Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity

9780323903035_WEB01
	Front Cover
	Half title
	Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity
	Copyright
	Editor-in-Chief
	Editorial Board
		Editor-in-Chief
		Section Editors
	List of Contributors for Volume 1
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contents of Volume 1
	General Concepts of Immunity
		Introduction to immune system
		Innate immunity: The first line of defense against pathogens
		Effector mechanisms of innate immune response
		Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC): An extracellular killing mechanism
		The components of innate immune system
		Adaptive immunity
		References
	Organs and Tissues of the Immune System
		Introduction
		Primary lymphoid organs
		Secondary lymphoid organs
		Conclusion
		References
	Structure and Function of the Immune System
		Introduction
		Lymphoid organs
		Primary lymphoid organs
		Secondary lymphoid organs
		An overview of the innate and adaptive immune system
		Effector mechanisms of the innate immune system
		Adaptive immune system: Components and effector functions
		T lymphocytes: The main players of cellular immunity
		References
	Adaptive Immunity
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Types of adaptive immunity
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Cell-Mediated Immunity
		T lymphocyte development in the thymus
		T cell aging
		T cell receptor (TCR) and recognition of antigens
		Steps of T cell activation (general features)
		CD4+ T cell activation results
		T Follicular helper cells (Tfh)
		Regulatory T cells (Treg)
		CD8+ T cell activation results
		Memory T cells
		γδ T cells
		References
	T Cell Development
		Introduction
		Early T cell development
		Selection of thymocytes
		Unconventional T cell development
		Conclusion and future directions
		References
	Antigens
		Introduction
		Antigen presenting cells
		Pattern recognition receptors
		Factors influencing immunogenicity
		Adjuvants
		Adaptive immune cell epitopes
		Conclusions
		References
	Antigen Presentation and Major Histocompatibility Complex
		Introduction
		Basic structure of MHC molecules and MHC-peptide complexes
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Phagocytosis
		Glossary
		Phagocytosis history
		Phagocytes
		The process of phagocytosis
		Conclusion
		References
	Dendritic Cells
		Introduction
		Phenotype
		Tissue distribution
		Development
		Activation and function of DCs in infection
		DCs and cancer
		DC failure and malfunction
		Tolerogenic DCs
		Clinical utility of DC targeting
		References
	Natural Kills Cells
		Introduction
		NK cell development
		NK cell signaling
		NK cell effector pathways
		NK cells and infectious pathogens
		NK cells in health and human disease
		NK cell deficiencies
		Summary
		References
	Toll-Like Receptors
		Pattern recognition receptors: As the sensors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns
		Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
		TLR signaling pathway
		Primary immunodeficiencies associated with TLR signaling: Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases
		TLR: Roles in human diseases
		References
	The Complement System
		Nomenclature
		Introduction
		Biomedical relevance of the complement system
		Historical background
		Pathways of the complement system
		Regulation of the complement system
		Functions of complement and associated receptors
		The complement system in disease
		General overview of therapeutic targets
		Basic laboratory assays for assessing overall complement function and disease diagnostics
		Conclusion
		References
	Cytokines in Innate Immunity
		Glossary
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		The IL-1 family
		Innate lymphoid cells
		Medical aspects
		Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT)
		The IL-6 family
		Cytokines with antiviral properties-Interferons
		Cytokine storm (and COVID-19)
		References
	Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
		Chemokines
		Chemokine receptors
		Chemokine families
		Chemokine signaling
		Chemokines in innate and adaptive immunity
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Immunological Tolerance
		Introduction
		Immune tolerance in cancer
		Immune tolerance in autoimmunity
		References
	Immunologic Memory
		Glossary
		Immunologic memory in prokaryotes
		Immunologic memory in invertebrates and low vertebrates
		Non-B non-T immunologic memory in higher vertebrate
		Humoral immunologic memory in higher vertebrate
		Cellular immunologic memory in higher vertebrate
		Application of immunologic memory and vaccination
		References
	Inflammation
		Introduction to inflammation
		Inflammation: A working definition
		Historically defined acute inflammation
		A bird's eye view of the inflammatory process
		Inflammatory danger signals
		The cellular players in the inflammatory response
		Myeloid cells (monocyte/macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells)
		Lymphoid leukocytes
		Chemical mediators of inflammation
		Role of antibodies in inflammation
		Complement
		Consequences of hypersensitive inflammation
		Conclusions
		References
	Hypersensitivity
		Definition
		Etiology
		Classification
		Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity
		Type II (antibody-mediated) hypersensitivity
		Type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
		Type IV (cell-mediated or delayed-type) hypersensitivity
		References
	Immunosenescence
		Introduction
		Innate immune system
		Adaptive immune system
		Immune regulation by cytokines
		Infectious diseases in the elderly
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Cancer Immunology
		Introduction
		Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting
		Tumor antigens
