2984
Dyslexia- Neurodevelopmental Basis......Page 2988
Dystonia- Classification, Genetics and Therapeutics......Page 2995
Dystonia- Myoclonus–Dystonia......Page 3002
Dystrophin, Associated Proteins, and Muscular Dystrophy......Page 3016
Eating Disorders......Page 3030
Echolocation I- Behavior......Page 3035
Echolocation II- Neurophysiology......Page 3045
Electrical Perception and Communication......Page 3057
Electrical Self-Stimulation......Page 3076
Electrocommunication......Page 3081
Electroencephalography (EEG)......Page 3091
Electrolocation......Page 3098
Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies......Page 3104
Electronic Nose......Page 3111
Electrophysiology- EEG and ERP Analysis......Page 3118
Electroretinography......Page 3122
Emotion and Vigilance......Page 3127
Emotion in Speech......Page 3135
Emotion Systems and the Brain......Page 3140
Emotion- Computational Modeling......Page 3146
Emotion- Neuroimaging......Page 3151
Emotional Control of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 3158
Emotional Disorders- Treatment......Page 3164
Emotional Hormones and Memory Modulation......Page 3168
Emotional Influences on Memory and Attention......Page 3176
Emotional Learning in Humans......Page 3182
Encephalitis......Page 3187
Endocannabinoid Role in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning......Page 3196
Endocrine Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation......Page 3209
Endocrinology of Animal Communication: Behavioral......Page 3213
Endocytic Traffic in Spines......Page 3222
Endocytosis and Presynaptic Scaffolds......Page 3226
Endocytosis: Kiss and Run......Page 3238
Energy Homeostasis: Adiposity Signals......Page 3245
Energy Homeostasis: Endocannabinoid System......Page 3250
Energy Homeostasis: Hypothalamic Development......Page 3258
Energy Homeostasis: Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) System......Page 3263
Energy Homeostasis: Thermoregulation......Page 3270
Energy Homeostasis: Visceral Control......Page 3280
Engineering Viruses for CNS studies......Page 3286
Enteric Nervous System Development......Page 3296
Enteric Nervous System: Disorders......Page 3303
Enteric Nervous System: Glial Cells and Interstitial Cells of Cajal......Page 3309
Enteric Nervous System: Neural Circuits and Chemical Coding......Page 3315
Enteric Nervous System: Neurotrophic Factors......Page 3322
Enteric Nervous System: Physiology......Page 3328
Enteric Nervous System: Sensory Pathways......Page 3339
Entorhinal Cortex......Page 3345
Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms by Light......Page 3348
Ependymal Cells......Page 3356
Eph Receptor Signaling and Spine Morphology......Page 3364
Epilepsy......Page 3369
Epilepsy: Channelopathies......Page 3372
Epilepsy: Neuronal Death......Page 3380
Episodic Memory......Page 3388
Episodic Memory: Assessment in Animals......Page 3394
Erectile Dysfunction......Page 3404
Estrus and Menstrual Cycles: Neuroendocrine Control......Page 3411
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)......Page 3416
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and Cognitive Processing......Page 3422
Evoked Potentials: Clinical......Page 3428
Evoked Potentials: Recording Methods......Page 3438
Evolution of Sensory Receptor Specializations inthe Glabrous Skin......Page 3447
Evolution of the Limbic System......Page 3451
Evolution of Vertebrate Brains......Page 3464
Evolution of Vertebrate Respiratory Control......Page 3474
Excitotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 3484
Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Assessment in Animals......Page 3494
Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Computational Models......Page 3500
Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Definition and Neural Substrates......Page 3506
Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: EEG Studies......Page 3512
Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition: Neuroimaging......Page 3517
Executive Functions: Eye Movements and Neuropsychiatric Disorders......Page 3523
Exercise in Neurodegenerative Disease and Stroke......Page 3529
Exercise: Optimizing Function and Survival at the Cellular Level......Page 3538
Exocytosis: Ca2+-Sensitivity......Page 3544
Extinction: Anatomy......Page 3550
Extracellular Matrix Molecules: Synaptic Plasticity and Learning......Page 3554
Eye and Head Movements......Page 3562
Eye Movement Disorders......Page 3573
Eye Tracking and Mental Illness......Page 3582
Eyeblink Conditioning......Page 3588
Facial Expression in Primate Communication......Page 3596
Fatigue......Page 3604
Fear Conditioning and Synaptic Plasticity......Page 3610
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 3616
Finger Movements: Control......Page 3624
Flavor Physiology......Page 3629
Floor Plate Patterning of Ventral Cell Types: Ventral Patterning......Page 3635
Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis: Clinical Disease......Page 3645
Fluorescence Microscopy in the Neurosciences......Page 3654
Fluorescent Biomarkers in Neurons......Page 3662
fMRI: BOLD Contrast......Page 3673
Folate Deficiency States......Page 3682
Food and Water Intake: Regulation......Page 3695
Forebrain Development: Holoprosencephaly (HPE)......Page 3701
Forebrain Development: Prosomere Model......Page 3712
Forebrain: Early Development......Page 3717
Fovea- Primate......Page 3722
Fragile X Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome......Page 3730
Fragile X Syndrome......Page 3735
Free Radicals in Autonomic Functions......Page 3743
Friedreich Ataxia......Page 3750
Frontal Cortex Evolution in Primates......Page 3756
Frontal Eye Fields......Page 3760
Frontal Lobe Syndrome......Page 3768
Functional Amnesia......Page 3775
Functional Connectivity......Page 3782
Functional Electrical Stimulation......Page 3789
Functional Imaging of the Motor System......Page 3798
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Aging......Page 3806
Fusion Pore......Page 3814
GABA Synthesis and Metabolism......Page 3822
GABAA Receptor Synaptic Functions......Page 3829
GABAA Receptors and Disease......Page 3834
GABA-A Receptors: Developmental Roles......Page 3840
GABAA Receptors: Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and•Pharmacology......Page 3849
GABAB Receptor Function......Page 3857
GABAB Receptors: Molecular Biology and Pharmacology......Page 3862
Gain Modulation......Page 3870
Galanin and Receptors......Page 3876
Game Theory and the Economics of Animal Communication......Page 3884
Games in Monkeys: Neurophysiology and Motor Decision-Making......Page 3890
Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid  (GABA)......Page 3896
Gap Junction Abnormalities and Disorders of the Nervous System......Page 3901
Gap Junction Communication......Page 3907
Gap Junctions and Electrical Synapses......Page 3912
Gap Junctions and Hemichannels in Glia......Page 3932
Gap Junctions and Neuronal Oscillations......Page 3938
Gap Junctions: Metabolic Exchanges......Page 3945
Gastrointestinal Signals: Satiety......Page 3953
