Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology

Contents......Page 4
Editorial Board......Page 5
List of Entries......Page 6
Reader’s Guide......Page 9
Introduction......Page 20
Factors That Influence Low Minority Achievement......Page 22
Disaggregation of Data......Page 23
African Americans......Page 24
Asian Americans And Pacific Islanders......Page 25
Conclusion......Page 26
Measurement Of Acculturation......Page 27
Acculturation Measures......Page 28
African Americans......Page 29
Conclusion......Page 30
Acculturation Scales: Acculturation, Habits, And Interests Multicultural Scale For Adolescents......Page 31
Acculturation Scales: Acculturation Rating Scale For Mexican Americans–ii......Page 32
Acculturation Scales: African American Acculturation Scale......Page 33
Administration And Scoring......Page 34
Acculturation Scales: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale For Hispanics......Page 35
Clinical Practice And Research......Page 36
Acculturation Scales: Short Acculturation Scale For Hispanics......Page 37
Limitations......Page 38
Acculturative Stress......Page 39
Affirmative Action In Employment......Page 40
Does Affirmative Action Work?......Page 41
Prevalence Of Mental Illness Among African Americans......Page 42
The Effects Of Racism On Mental Health......Page 43
Barriers To Mental Health Services......Page 44
Culture-specific Approaches To Assessment, Diagnosis, And Intervention......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 47
African/black Psychological Developments......Page 48
Conclusion......Page 49
Challenges To Africentric Theory......Page 50
General Information......Page 51
Customs And Beliefs......Page 52
Health Disparities......Page 53
Unintentional Injury......Page 54
Mental Health Service Utilization......Page 55
Alcohol/Substance Use And Abuse......Page 56
The Role Of Cultural Norms And Acculturation In Substance Use......Page 57
The Prevalence Of Substance Use, Abuse, And Dependence Among Ethnic Minority Groups In The United States......Page 58
Substance Abuse And Dependence......Page 59
Intervention......Page 60
Drug Control Policy......Page 61
Code Of Ethics......Page 62
American Psychological Association......Page 63
Disability Defined......Page 64
Anti-semitism......Page 65
Unique Symptom Expression Among Racial And Ethnic Groups......Page 66
African Americans......Page 67
Asian Americans......Page 68
Culturally Specific Anxiety Disorders......Page 69
Kayak Angst (Native Americans)......Page 70
Conclusions......Page 71
Asian American Psychological Association......Page 72
Issues In The Research Concerning Asian And Pacific Islander Americans......Page 73
Factors That Suggest Increased Psychological Distress In Asian And Pacific Islander American Populations......Page 75
Manifestation Of Psychological Distress......Page 76
Association Of Black Psychologists......Page 78
Publications......Page 79
Causes And Major Characteristics......Page 80
Treatment......Page 81
Self-attributions......Page 82
Social Attributions......Page 83
B......Page 85
Biculturalism As An Acculturation Strategy......Page 86
The Bicultural Mind......Page 87
Intercultural Orientation......Page 88
Traditional English-as-aSecond-Language (ESL) Pullout......Page 89
History Of Bilingualism In Psychotherapy......Page 90
Psychotherapy Tools When Working With The Bilingual Patient......Page 91
The American Legacy Of Hypodescent......Page 92
The Multiracial Movement......Page 93
Contemporary Issues......Page 94
Pathology And Treatment......Page 95
Biracial And Multiracial Identity Development Models......Page 97
Research On Biracial Identity......Page 98
Bureau Of Indian Affairs......Page 99
Racial Classification In An Era Of Individual Identity (post-1960)......Page 101
Implications Of Applying New Definitions: Multiple-race Response......Page 102
Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale......Page 103
Certificate Of Degree Of Indian Blood......Page 104
Chicana/os: History And Term Identification......Page 105
America’s Attitudes And Chicana/os Today......Page 106
Definition......Page 107
Cultural Factors To Consider In Definitions Of Abuse......Page 108
Prevalence......Page 109
Culturally Competent Child Protection......Page 110
Interactional Perspective......Page 112
Child Risk Factors......Page 113
Psychological Indicators......Page 114
Cultural Implications......Page 115
Cultural Orientation......Page 117
Migration Issues......Page 118
Cultural Gaps Within The Family......Page 119
Bilingual Services......Page 120
Use Of Alternative Healing Practices......Page 121
Service-delivery Approaches......Page 122
Cholo/chola......Page 123
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy......Page 124