		Immune subsets in cancer immunopathology
		Immune regulation and metastasis
		Immune-based interventions for cancer treatment and prevention
		Immune-based biomarkers for cancer
		Conclusion
		References
	Normal Microbial Flora
		Glossary
		The commensal microbiome
		The normal microbiota of the skin
		The normal microflora of the oral cavity
		The normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract
		The normal microflora of the respiratory tract
		The normal microflora of the urogenital tract
		Conclusions
		References
	Microbial Diversity and Classification
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Determination of diversity within the human microbiome
		Diversity across the microbiome
		Dysbiosis within microbiota and disease
		Conclusion
		References
	Microbial Growth
		Introduction to chapter
		Unicellular growth (i.e., growth of bacteria and yeast-Binary fission)
		Measurement of microbial growth
		Bacterial division
		Division in atypical organisms and circumstances
		Fungal division
		Limiting microbial growth
		Summary and conclusion
		References
	Microbial Infections: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
		Skin infections
		Bacterial infections
		Systemic infection
		Foodborne illness
		Conclusion
		References
	Microbial Cell Structure and Organization: Bacteria
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Bacterial cell structure
		Cell envelope
		Cell surface structures and components
		Other virulence factors
		Summary
		References
	Microbial Metabolism
		Glossary
		Nomenclature
		Introduction
		Bioenergetics and redox reactions
		Energy sources
		Catabolic pathways
		Anabolic pathways: Biosynthesis
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Primary Metabolism of Human Pathogenic Fungi, Importance for Virulence and Potential for Drug Development
		Introduction
		Macronutrients
		Micronutrients
		Metabolism of the four molecules of life
		Prospectives for new antifugal treatments
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Immunity to Bacterial Infections
		Introduction
		Barriers: Repelling and restriction of bacterial infections
		Targeting and responding to bacteria
		Sensing bacteria inside and outside the cell
		Targeting and marking bacteria
		Complement
		Responding to bacteria and recruiting appropriate cells
		Cytokines responsible for host resistance to bacterial infections have been identified in knockout mice and in human diseas ...
		Generating a bespoke specific immune response (Boes et al., 2009; Gatfield et al., 2000; Ramachandra et al., 1999a,b; Watts ...
		Body compartments-local mucosal and systemic responses
		Differentiating bacterial pathogens and commensals
		Conclusions
		References
		Relevant websites
	Immune Response to Viruses
		Immune system
		Innate immunity - First line of host defense
		Innate immunity - viral recognition
		Innate immune cells in the antiviral response
		Adaptive immune cells in the antiviral response
		Viral avoidance of the immune response
		References
	Immunity to Fungal Infections
		Glossary
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Innate anti-fungal immunity
		Adaptive anti-fungal immunity
		Conclusions
		References
	Microbial Genetics in Mycology
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Using genomics to characterize variation in complex fungal genomes
		Taxonomy
		The use of genomics in the detection and management of fungal outbreaks
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Immunology of Parasitism
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Parasite diversity and the diversity of immune effectors
		Immune subversion
		Immunopathology
		Resistance vs. tolerance
		References
	General Characteristics of Bacteria
		Bacterial genome
		Ribosomes
		Cell envelope
		Pili and fimbriae
		Capsule and slime
		Cell movement. Flagella
		Endospores
		Inclusion bodies
		Further reading
	Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections and Bacterial Persistence
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis of bacterial infections
		Bacterial persistance
		References
	Staphylococcus and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Microbiology
		Mechanisms of pathogenicity
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Antimicrobial resistance
		References
	Streptococcus pneumoniae
		Abbreviations
		History and introduction
		Structure
		Important features
		Virulence factors
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Diseases
		Risk factors for pneumococcal infections
		Antibiotic resistance
		Vaccination for prevention
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Other Streptococcus Species and Enterococcus
		Introduction
		Streptococcus pyogenes
		Etiology
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Laboratory diagnosis
		Treatment
		Streptococcus agalactiae
		Epidemiology
		Microbiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Enterococcus
		References
	Genus Neisseria
		Genus Neisseria
		Neisseria meningitidis
		Invasive meningococcal disease
		Meningococcal carriage (reservoir and transmission)
		Detection of the presence of the microorganism in clinical samples: Microbiological diagnosis
		Bacteria structure
		Genetic of Neisseria meningitidis
		Typing meningococci
		Meningococcal epidemiology: Unstable and unpredictable
		Antibiotics resistance
		Vaccines
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae
		The disease
		Detection of the presence of the microorganism in clinical samples: Microbiological diagnosis
		Bacteria structure
		Genetic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
		Typing gonococci
		Gonococcal epidemiology
		Antibiotics resistance
		Vaccines
		References
	Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Therapy
		Prophylaxis
		Corynebacterium spp.