Gastrointestinal Signals: Stimulation......Page 3959
Gastrointestinal Tract Role in Neural Control of Metabolism, Food Intake and Body Weight: A Summary......Page 3964
Gene Expression Dysregulation in CNS Pathophysiology......Page 3968
Gene Expression in Normal Aging Brain......Page 3972
Gene Expression in the Evolution of the Human Brain......Page 3977
Gene Expression Regulation- Activity-Dependent......Page 3984
Gene Expression Regulation: Chromatin Modification in the CNS......Page 3989
Gene Expression Regulation: Steroid Hormone Effects......Page 3996
Gene Therapy and Protection from Stress-Induced Brain Damage......Page 4003
Gene Therapy: Direct Viral Delivery......Page 4009
Gene Therapy: Genetically Modified Cells......Page 4016
Genetic Influence on CNS Gene Expression: Impact on Behavior......Page 4022
Genetic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila......Page 4030
Genetics of Circadian Disorders in Humans......Page 4037
Genetics of Human Anxiety and Its Disorders......Page 4043
Genomic Disorder and Gene Expression in the Developing CNS......Page 4052
Genomics of Brain Aging: Apolipoprotein E......Page 4058
Genomics of Brain Aging: Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genomes......Page 4067
Genomics of Brain Aging: Twin Studies......Page 4074
GFL Neurotrophic Factors: Physiology and Pharmacology......Page 4082
Glia and Stroke......Page 4092
Glia and Synapse Formation: An Overview......Page 4101
Glia Control of Blood Flow......Page 4107
Glial Cells: Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes during Normal Brain Aging......Page 4113
Glial Cells: Invertebrate......Page 4118
Glial Cells: Microglia during Normal Brain Aging......Page 4129
Glial Cells: T Cell Interactions......Page 4132
Glial Energy Metabolism: A NMR Spectroscopy Perspective......Page 4140
Glial Energy Metabolism: Overview......Page 4149
Glial Glutamate and GABA Metabolism......Page 4155
Glial Glutamate Transporters......Page 4159
Glial Glutamate Transporters: Electrophysiology......Page 4171
Glial Glycogen Metabolism......Page 4176
Glial Growth Factors......Page 4184
Glial Influence on Synaptic Transmission......Page 4191
Glial Ion Homeostasis: A•Fluorescence Microscopy Approach......Page 4199
Glial Plasticity and Neuroendocrine Regulation......Page 4208
Glial Responses to Injury......Page 4216
Glial Responses to Virus Infection......Page 4223
Glial Steroid Metabolism......Page 4232
Glioma......Page 4238
Glutamate......Page 4246
Glutamate Receptor Clusters: Narp, EphB2 Receptor, Stargazin......Page 4256
Glutamate Receptor Organization: Ultrastructural Insights......Page 4261
Glutamate Regulation of Dendritic Spine Form and Function......Page 4265
Glutamatergic and Gabaergic Systems......Page 4272
Glycine Receptors: Molecular and Cell Biology......Page 4279
Glycogen Metabolism in CNS White Matter......Page 4286
Glycosylation: General Overview......Page 4292
Goal-Directed Behavior Theories......Page 4300
Gonadal Steroid Actions on Brain......Page 4307
Gonadotropin, Neural and Hormonal Control......Page 4314
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: GnRH-1 System......Page 4321
Gravitational Effects on Brain and Behavior......Page 4328
Growth Cones......Page 4333
Growth Factors: Neuronal Atrophy......Page 4338
Growth Hormone......Page 4344
Hair Cell Differentiation......Page 4350
Hair Cell Regeneration......Page 4356
Hair Cells: Sensory Transduction......Page 4365
Headache......Page 4371
Hearing and Echolocation in Dolphins......Page 4381
Heart Rate Variability: A Neurovisceral Integration Model......Page 4390
Hebbian Plasticity......Page 4397
Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) Proteins: Hes Family......Page 4405
Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) Proteins: Proneural......Page 4414
Hemiplegic Migraine and Channel Disorders......Page 4420
Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition......Page 4428
Hepatic Encephalopathy......Page 4434
Herbal Products and GABA Receptors......Page 4441
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia......Page 4448
Heritable Microgyrias......Page 4451
Hibernation......Page 4457
Hippocampus......Page 4462
Hippocampus and Neural Representations......Page 4471
Hippocampus: Computational Models......Page 4479
Hippocampus: Molecular Anatomy......Page 4485
Histamine Receptors and their Ligands: Mechanisms and Applications......Page 4491
History of Neuroscience: Early Neuroscience......Page 4509
Hodgkin-Huxley  Models......Page 4514
Holoprosencephaly......Page 4522
Homeostasis at Multiple Spatial and Temporal Scales......Page 4529
Homology and Homoplasy......Page 4535
Hormonal Signaling to the Brain for the Control of Feeding/Energy Balance......Page 4540
Hormones and Behavior......Page 4546
Hormones and Memory......Page 4555
Hox Genes Expression......Page 4559
Human Depth Electrodes......Page 4570
Human Haptics......Page 4579
Human Methods: Psychophysics......Page 4587
Humans......Page 4596
Huntington\'s Disease......Page 4602
Huntington\'s Disease: Neurodegeneration......Page 4605
Hyperacuity......Page 4611
Hypocretin/Orexin and MCH and Receptors......Page 4617
Hypothalamic Structure-Function Relationships......Page 4623
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis......Page 4631
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis: Organization, Neural/Endocrine Control of  TRH......Page 4641
Ideal Observer Theory......Page 4654
Imaging Studies Using Reporter-Gene Transgenic Rats......Page 4661
Immune Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation......Page 4667
Immune System-Neuroendocrine Interactions......Page 4672
Induced Seizures as Therapy in Man......Page 4679
Infectious Agents in Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 4686
Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease and Injury......Page 4691
Information Coding......Page 4697
Inherited Macular Degenerations: Animal Models......Page 4705
Inhibitory Control over Action and Memory......Page 4713
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling and Actions in Brain......Page 4724
Intermediate Filaments......Page 4732
Interstitial Axon Branching/Collateral Elimination......Page 4738
Intracellular Calcium and Neuronal Death......Page 4749
Invertebrate Models to Study Learning and Memory: Lymnaea......Page 4755
Invertebrate Neurohormone GPCRs......Page 4763
Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels......Page 4771
Ion Channel Localization in Cell Bodies and Dendrites......Page 4778
Ion Channel Localization in Axons......Page 4786
Ion Channel Localization in Glia......Page 4793
Joubert Syndrome......Page 4804
Kainate Receptor Functions......Page 4812
Kainate Receptors: Molecular and Cell Biology......Page 4820
Kinematics and Dynamics......Page 4825
Kinship Signals in Animals......Page 4834
Kisspeptins and their Receptors......Page 4843
Lamina-Specific Neuronal Connections......Page 4850
Landau Kleffner Syndrome......Page 4857
Language Development......Page 4862