Collectivism......Page 126
Committee On Ethnic Minority Affairs......Page 128
Community Psychology......Page 129
Context Communication......Page 130
Coping Mechanisms......Page 131
African Americans......Page 132
Council Of National Psychological Associations For The Advancement Of Ethnic Minority Interests......Page 133
Critical Race Theory......Page 134
Cross-cultural Psychology......Page 135
Rationale for the Field......Page 136
Historical Roots......Page 137
Examples......Page 138
Diverse Methods......Page 139
Conclusion......Page 140
Cuban Immigration To The United States......Page 141
Demographics......Page 142
Acculturation, Values, And Belief Systems......Page 143
Treatment Considerations......Page 145
Conclusion......Page 146
Culture-related Barriers......Page 147
Class-related Barriers......Page 148
Culture......Page 149
Culture-bound Syndromes......Page 150
Directions For Future Classification And Research Of Culture-bound Syndromes......Page 151
Culture-bound Syndromes: Amok......Page 152
Culture-bound Syndromes: Bilis, Colera......Page 153
Culture-bound Syndromes: Brain Fag......Page 154
Culture-bound Syndromes: Dhat......Page 155
Culture-bound Syndromes: Falling Out, Blacking Out......Page 156
Culture-bound Syndromes: Hwa-byung......Page 157
Culture-bound Syndromes: Koro......Page 158
Culture-bound Syndromes: Latah......Page 159
Culture-bound Syndromes: Mal De Ojo......Page 160
Culture-bound Syndromes: Nervios......Page 161
Diagnosis......Page 162
Conceptualizations And Current Status Of Shenjing Shuairuo......Page 163
Culture-bound Syndromes: Susto......Page 164
Culture-bound Syndromes: Taijin Kyofusho......Page 165
Culture-bound Syndromes: Zar......Page 166
Causes......Page 168
Future Directions......Page 169
Prevalence Of Depression......Page 170
Assessment And Treatment Of Depression......Page 171
Increased Likelihood Of Disability......Page 172
Access To Services......Page 173
Prevalence Of Domestic Violence......Page 174
Role Of Culture And Ethnicity In Domestic Violence......Page 175
Dozens......Page 176
Drapetomania......Page 177
Contemporary Prevention Approaches......Page 178
Targeted Prevention Programs for a Specific Racial or Ethnic Group......Page 179
DSM-IV......Page 180
Multicultural Issues......Page 181
Consequences Of Eating Disorders......Page 183
Racial/ethnic Differences Of Eating Disorders......Page 184
History Of Multicultural Education......Page 185
Current Educational Inequality......Page 186
Emic Versus Etic Distinction......Page 187
Equal Employment Opportunity......Page 188
Racial Identity......Page 190
Developmental Models......Page 191
Group-Based Models......Page 192
Factors Influencing Racial Identity......Page 193
Developmental Models......Page 194
New Directions......Page 195
Ethnic Identity Development......Page 196
Identity Defined......Page 197
Summary And Conclusions......Page 198
Ethnicity-general Measures Of Ethnic Identity......Page 199
White Ethnic Identity Development Measures......Page 200
Psychometric Properties......Page 201
Scoring......Page 202
Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Cross Racial Identity Scale......Page 203
Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure......Page 204
Ethnic Identity Development Measures: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale......Page 205
Recent Research With The Rias-b......Page 206
Ethnicity......Page 207
The Role Of Cultural Match......Page 209
Counselor Biases......Page 210
Hispanic And Latino American Elders......Page 211
Alaska Native And American Indian Elders......Page 212
Ethnic Minority Youth Literature......Page 213
Asian/pacific Islander Youth......Page 214
Ethnic Research......Page 215
Adapting Measures In Cross-cultural Research......Page 219
Concluding Remarks......Page 220
Ethnocentric Monoculturalism......Page 221
Ethnic Cleansing......Page 222
Ethnic Markers......Page 223
Eugenics......Page 224
History Of Eugenics......Page 225
Eugenics Today......Page 226
External–Internal Control......Page 227
Family Therapy......Page 228
Culture-Specific Perspective......Page 229
Effective Family Therapy Interventions With Disenfranchised Families......Page 230
Filial Piety......Page 231
Filipino American History: Origins And Immigration......Page 232
Filipino American History......Page 233
Traditional Cultural Values......Page 234
Filipino American Identity And Acculturation......Page 235
Mental Health......Page 236
Barriers to Mental Health Care......Page 237
Early Head Start......Page 238
Definitions Of Help Seeking......Page 239
Impact Of Culture On Help Seeking......Page 240
Historical Considerations......Page 241
Mexican Americans......Page 242
Cubans......Page 243
Cultural Values......Page 244
Acculturation......Page 245