		Other corynebacteria
		Listeria monocytogenes
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Therapy
		Prophylaxis
		Bacillus anthracis
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Therapy
		Prophylaxis
		Bacillus spp.
		Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Therapy
		Prophylaxis
		Tropheryma whipplei
		Introduction
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Therapy
		References
	Listeria and Erysipelothrix
		Listeria
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Erysipelothrix
		References
	Coryneform Gram-Positive Bacilli
		Introduction
		Microbiology
		Main species of Corynebacterium: Pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
		References
	Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes
		Introduction
		Nocardia
		Habitat
		Pathogenesis and immunity
		Diagnosis, identification and typing
		Clinical and epidemiological features of Nocardia infections
		Antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy
		Bioactive secondary metabolite production
		Rhodococcus
		Habitat
		Pathogenesis and immunity
		Diagnosis, identification and typing
		Clinical and epidemiologic features of Rhodococcus equi infections
		Antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy
		Streptomyces
		Habitat
		Pathogenesis and immunity
		Diagnosis, identification, and typing
		Clinical and epidemiologic features of Streptomyces infections
		Antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy
		Bioactive secondary metabolites production
		Other aerobic actinomycetes
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Infections Caused by Anaerobic Microorganisms
		Introduction
		Anaerobic bacteria present in the human microbiota
		Taxonomic and microbiologic classification
		Pathogenesis and virulence factors of anaerobic bacteria
		Clinical syndromes associated with anaerobic microorganisms
		Laboratory diagnostics of anaerobic infections
		Treatment of anaerobic infections: Antibiotic selection
		References
	Human Pathogenic Enterobacterales
		General characteristics
		Opportunistic members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and associated infections
		Primary intestinal pathogens of the family Enterobacteriaceae
		Laboratory diagnosis of enterobacterales
		References
	Vibrio
		Microbiology
		Pathogenesis and immunity
		Epidemiology
		Clinical illnesses
		Diagnosis
		Treatment, prevention and control
		References
	Pseudomonas Infections
		Microbiology
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia and Other Related Microorganisms
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and transmission
		Microbiological and identification characteristics
		Mechanisms of resistance
		Forms of clinical presentation
		Treatment strategies
		References
	Moraxella and Other Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli
		Introduction
		Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
		Oligella especies
		Elizabethkingia spp.
		References
	Francisella, Brucella and Pasteurella
		Francisella
		Taxonomy
		Genus description
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenicity and clinical significance
		Diagnosis
		Antibiotic susceptibility testing and treatment
		Brucella
		Taxonomy
		Genus description
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenicity and clinical significance
		Diagnosis
		Antibiotic susceptibility and treatment
		Pasteurella
		Taxonomy
		Genus description
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenicity and clinical significance
		Diagnosis
		Antibiotic susceptibility and treatment
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Campylobacter and Helicobacter
		Campylobacter
		Helicobacter
		References
	Haemophilus, Bordetella and Bartonella
		Introduction
		Haemophilus
		Bordetella
		Bartonella
		References
	Mycobacterium infections
		Mycobacterium
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Clinical manifestations of tuberculous disease
		Mycobacterium leprae
		Mycobacterium ulcerans
		Nontuberculosis mycobacteria
		Microbiological diagnosis
		Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
		Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for nontuberculous mycobacteria
		Treatment of infections caused by Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium ulcerans and non-tuberculous mycobacteria
		References
	Leptospira, Borrelia and Treponema
		Leptospira
		Borrelia
		Treponema
		Bejel, pinta and yaws
		Clinical manifestations
		References
	Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Pathophysiology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		References
	Legionella, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
		Glossary
		Nomenclature
		Legionella
		Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
		References
		Relevant websites
	Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and Related Bacteria
		Introduction
		Transmission
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Laboratory findings
		Diagnosis
		Culture and immunohistochemistry
		Serology
		PCR
		Treatment
		References
		Relevant websites
	Back Cover
9780323903035_WEB02
	Front Cover
	Half title
	Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity
	Copyright
	Editor-in-Chief
	Editorial Board
		Editor-in-Chief
		Section Editors
	List of Contributors for Volume 2
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contents of Volume 2
	Introduction on Viruses
		What is a virus?