Language Evolution......Page 4869
Language Following Congenital Disorders (not SLI)......Page 4876
Language in Aged Persons......Page 4883
Language: Aphasia......Page 4889
Language: Auditory Processes......Page 4895
Language: Cortical Processes......Page 4902
Language: Learning Impairments......Page 4906
Language: Nonhuman Animals......Page 4912
Large Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels......Page 4917
Large Dense Core Vesicles (LDCVs)......Page 4926
Latrotoxin......Page 4934
Learned Flavor Aversions and Preferences......Page 4938
Learning and Memory in Invertebrate Models: Tritonia......Page 4943
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Aplysia......Page 4947
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: C. Elegans......Page 4955
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Drosophila......Page 4963
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Hermissenda......Page 4969
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Honey Bee......Page 4976
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Limax......Page 4981
Learning and Memory in Invertebrates: Mollusks......Page 4986
Learning, Action, Inference and Neuromodulation......Page 4994
Lexical Impairments Following Brain Injury......Page 5002
LIM Kinase and Actin Regulation of Spines......Page 5006
Lipids and Membranes in Brain Aging......Page 5012
Lipofuscin and Lipofuscinosis......Page 5019
Liprins, ELKS, and RIM-BP Proteins......Page 5025
Lissencephaly......Page 5032
Lissencephaly Type I•and Periventricular Heterotopia......Page 5039
Localizing Signal Sources......Page 5049
Long-Term Depression (LTD): Endocannabinoids and Cerebellar LTD......Page 5054
Long-Term Depression (LTD): Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) and NMDAR-Dependent Forms......Page 5061
Long-Term Depression: Cerebellum......Page 5067
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)......Page 5074
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Mossy Fiber cAMP-Dependent Presynaptic LTP......Page 5083
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): NMDA Receptor Role......Page 5087
Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression in Experience-Dependent Plasticity......Page 5093
Lysosomal System......Page 5103
Lysosome and Endosome Organization and Transport in Neurons......Page 5113
Machine Haptics......Page 5120
Macroglial Lineages......Page 5127
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 5130
Magnetic Sense in Animal Navigation......Page 5137
Magnetoencephalography......Page 5143
Magnocellular Neurosecretory System: Organization, Plasticity, Model Peptidergic Neurons......Page 5151
Mammalian Neuropeptide Families......Page 5162
Mammalian Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Flies......Page 5176
MAP Kinase Signaling in Learning and Memory......Page 5183
Map Plasticity and Recovery from Stroke......Page 5189
Marsupial Neocortex......Page 5196
Mass Spectroscopy of Proteins......Page 5205
Mechanoreceptors......Page 5212
Mechanosensory Transduction......Page 5219
Medulloblastoma......Page 5225
Melanocortins: Brain Effects......Page 5234
Melatonin Regulation of Circadian Rhythmicity in Vertebrates......Page 5241
Memory Consolidation: Cerebral Cortex......Page 5253
Memory Consolidation: Systems......Page 5260
Memory Disorders......Page 5269
Memory Representation......Page 5279
Memory: Computational Models......Page 5288
Memory: Genetic Approaches......Page 5295
Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep......Page 5305
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): Functions......Page 5310
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs)- Molecular Biology, Pharmacology and Cell Biology......Page 5316
Metal Accumulation during Aging......Page 5326
Metaplasticity......Page 5334
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \"Ecstasy\")......Page 5342
Microarray use for the Analysis of the CNS......Page 5349
Microcephaly Vera......Page 5356
Microglia Identification Methods......Page 5361
Microglia Properties......Page 5365
Microglial Response to Injury......Page 5372
Microtubule Associated Proteins in Neurons......Page 5376
Microtubules: Organization and Function in Neurons......Page 5382
Midbrain Patterning......Page 5390
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Nervous System Injury......Page 5398
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies......Page 5406
Mitochondrial Organization and Transport in Neurons......Page 5413
Molecular Anatomy of the Mammalian Brain......Page 5422
Monoamine Transporters: Focus on the Regulation of Serotonin Transporter by Cytokines......Page 5429
Monoamines......Page 5438
Monoamines: Human Brain Imaging......Page 5445
Monoamines: Release Studies......Page 5459
Monocarboxylate Transporters......Page 5467
Mood Stabilizers......Page 5472
Morphogens: History......Page 5480
Mother-Infant Interaction in the Variable Foraging Demand Model......Page 5485
Motion Sickness......Page 5492
Motor Autonomic Transmission......Page 5497
Motor Control of Feeding and Drinking......Page 5503
Motor Gait and Falls......Page 5510
Motor Neuron Specification in Vertebrates......Page 5515
Motor Primitives......Page 5523
Motor Psychophysics......Page 5541
Motor Sequences......Page 5546
Motor Skill Learning......Page 5556
Motor Timing......Page 5566
MPTP Parkinsonism Model......Page 5575
Muumlller Cells......Page 5580
Multimodal Signaling in Animals......Page 5591
Multiple Memory Systems......Page 5602
Multisensory Convergence and Integration......Page 5613
Munc13 and Associated Molecules......Page 5619
Munc18......Page 5625
Muscarinic Receptors: Autonomic Neurons......Page 5634
Music......Page 5643
Musical Illusions......Page 5651
Myelin: Molecular Architecture of CNS and PNS Myelin Sheath......Page 5660
Myopia......Page 5672
Myosin Transport and Neuronal Function......Page 5678
Napping......Page 5685
Narcolepsy......Page 5691
Natriuretic Peptides......Page 5699
Natural Images: Coding Efficiency......Page 5703
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 5712
Neglect Syndrome and the Spatial Attention Network......Page 5719
Neocortex: Origins......Page 5724
Neocortical Organization in Monotremes......Page 5732
Neonatal Circuits......Page 5741
Nerve Growth Factor......Page 5750
Network Control......Page 5758
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules and Synapse Regulation......Page 5769
Neural Circuitry in the Somatosensory System......Page 5775
Neural Coding in Primary Motor Cortex......Page 5782
Neural Coding of Spatial Representations......Page 5793
Neural Crest......Page 5799
Neural Crest Cell Diversification and Specification: ErbB Role......Page 5810
Neural Crest Cell Diversification and Specification: Melanocytes......Page 5818
Neural Crest Diversification and Specification: Transcriptional Control of Schwann Cell Differentiation......Page 5827
Neural Induction in Chicks......Page 5833
Neural Integrator Models......Page 5839
Neural Oscillators and Dynamical Systems Models......Page 5853