Assessment......Page 246
Historical Trauma (Native Americans)......Page 247
Definition And Mechanisms Of Trauma......Page 248
Historical Trauma Theory, Research, And Treatment......Page 249
Hiv Prevention: Multiple Levels Of Intervention......Page 250
Hiv Prevention: Meeting The Needs Of Ethnic And Racial Minorities......Page 251
Historical Overview Of Immigration Policy In The United States......Page 253
Immigrant Inflows, Types Of Immigrants, And Push Factors......Page 254
Asian Immigrants......Page 255
Immigrants: Current Policy And Legislative Controversies......Page 256
Toward A Multicultural Psychology Of Immigrant Health......Page 257
The Psychosocial Context Of Immigration: Areas For Future Research......Page 258
Indian Health Service......Page 259
Challenges Facing The Ihs......Page 260
Indigenous Treatments And Healers......Page 261
Indigenous Treatments: Coining......Page 263
Indigenous Treatments: Cuento Therapy......Page 264
Indigenous Treatments: Curanderismo......Page 265
Indigenous Treatments: Dichos......Page 266
Indigenous Treatments: Moxibustion......Page 267
Holistic Approach......Page 268
Indigenous Treatments: Sobadores......Page 269
Individualism......Page 270
Historical Background......Page 271
Strategies For Overcoming Institutional Racism......Page 272
A Conceptual Model To Guide Instrument Development......Page 273
Psychometric Properties......Page 274
Intelligence Tests......Page 275
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence......Page 276
Stanford-Binet......Page 277
Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test......Page 278
Intelligence Testing And People Of Color......Page 279
Conclusion......Page 280
Intergroup Relations......Page 281
Theories Of Intergroup Relations......Page 282
Resolving Intergroup Conflict......Page 283
Internalized Racism......Page 284
Internment Of Japanese Americans......Page 285
Laypeople, Friends, And Adult Family Members......Page 286
Establishing Rapport......Page 287
Intraracial Violence......Page 288
Challenges And Future Directions......Page 289
Understanding Japanese Patterns Of Social Relations......Page 291
Bicultural Influences On Japanese Americans......Page 292
Some Examples Of The Associational Tendencies Of Japanese Americans......Page 295
Conclusion......Page 296
A Predisposition For Active Coping......Page 297
The Future Of John Henryism......Page 298
History......Page 299
Cultural Values......Page 300
Identifying the Support System......Page 301
Explaining the Role of Therapy......Page 302
Being Direct and Present Focused......Page 303
Reconceptualizing Mental Illness......Page 304
Language Proficiency......Page 305
Machismo......Page 307
Measures Of Racial Prejudice......Page 308
Cognitive Processes And Racial Prejudice......Page 309
Measures Of Racial Prejudice: Modern Racism Scale......Page 310
Diagnosis And Culture......Page 311
Religion And Mental Health......Page 312
Racism And Health......Page 313
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders......Page 315
Mexican Americans......Page 316
Population......Page 317
Education......Page 318
Employment, Health, and Health Care......Page 319
The Intersection And Interrelationship Of Influencing Factors......Page 320
Conclusion......Page 322
Minority Status......Page 323
Deficit Model......Page 324
Racist Implications of the Medical Model......Page 325
Models Of Second-culture Acquisition......Page 326
Definition......Page 327
Relevant Terms......Page 328
Rationale For Multicultural Counseling......Page 329
History Of Multicultural Counseling......Page 330
Models Of Multicultural Counseling......Page 331
Definition......Page 334
Historical Context......Page 335
Example......Page 336
Multicultural Counseling Competencies In Assessment And Diagnosis......Page 337
Multicultural Counseling Competencies In Treatment And Intervention......Page 338
Example......Page 339
Multiculturalism......Page 340
Research Support For The Multicultural Personality Construct......Page 342
Myths About Multiracial Individuals......Page 344
Implications For Professional Practice......Page 345
Native Americans......Page 347
Income and Employment......Page 348
Selected History......Page 349
Psychological And Other Health Considerations......Page 350
Substance Abuse......Page 352
Cultural Factors in Treatment......Page 353
Conclusions......Page 354
Practice......Page 355
Education And Socioeconomic Status......Page 356
Office Of Ethnic Minority Affairs......Page 358
Organizational Diversity......Page 359
Community Environment......Page 361
Methodological Shortcomings And How Researchers Have Responded......Page 362
Asian Americans......Page 363
Latino Americans......Page 364
Native American Indians......Page 365