Neural Patterning: Arealization of the Cortex......Page 5862
Neural Patterning: Eye Fields......Page 5871
Neural Patterning: Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary......Page 5877
Neural Prostheses for Reaching......Page 5884
Neural Repair and Regeneration: Inflammatory Mechanisms and Cytokines......Page 5892
Neural Stem Cells and CNS Diseases......Page 5899
Neural Stem Cells: Adult Neurogenesis......Page 5908
Neural Stem Cells: Ocular......Page 5915
Neural Synchrony and Feature Binding......Page 5920
Neurexins......Page 5927
Neuroanatomy Methods in Humans and Animals......Page 5934
Neurodegeneration in Psychiatric Illness......Page 5944
Neuroeconomics: History......Page 5949
Neuroendocrine Aging: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Women......Page 5955
Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary Metabolism......Page 5962
Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary-Adrenal Axis•......Page 5971
Neuroendocrine Aging: Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Males......Page 5978
Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Balance (Central Circuits/Mechanisms)......Page 5988
Neuroendocrine Control: Maternal Behavior......Page 5994
Neuroendocrine Peptide Processing......Page 6004
Neuroendocrinology......Page 6012
Neuroendocrinology of Affective Disorders......Page 6016
Neuroendocrinology of Puberty......Page 6028
Neuroendocrinology of Social/Affiliative Behavior......Page 6037
Neuroethics......Page 6044
Neuroethological Perspective......Page 6051
Neurofibromatosis Type 1......Page 6058
Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Molecular and Cellular Biology......Page 6065
Neurofibromatosis Type 2......Page 6074
Neurofibromatosis Type 2: Further Questions and Answers......Page 6081
Neurofilaments: Organization and Function in Neurons......Page 6087
Neurogenesis and Neural Precursors, Progenitors, and Stem Cells in the Adult Brain......Page 6091
Neurogenesis in the Intact Adult Brain......Page 6096
Neurohypophyseal System......Page 6101
Neuroimaging......Page 6111
Neuroimmune System: Aging......Page 6122
Neuroinformatics......Page 6128
Neuroleptics......Page 6136
Neuroligins......Page 6143
Neuromodulation......Page 6147
Neuromodulation of Calcium Channels......Page 6154
Neuromodulation of Sodium Channels......Page 6162
Neuromorphic Systems......Page 6169
Neuromuscular Connections: Vertebrate Patterns of......Page 6177
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): A Target for Natural and Environmental Toxins in Humans......Page 6186
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Acetylcholinesterases......Page 6197
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Activity‐Dependent Muscle Fiber Modulation......Page 6205
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Aging......Page 6215
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Inherited and Acquired Disorders......Page 6220
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Mammalian Development......Page 6229
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Postsynaptic Basal Lamina......Page 6238
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Postsynaptic Events in Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 6244
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Non-Quantal Release of Transmitter......Page 6253
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Schwann Cells and Modulation of Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 6260
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Short-Term Plasticity of Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 6269
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Presynaptic Stretch Effects on Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 6275
Neuromuscular Junction Plasticity in Mammals and Botulinum Toxins......Page 6281
Neuromuscular Junction: Neuronal Regulation of Gene Transcription at the Vertebrate......Page 6292
Neuromuscular Junction: Synapse Elimination......Page 6301
Neuromuscular Junction: Synapse Elimination......Page 6309
Neuron Doctrine: Historical Background......Page 6329
Neuronal Angiotensin......Page 6334
Neuronal Motility and Structure: Cdk5 Pathways......Page 6340
Neuronal Motility and Structure: MARK and GSK Pathways......Page 6348
Neuronal Pacemaking......Page 6354
Neuronal Plasticity after Cortical Damage......Page 6364
Neuron-Glia Coupling in Glutathione Metabolism......Page 6369
Neuron-Glia pH Regulation......Page 6374
Neuropathic Pain......Page 6383
Neuropathy: Chemically-Induced......Page 6392
Neuropathy: Metabolically-Induced......Page 6399
Neuropathy: Peripheral......Page 6408
Neuropeptide FF and Receptors......Page 6414
Neuropeptide Inactivation or Metabolism......Page 6420
Neuropeptide Receptors - Drug Development......Page 6431
Neuropeptide Release......Page 6441
Neuropeptide S......Page 6447
Neuropeptide Signaling in Invertebrates......Page 6450
Neuropeptide Synthesis and Storage......Page 6458
Neuropeptide Y (NP Y) and its Receptors......Page 6466
Neuropeptides and Coexistence......Page 6472
Neuropeptides and Receptors in Glia......Page 6479
Neuropeptides in Autonomic Neurons......Page 6488
Neuropeptides Internalization......Page 6494
Neuropeptides Phylogeny and Evolution......Page 6499
Neuropeptides: Discovery......Page 6507
Neuropeptides: Electrophysiology......Page 6511
Neuropeptides: Endocrine Cells......Page 6517
Neuropeptides: Enteric Nervous System......Page 6524
Neuropeptides: Epilepsy......Page 6532
Neuropeptides: Food Intake......Page 6540
Neuropeptides: Mental Disease......Page 6547
Neuropeptides: Pain......Page 6555
Neuropeptides: Sensory Systems......Page 6559
Neurophysiology: Past and Present......Page 6568
Neuroplasticity: Computational Approaches......Page 6573
Neuroprotection: Endogenous Mechanisms......Page 6583
Neuroprotection: Pharmacological Approaches......Page 6588
Neuroproteomics......Page 6592
Neuropsychological Testing......Page 6603
Neuropsychology of Primate Reward Processes......Page 6612
Neuropsychology: Theoretical Basis......Page 6619
Neurosecretion (Regulated Exocytosis in Neuroendocrine Cells)......Page 6625
Neurosteroids......Page 6633
Neurotensin and Receptors......Page 6639
Neurotoxins......Page 6653
Neurotoxins and their Neurotoxicology......Page 6660
Neurotransmitter and Hormone Receptors on Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells......Page 6668
Neurotransmitter Release from Astrocytes......Page 6677
Neurotransmitter Release: Synchronous and Asynchronous......Page 6683
Neurotransmitters and Growth Factors: Overview......Page 6688
Neurotrophic Factor Therapy: GDNF and CNTF......Page 6699
Neurotrophic Factor Therapy: NGF, BDNF and NT-3......Page 6707
Neurotrophins: Physiology and Pharmacology......Page 6715
Neurulation......Page 6721
Neutrotransmission and Neuromodulation: Acetylcholine......Page 6728
Nicotine......Page 6733
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors......Page 6740
Nicotinic Receptors- Autonomic Neurons......Page 6745
Niemann-Pick Disease......Page 6750
Nightmares......Page 6754
Nitric Oxide......Page 6760
NMDA Receptor Function and Physiological Modulation......Page 6766
NMDA Receptors and Development......Page 6774
NMDA Receptors and Disease+C464......Page 6785
NMDA Receptors, Cell Biology and Trafficking......Page 6791
Nociceptor Responses......Page 6799
Nogo-A: Its Role in Axon Regeneration......Page 6807
Non-Photoreceptor Photoreception......Page 6813
Non-Primate Models of Normal Brain Aging......Page 6820
Noradrenaline......Page 6828
Norepinephrine: Adrenergic Receptors......Page 6838
Norepinephrine: CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology......Page 6844
Notch Pathway: Lateral Inhibition......Page 6856
Notch Signal Transduction: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms......Page 6865
NSF and SNAPs......Page 6875
Nuclear Movements in Neurons......Page 6882
Nucleic Acid Introduction into Primary.Neurons and Glia......Page 6887
Numerical Intelligence: Neural Substrates......Page 6891
Nutrient Sensing: Carbohydrates......Page 6898
Nutrient Sensing: Cellular Metabolism......Page 6906
Nutrition......Page 6910
Nystagmus......Page 6915
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 6920
Octopamine and Other Monoamines in Invertebrates......Page 6928
Oculomotor Control: Anatomical Pathways......Page 6935
Oculomotor System: Models......Page 6942
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Drosophila......Page 6952
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Honeybee......Page 6959
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca......Page 6965
Olfactory Bulb Anatomy......Page 6974
Olfactory Bulb Mapping......Page 6985
Olfactory Bulb Physiology......Page 6990
Olfactory Coding......Page 7000
Olfactory Cortex Physiology......Page 7008
Olfactory Cortex: Comparative Anatomy......Page 7014
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Regeneration Following Spinal Cord Injury......Page 7020
Olfactory Epithelium......Page 7026
Olfactory Glomeruli: Structure and Circuitry......Page 7032
Olfactory Higher Centers Anatomy......Page 7041
Olfactory Insights from Transcriptional Profiling......Page 7049
Olfactory Neuron Patterning and Specification......Page 7056
Olfactory Receptor Genes: Human Loss During Evolution......Page 7068
Olfactory Receptors......Page 7073
Olfactory Receptors: Microarray Analysis......Page 7080
Olfactory System Theory......Page 7085
Olfactory System: Circuit Dynamics and Neural Coding in the Locust......Page 7094
Oligodendrocyte and Schwann Cell Identification Methods......Page 7104
Oligodendrocyte Morphology......Page 7110
Oligodendrocyte Specification......Page 7116
Olivocerebellar System......Page 7123
Operant Conditioning of Reflexes......Page 7131
Opioid Peptides and Receptors......Page 7140
Opsoclonus/Myoclonus and Neuroblastoma......Page 7146
Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, and Optic Tracts......Page 7154
Optic Tectum: Development and Plasticity......Page 7160
Optic Tectum: Sensorimotor Integration......Page 7167
Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals......Page 7174
Optical Monitoring of Exo- and Endocytosis......Page 7182
Optokinetic Eye Movements......Page 7187
Orbitofrontal Cortex: Visual Functions......Page 7196
Orofacial Motor Control......Page 7204
Osmoregulation......Page 7210
Otoacoustic Emissions......Page 7218
Oxidative Damage in Neurodegeneration and Injury......Page 7228
Oxytocin (Peripheral/Central Actions and their Regulation)......Page 7238
P2X Receptors......Page 7249
Pain and Genes......Page 7255
Pain and Plasticity......Page 7260
Pain and the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 7269
Pain Management......Page 7282
Pain Pathways- Descending Modulation......Page 7290
Pain- Central......Page 7297
Pain- Neuroimaging......Page 7304
PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections)......Page 7310
Panic Disorder......Page 7316
Panic Disorder as an Emotional Disorder......Page 7321
Parasitic Diseases, Nervous System Effects......Page 7328
Parasomnias......Page 7333
Parasympathetic Nervous System......Page 7337
Parietal Cortex and Spatial Attention......Page 7339
Parkinsonian Syndromes......Page 7344
Parkinson\'s Disease- Alpha-Synuclein and Neurodegeneration......Page 7351
Paroxysmal Paralysis......Page 7358
Paroxysmal Sympathetic Storms......Page 7370
Pattern Generation......Page 7376
Peptidergic Receptors......Page 7384
Perception and Eye Movements......Page 7391
Perception of Surfaces and Forms......Page 7400
Perceptual Learning and Sensory Plasticity......Page 7409
Perceptual Learning- Neural Mechanisms......Page 7420
Perfusion MRI......Page 7427
Peripheral Circadian Oscillators......Page 7434
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration- An Overview......Page 7440
Perirhinal Cortex......Page 7444
Perirhinal Cortex- Neural Representations......Page 7447
Peroxisomal Disorders and Neurological Disease......Page 7460
Peroxisomes- Organization and Transport in Neurons......Page 7470
Pharmacology of Fear Extinction......Page 7476
Pharmacology of Sleep- Adenosine......Page 7482
Pheromones and other Chemical Communication in Animals......Page 7492
Pheromones in Humans and Social Chemosignals......Page 7498
Pheromones in Mammals......Page 7505
Phobia and Human Evolution......Page 7513
Photolysis of Caged Glutamate for Use in the CNS......Page 7519
Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproductive Cycles......Page 7525
Photoreceptor Adaptation......Page 7536
Photoreceptor Mosaic......Page 7540
Photoreceptors and Circadian Clocks......Page 7548
Photoreceptors- Physiology......Page 7556
Phototransduction......Page 7566
PHR (Pam-Highwire-RPM-1)......Page 7572
Phrenology......Page 7579
Piccolo and Bassoon......Page 7584
Pineal Gland and Melatonin......Page 7589
Pituitary Gland (Cell Types, Mediators, Development)......Page 7594
Plasticity- and Activity-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 7602
Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability......Page 7608
Pleasant Touch......Page 7615
Population Codes- Theoretic Aspects......Page 7623
Population Coding......Page 7630
Porphyria- Acute Intermittent......Page 7638
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 7643
Posterior Parietal Cortex and Arm Movement......Page 7655
Posterior Parietal Cortex and Tool Usage and Hand Shape......Page 7668
Post-Polio Syndrome......Page 7674
Postsynaptic Density-Architecture at Excitatory Synapses......Page 7679
Postsynaptic Development- Neuronal Molecular Scaffolds......Page 7686
Postsynaptic Specialization Assembly......Page 7694
Post-Tetanic Potentiation (PTP)......Page 7701
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as an Emotional Disorder......Page 7707
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- Neurobiology......Page 7714
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- Overview......Page 7720
Potassium Channel Regulation......Page 7726
Potassium Homeostasis in Glia......Page 7733