Personality Disorders......Page 367
Current Definitions Of Personality Disorder......Page 368
History Of Personality Disorders......Page 369
Classification Of Personality Disorder......Page 370
Prevalence......Page 371
Treatment Of Personality Disorder......Page 372
A Mainstream View Of Ptsd......Page 373
PTSD in African Americans......Page 375
PTSD in Hispanic Americans......Page 377
PTSD in Asian and Pacific Island Americans......Page 378
PTSD in Native Americans......Page 379
Barriers to Transcending the Dispositional View......Page 381
Powerlessness......Page 382
Rorschach Comprehensive System......Page 383
Summary......Page 384
Psychopharmacology......Page 385
History And Political Status......Page 387
Cultural Values......Page 388
Ethnic Identity......Page 389
Prevalence Of Mental Health Disorders......Page 390
Folk Healing Traditions......Page 391
Psychotherapy Interventions......Page 392
Qualitative Methods......Page 394
Case Study......Page 395
Critical Theory......Page 396
Race......Page 397
The Beginnings Of Race Psychology......Page 398
The Decline Of Race Psychology......Page 399
Early Childhood......Page 400
Preadolescence......Page 401
Adolescence......Page 402
Empirical Evaluation Of Racial Identity Development......Page 403
Future Directions For Racial Identity Theory And Research......Page 404
Atkinson, Morten, And Sue’s Racial/cultural Identity Development Model......Page 405
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model......Page 406
Ruiz’s Chicano/latino Ethnic Identity Model......Page 407
Racism And The Field Of Psychology......Page 408
Forms Of Racism......Page 409
Multiple Effects Of Racism And Discrimination......Page 410
Racism in the Clinical Context......Page 412
Additional Intervention Contexts......Page 413
Rapport......Page 414
Refugees......Page 416
Mental Health Issues......Page 417
Religion......Page 418
Approaches To Religion And Culture......Page 419
Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Espiritismo......Page 420
Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Fatalismo......Page 421
Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Marianismo......Page 422
Conflicts With The Mental Health Delivery System......Page 423
Religious/spiritual Beliefs: Santerнa......Page 424
Schizophrenia......Page 426
Scholastic Assessment Test......Page 428
Self-disclosure As A Therapeutic Intervention......Page 429
Self-disclosure In A Multicultural Context......Page 430
Self-esteem Across The Life Span......Page 431
Self-esteem And Racial And Ethnic Minorities......Page 432
Prevalence Of Sexual Abuse......Page 433
Perpetrators Of Sexual Abuse......Page 434
Alcohol, Sexual Abuse, And Culture......Page 436
Asian Americans......Page 437
Culturally Sensitive Interventions For Sexual Abuse......Page 438
African Americans......Page 439
Majority Prejudice......Page 440
History Of Social Justice In Psychology......Page 441
Current Social Justice Agenda......Page 442
History......Page 443
Structure Of Ses......Page 444
Measurement Of Ses......Page 445
Normal And Pathological Somatization......Page 446
Gain and Social Reinforcement......Page 447
Historical Overview......Page 448
Impact of Premigration Trauma on Postmigration Psychosocial Adjustment......Page 449
Postmigration Challenges......Page 450
Cultural Belief Systems......Page 452
Barriers to Mainstream Mental Health Services and Use of Traditional Methods......Page 453
Spirituality And Ethnic Minorities......Page 454
Spirituality And Native Americans......Page 455
A Brief History Of Stress......Page 456
Power, Privilege, And Multicultural Stress......Page 457
Acculturation And Stress......Page 459
Language And Communication Stress......Page 460
Summary And Conclusion......Page 461
Asian Americans......Page 462
Promoting Protective Factors......Page 463
Framework For Teaching Racial Identity......Page 464
Teaching About Racial Identity......Page 465
Tokenism/psychology Of Tokenism......Page 466
Translation Methods......Page 467
Psychological Outcome Studies......Page 469
Cultural Socialization Studies......Page 470
Future Research......Page 471
Uncle Tom Syndrome......Page 472
Vietnamese Immigration To The United States......Page 474
Vietnamese Adaptation To American Society......Page 475
Vietnamese Culture......Page 476
Vietnamese American Families......Page 477
Mental Health Issues Among Vietnamese Americans......Page 479
White Privilege......Page 481
White Racial Identity......Page 482
American Indian And Alaska Native Women......Page 484
Asian American And Pacific Islander Women......Page 486
African American Women......Page 487
Latina Americans......Page 488
Frameworks......Page 489
Clinical Applications And Worldview......Page 490
Xenophobia......Page 492