Prader–Willi Syndrome......Page 7739
Prediction Errors in Neural Processing- Imaging in Humans......Page 7750
Prefrontal Contributions to Reward Encoding......Page 7759
Prefrontal Cortex......Page 7768
Prefrontal Cortex- Structure and Anatomy......Page 7772
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Postpartum Major Depression- Chronobiology......Page 7782
Premotor Areas- Medial......Page 7788
Premotor Cortex in Primates- Dorsal and Ventral......Page 7797
Prepulse Inhibition of Startle in Humans and Laboratory Models......Page 7808
Presynaptic Development and Active Zones......Page 7817
Presynaptic Development- Functional and Morphological Organization......Page 7827
Presynaptic Endosomes......Page 7835
Presynaptic Events in Neuromuscular Transmission......Page 7840
Presynaptic Facilitation......Page 7850
Presynaptic Inhibition......Page 7859
Presynaptic Receptor Signaling......Page 7865
Presynaptic Regulation by Liprins......Page 7874
Presynaptic- Mitochondria and Presynaptic Function......Page 7881
Primate Communication- Evolution......Page 7892
Primate Interneurons......Page 7900
Priming......Page 7910
Prion Diseases......Page 7919
Prion Transport......Page 7924
Procedural Learning in Animals......Page 7929
Procedural Learning in Humans......Page 7934
Procedural Learning- Cerebellum Models......Page 7943
Procedural Learning- Classical Conditioning......Page 7947
Procedural Learning- Striatum......Page 7956
Programmed Cell Death......Page 7966
Prolactin and its Neuroendocrine Control......Page 7974
Prolactin-Releasing Peptide......Page 7981
Proopiomelanocortin......Page 7987
Proprioception......Page 7990
Prosopagnosia......Page 7997
Proteasome Role in Neurodegeneration......Page 8002
Protein Folding and the Role of Chaperone Proteins in Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 8008
Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Disturbed Sleep and Circadian Rhythms......Page 8012
Psychiatric Disorders- Functional Genomics......Page 8031
Psychiatric Genomics and Expression Profiling......Page 8037
Psycholinguistics......Page 8043
Psychopharmacology of Reward and Appetite in Rats......Page 8049
Psychophysics of Attention......Page 8055
Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Psychiatric Disorders......Page 8061
Pulsatility in Neuroendocrine Systems......Page 8068
Pulvinar Structure and Circuitry in Primates......Page 8076
Purinergic Receptors......Page 8088
Purines and Purinoceptors- Molecular Biology Overview......Page 8096
Pursuit Eye Movements......Page 8106
Rab3......Page 8113
Rab3A Interacting Molecules (RIMs)......Page 8118
Radial Glial Cells- Brain Functions......Page 8126
Reaching and Grasping......Page 8133
Reading......Page 8139
Reasoning and Problem Solving- Models......Page 8145
Receptor Trafficking......Page 8154
Recognition Memory......Page 8157
Red Nucleus......Page 8163
Referentiality and Concepts in Animal Cognition......Page 8171
Reflex Circuits......Page 8180
Regulation of Cell Volume in Neural Cells......Page 8187
Reinforcement Models......Page 8194
Representation of Color......Page 8203
Representation of Movement......Page 8210
Representation of Reward......Page 8218
Respiration......Page 8223
Restless Leg Syndrome......Page 8233
Reticular Activating System......Page 8238
Reticular Formation and the Brain Stem......Page 8245
Reticulospinal System......Page 8250
Retina- An Overview......Page 8258
Retinal Amacrine Cells......Page 8269
Retinal Bipolar Cells......Page 8278
Retinal Color Mechanisms......Page 8284
Retinal Development- An Overview......Page 8292
Retinal Development- Cell Type Specification......Page 8300
Retinal Ganglian Cells- Anatomy......Page 8307
Retinal Ganglion Cells- Receptive Fields......Page 8315
Retinal Glia......Page 8320
Retinal Horizontal Cells......Page 8328
Retinal Models......Page 8339
Retinal Pharmacology- Inner Retinal Layers......Page 8348
Retinitis Pigmentosa......Page 8355
Retinoic Acid Signaling and Neural Patterning......Page 8361
Retinomotor Movements......Page 8367
Retrograde Neurotrophic Signaling......Page 8374
Retrograde Transsynaptic Influences......Page 8381
Retronasal Olfaction......Page 8387
Rett Syndrome......Page 8395
Reward and Learning......Page 8398
Reward Decision-Making......Page 8401
Reward Neurophysiology and Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 8407
Reward Neurophysiology and Primate Cerebral Cortex......Page 8413
Reward Processing- Human Imaging......Page 8422
Reward Systems- Human......Page 8431
Reye Syndrome......Page 8439
Rho GTPases and Spines......Page 8443
Rhodopsin......Page 8451
Ribbon Synapses......Page 8459
RNA Binding Protein Methods......Page 8468
RNA Granules- Functions within Presynaptic Terminals and Postsynaptic Spines......Page 8474
Rodent Aging......Page 8481
Rodent Behavior- Approaches......Page 8491
Role of NO in Neurodegeneration......Page 8498
Saccade-Pursuit Interactions......Page 8504
Saccades and Visual Search......Page 8512
Saccadic Eye Movements......Page 8520
Salt Appetite......Page 8528
Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Course and Outcome......Page 8536
Schizophrenia: Genetics......Page 8542
Schwann Cell Development......Page 8546
Schwann Cell Morphology......Page 8557
Schwann Cells and Axon Relationship......Page 8567
Schwann Cells and Plasticity of the Neuromuscular Junction......Page 8572
Seasonal Changes in Night-Length and Impact on Human Sleep......Page 8578
Seasonal Hormonal Changes and Behavior......Page 8581
Seasonal Timing: Neural Mechanisms......Page 8589
Second Language Acquisition......Page 8596
Segawa Dopa Responsive Dystonia......Page 8603
Segmentation: Segmental Boundaries, Establishment and Morphogenesis (EPH)......Page 8610
Segmentation: Spinal Cord Segmentation and A-P Somite Patterning......Page 8614
Seismic and Vibrational Signals in Animals......Page 8622
Self-Organizing Maps......Page 8627
Semantic Memory......Page 8637
Semaphorins......Page 8643
Sensation from the Face......Page 8650
Sensorimotor Control of Manipulation......Page 8658
Sensorimotor Integration: Attention and the Premotor Theory......Page 8670
Sensorimotor Integration: Barrels, Vibrissae and Topographic Representations......Page 8675
Sensorimotor Integration: Models......Page 8681
Sensorimotor Plasticity and Control of Movement Following Spinal•Cord Injury +D18......Page 8692
Sensory Aging: Chemical Senses......Page 8699
Sensory Aging: Hearing......Page 8707
Sensory Aging: Vision......Page 8713
Sensory Ganglia......Page 8728
Sensory Re-education......Page 8740
Sensory System Specializations......Page 8746
Sentence Comprehension......Page 8751
Sentence Production......Page 8757
Serotonin (5-Hydroxtryptamine; 5-HT)- Neurotransmission and Neuromodulation......Page 8764
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): Receptors......Page 8770
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT): CNS Pathways and Neurophysiology......Page 8784
Serotonin and the Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Rhythms......Page 8792
Serotonin-Related Psychedelic Drugs......Page 8800
Sexual Behavior: Neuroendocrine Control......Page 8808
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain......Page 8814
Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System......Page 8820
Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Animal Signals......Page 8828
Shape Representation in Inferotemporal Cortex......Page 8836
Shift Work and Circadian Rhythms......Page 8845
Short Term and Working Memory......Page 8850
Signal Design Rules in Animal Communication......Page 8857
Signal Identification: Peripheral and Central Mechanisms......Page 8865
Signal Production and Amplification in Birds......Page 8871
Signal Transmission in Natural Environments......Page 8882
Single Cell Electroporation......Page 8888
Single Cell Genomic DNA Analysis......Page 8895
Single Cell Molecular Analysis Procedures......Page 8900
Single Cell Neuronal Circadian Clocks......Page 8905
Single Cell PCR Coupled with Electrophysiology......Page 8910
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)......Page 8915
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)- Technique......Page 8921
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis......Page 8931
siRNA: Utility......Page 8936
Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Human Aging and Dementia......Page 8945
Sleep and Sleep States: Cytokines and Neuromodulation......Page 8952
Sleep and Sleep States: Gene Expression......Page 8959
Sleep and Sleep States: Hippocampus-Neocortex Dialog......Page 8966
Sleep and Sleep States: Histamine Role......Page 8973
Sleep and Sleep States: Hypothalamic Regulation......Page 8983
Sleep and Sleep States: Network Reactivation......Page 8991
Sleep and Sleep States: PET Activation Patterns......Page 8999
Sleep and Sleep States: Phylogeny and Ontogeny......Page 9006
Sleep and Sleep States: Thalamic Regulation......Page 9015
Sleep and Waking in Drosophila......Page 9019
Sleep Apnea......Page 9026
Sleep Architecture......Page 9033
Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function......Page 9040
Sleep Deprivation: Neurobehavioral Changes......Page 9045
Sleep in Adolescents......Page 9053
Sleep in Aging......Page 9061
Sleep Mentation in REM and NREM: A Neurocognitive Perspective......Page 9068
Sleep Oscillations......Page 9074
Sleep Oscillations and PGO Waves......Page 9082
Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine in Historical Perspective......Page 9090
Sleep: Development and Circadian Control......Page 9096
Sleep: Dependent Memory Processing......Page 9101
Sleeping Sickness......Page 9112
Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Acetylcholine......Page 9119
Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Noradrenaline and Serotonin......Page 9123
Slow Axonal Transport......Page 9128
SNAREs......Page 9137
Social Brain: Evolution......Page 9146
Social Cognition......Page 9152
Social Communication in Whales and Dolphins......Page 9156
Social Emotion: Neuroimaging......Page 9160
Social Interaction......Page 9165
Social Interaction Effects on Reward and Cognitive Abilities in Monkeys......Page 9173
Social Stress in Adult Primates......Page 9183
Sodium Channels......Page 9188
Somatosensory Cortex......Page 9195
Somatosensory Cortex: Functional Architecture......Page 9200
Somatosensory Pathways (Ascending): Functional Architecture......Page 9206
Somatosensory Perception......Page 9212
Somatosensory Plasticity......Page 9219
Somatosensory Receptive Fields......Page 9231
Somatostatin and Receptors......Page 9240
Sonic Hedgehog and Neural Patterning......Page 9247
Sound Localization: Neural Mechanisms......Page 9255
Sox Gene Expression......Page 9263
Spasticity......Page 9270
Spatial Cognition......Page 9281
Spatial Cognition and Executive Function......Page 9288
Spatial Cognitive Maps......Page 9295
Spatial Memory: Assessment in Animals......Page 9301
Spatial Orientation: Our Whole-Body Motion and Orientation Sense......Page 9309
Spatial Transformations for Eye-Hand Coordination......Page 9316
Spectrin: Organization and Function in Neurons......Page 9325
Speech Perception: Adult......Page 9331
Speech Perception: Cortical Processing......Page 9339
Speech vPerception: Development......Page 9344
Speech Perception: Neural Encoding......Page 9350
Speech Production: Adult......Page 9358
Speech Production: Development......Page 9366
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP)......Page 9376
Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity Models......Page 9380
Spiking Neuron Models......Page 9387
Spinal Cord Injuries......Page 9391
Spinal Cord Pain Systems......Page 9397
Spinal Cord Regeneration after Injury: Bridging by Schwann Cells and Bioimplants......Page 9408
Spinal Cord Regeneration and Functional Recovery: Strategies......Page 9412
Spinal Motor Neurons: Properties......Page 9418
Spine Plasticity......Page 9429
Spines and Mental Disorders......Page 9436
Spinocerebellar Atrophy......Page 9443
Split-Brain Patients......Page 9456
Spontaneous Patterned Activity in Developing Neural Circuits......Page 9462
Sporadic Degenerative Ataxias and the Dominantly Inherited Spinocerebellar Ataxias......Page 9469
Startle Response......Page 9478
Statistical Analysis of Visual Perception......Page 9483
Statistical Learning of Language......Page 9489
Statistical Tests and Inferences......Page 9495
Stem Cells and CNS Repair......Page 9503
Stereoscopic Vision......Page 9512
Stimulant and Wake-Promoting Substances......Page 9519
Stomatogastric Ganglion Models......Page 9525
Strategic Control of Memory......Page 9536
Stress and Cognition......Page 9544
Stress and Neural Involvement in Metabolism......Page 9550
Stress and Neuronal Plasticity......Page 9558
Stress and Parasympathetic Control......Page 9562
Stress and Suicide......Page 9569
Stress and Vulnerability to Brain Damage......Page 9578
Stress Response and Self-Esteem......Page 9586
Stress Response: Genetic Consequences......Page 9591
Stress Response: Neural and Feedback Regulation of•the•HPA•Axis......Page 9600
Stress Response: Sex Differences......Page 9606
Stress, Cytokines and Depressive Illness......Page 9613
Stress, Dopamine, and Puberty......Page 9622
Stress, Sex and Adolescent Nicotine Response......Page 9630
Stress, the HPA Axis and Depressive Illness......Page 9636
Stress: Definition and History......Page 9642
Stress: Homeostasis, Rheostasis, Allostasis and Allostatic Load......Page 9649
Striatum: Internal Physiology......Page 9654
Stroke......Page 9664
Stroke: Injury Mechanisms......Page 9670
Stroke: Neonate vs. Adult......Page 9677
Substance Abuse and Dependence......Page 9681
Substance P/Tachykinins and its/their Receptors......Page 9688
Suicide......Page 9705
Superior Colliculus......Page 9714
Supplementary Eye Fields......Page 9722
Swim Oscillator Networks......Page 9731
Swimming: Neural Mechanisms......Page 9736
Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 9747
Sympathetic Noradrenergic and Adrenomedullary Hormonal Systems in Stress and Distress......Page 9756
Sympathoadrenal System: Neural Arm of the Stress Response......Page 9762
Sympathomimetic Drugs and Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists......Page 9768
Synapse Formation: Competition and the Role of Activity......Page 9779
Synapsins......Page 9786
Synapsins and Regulation of the Reserve Pool......Page 9790
Synaptic Capture and Tagging......Page 9799
Synaptic Depression......Page 9804
Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning......Page 9810
Synaptic Plasticity and Place Cell Formation......Page 9814
Synaptic Plasticity: Cerebellum......Page 9820
Synaptic Plasticity: Diacylglycerol Signalling role......Page 9825
Synaptic Plasticity: Learning and Memory in Normal Aging......Page 9834
Synaptic Plasticity: Neuronal Sprouting......Page 9840
Synaptic Plasticity: Neuronogenesis and Stem Cells in Normal Brain Aging......Page 9845
Synaptic Plasticity: Short-Term Mechanisms......Page 9849
Synaptic Precursors: Filopodia......Page 9855
Synaptic Transmission: Models......Page 9863
Synaptic Vesicle Protein-2 (SV2)......Page 9872
Synaptic Vesicles......Page 9876
Synaptojanin......Page 9884
Synaptosomes......Page 9890
Synaptotagmins......Page 9894
SynCAMs......Page 9897
Synfire Chains......Page 9903
Synucleins......Page 9907
Syringomyelia......Page 9912
Tactile Coding in Peripheral Neural Populations......Page 9921
Tactile Texture......Page 9929
Target Selection for Pursuit and Saccades......Page 9934
Task Switching......Page 9940
Taste- Vertebrate Central Pathways......Page 9946
Taste- Vertebrate Psychophysics......Page 9951
Taste- Vertebrate Taste Bud Physiology......Page 9957
Tay-Sachs Disease......Page 9964
Temperature Sensation......Page 9972
Temporal Processing in the Auditory Pathway......Page 9977
Terminal Differentiation- REST......Page 9988
Thalamic Mechanisms in Vision......Page 9995
Thalamus and Oculomotor Control......Page 10011
Thalamus- Evolution in Vertebrates......Page 10020
The AIM Model of Dreaming, Sleeping, and Waking Consciousness......Page 10028
Thermoregulation during Sleep and Sleep Deprivation......Page 10036
Thermoregulation- Autonomic, Age-Related Changes......Page 10041
Thirst......Page 10051
Thyroid Hormone and Transcriptional Regulation in the CNS......Page 10057
Tinnitus......Page 10065
TIP39 (Tuberoinfundibular Peptide 39 Residues)......Page 10073
Topographic Maps- Molecular Mechanisms......Page 10082
Torsion Dystonia......Page 10091
Tourette Syndrome as a Neurotransmitter Disorder......Page 10097
Tourette\'s Disorder......Page 10103
Trace Monoamines and Receptors in Mammalian CNS......Page 10109
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation......Page 10117
Transcription and Reward Systems......Page 10125
Transcription Control and the Circadian Clock......Page 10133
Transcription Factors in Synaptic Plasticity and Learning and Memory......Page 10143
Transcriptional Networks and the Spinal Cord......Page 10155
Transcriptional Silencing......Page 10161
Transgenic Models of Neurodegenerative Disease......Page 10167
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels......Page 10170
Translational Regulation at the Synapse......Page 10195
Transplantation of Myelin Forming Cells......Page 10200
Transport Dependent Damage Signaling......Page 10212
Transporter Proteins in Neurons and Glia......Page 10217
Trigeminal Motor System......Page 10225
Trigeminal Neuralgia......Page 10230
Triplicate Repeats- Huntington\'s disease......Page 10235
Triune Brain Concept- A Comparative Evolutionary Perspective......Page 10241
Tuberous Sclerosis......Page 10250
Tumors of the Brain and the Spinal Cord......Page 10257
Two-P-Domain (K2P) Potassium Channels- Leak Conductance Regulators of Excitability......Page 10261
Two-Photon Imaging......Page 10275
Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Plasticity......Page 10284
Ultrastructural Analysis of Spine Plasticity......Page 10293
Ultrastructural Organization of Release Sites in the Calyx of Held......Page 10300
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease......Page 10306
Vascular Issues in Neurodegeneration and Injury......Page 10314
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Receptors......Page 10323
Vasopressin-Oxytocin and Receptors......Page 10331
Vegetative State......Page 10340
VelociGene and VelociMouse- High-Throughput Approaches for Generating Targeted Mutations in Mice on a Genome-Wide Scale......Page 10346
Vergence Eye Movements......Page 10353
Vertebrate Eyes- Evolution......Page 10363
Vertigo......Page 10368
Vesicle Pools......Page 10375
Vesicular Neurotransmitter Transporters......Page 10382
Vesicular Sorting to Axons and Dendrites......Page 10389
Vestibular Influences on Cognition......Page 10395
Vestibular System......Page 10400
Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses......Page 10406
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex......Page 10412
Vestibulospinal System and Eye–Head-Neck Movement......Page 10420
Vibrissa Movement, Sensation and Sensorimotor Control......Page 10428
Viral Vectors in the CNS......Page 10451
Visceral Pain......Page 10461
Viscero-Sensory Functions- Capsaicin......Page 10467
Vision for Action and Perception......Page 10474
Vision- Light and Dark Adaptation......Page 10482
Vision- Mechanisms of Orientation, Direction and Depth......Page 10488
Vision- Surface Segmentation......Page 10497
Visual Associative Memory......Page 10503
Visual Attention......Page 10513
Visual Cortex in Humans......Page 10521
Visual Cortex- Mapping of Functional Architecture Using Optical Imaging......Page 10528
Visual Cortical Models of Orientation Tuning......Page 10538
Visual Deprivation......Page 10545
Visual Development......Page 10551
Visual Motion Detection......Page 10559
Visual Motion Models......Page 10564
Visual Signaling in Animals......Page 10573
Visual System Development- Invertebrates......Page 10578
Visual System- Adaptive Regression and Progression in Subterranean Mammals......Page 10588
Visual System- Functional Architecture of Area V2......Page 10596
Visual System- Invertebrates......Page 10615
Visual System- Multiple Visual Areas in Monkeys......Page 10623
Visually Guided Behavior......Page 10633
Visual-Vestibular Interactions......Page 10645
Vocal Communication in Birds......Page 10652
Voltage Gated Potassium Channels- Structure and Function of Kv1 to Kv9 Subfamilies......Page 10660
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels......Page 10689
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (Kv10–Kv12)......Page 10704
Vomeronasal Accessory System......Page 10713
Vomeronasal System Evolution......Page 10720
Voxel Based Morphometry......Page 10730
Walking in Invertebrates......Page 10737
Wallerian Degeneration......Page 10743
Wilson\'s Disease......Page 10750
Wnt Pathway and Neural Patterning......Page 10753
Word Learning......Page 10759
Word Production......Page 10765
Word Recognition......Page 10773
Working Memory- Capacity Limitations......Page 10779
Writer\'s Cramp......Page 10788
Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia......Page 10793