		The diverse world of viruses
		The origin of viruses
		Viral structure and anatomy
		Viral genetics
		Classification of viruses
		Viral replication
		An introduction to disease course in viral infections
		An introduction to viral transmission
		Other non-living infectious agents
		References
	Herpes Simplex Viruses Type 1 and Type 2
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Epidemiology and HSV-related diseases
		HSV-associated diseases
		Vaccine research and treatment of herpes simplex viruses
		Current treatments and drugs for HSV infections
		HSV replication cycle
		Evasion of host antiviral responses by HSVs
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Epstein-Barr Virus
		Introduction
		Epstein-Barr virus
		Epidemiology
		EBV diseases
		Immune responses
		Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis
		Prevention of EBV infection
		Treatment of EBV infection
		Future challenges
		Funding
		References
	Cytomegalovirus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Basic biology of CMV
		Epidemiology of CMV transmission
		Clinical manifestations of CMV infection
		CMV diagnostics
		Antiviral treatments targeting CMV
		CMV vaccines
		Research priorities and future directions
		References
	Adenoviruses
		Adenoviruses in the context of clinical, applied and basic sciences
		Taxonomy
		Structure
		Viral genome organization
		Viral gene products
		Viral replication cycle
		Virus-host cell interactions
		References
	Influenza Viruses
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Characteristics
		Epidemiology
		Host immune response and immunopathogenesis
		Clinical features
		Detection methods
		Treatment protocols
		Vaccination
		Conclusion
		References
	Paramycoviridae (Paramyxovirus, Measles Virus, Mumps Virus, RSV)
		Introduction
		Biology of paramyxoviridae viruses
		Pathology of paramyxoviridae viruses
		Transmission of paramyxoviridae viruses
		Associated conditions of paramyxoviridae viruses
		Controls of paramyxoviridae viruses
		References
	Papillomaviruses
		Glossary
		History
		Classification of papillomaviruses
		Important oncogenic proteins of HPVs
		Methods for the detection of HPV infection
		Novel insight into the targeted therapies for cervical cancer
		Acknowledgment
		Acknowledgment
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Togaviridae and Flaviviridae
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Togaviridae family
		Flaviviridae family
		Conclusion
		References
	Hepatitis Viruses
		Introduction
		Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
		Types of chronic HBV
		Interactions between hepatitis B virus and host immune system
		Hepatitis D
		Diagnosis
		Hepatitis C virus
		Hepatitis A
		Hepatitis E
		References
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		Introduction
		Virology
		Pathogenesis and clinical presentation
		Treatment
		Laboratory testing
		Conclusion
		References
	Reovirus and Rotaviruses
		Glossary
		History
		Taxonomy
		Diverse morphotypes of reovirus particles
		Virion and genome characteristics
		Reovirus pathogenesis in human
		Transmission and dissemination
		Entry and replication in the host cell
		Life cycle
		Replication
		Reassortment in segmented dsRNA viruses
		Genome segments and protein products
		Antigenic properties
		Biological properties
		Distinguishing features of genus Rotavirus
		Rotavirus genomic RNA sequences and its related proteins
		Genome organization and replication
		Therapeutic applications: Oncolytic activity
		Immune responses against RV infection
		Conclusion remarks and future perspective
		Acknowledgment
		Acknowledgment
		Acknowledgment
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Poxvirus
		Introduction
		Poxviridae family taxonomy
		Health relevance
		Genome
		Structure
		Replication cycle
		Immune response and evasion
		Host range genes
		Pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis
		Treatment
		Poxvirus vectors
		References
	Picornaviridae: Enterovirus
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Enterovirus
		Acknowledgment
		References
	The Caliciviridae Family
		Introduction
		Taxonomy
		Molecular biology
		Calicivirus receptors
		Calicivirus models of study
		The immune response induced by caliciviruses
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Bunyavirus
		Introduction
		Virus structure and organization
		Bunyavirus replicative cycle
		Bunyavirus immune evasion
		Pathogenesis and the need for vaccines
		References
	Rhabdoviridae, Rabies Virus
		Introduction
		Genome and virion structures
		Transmission, life cycle, and pathogenesis
		Transcription, replication, and translation
		Virus assembly and budding
		Subversion of host immune responses
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Coronaviruses
		Nomenclature
		Properties of human coronaviruses
		Pathogenic coronaviruses
		Severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
		Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
		Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)
		Transmission
		Laboratory diagnosis
		Treatment and prevention
		Conclusions
		References
	Parvoviridae
		Taxonomy
		General characteristics
		Human viruses
		Parvovirus B19
		Human Bocaviruses
		Human Tetraparvovirus
		Human Protoparvoviruses
		References
	Arenaviruses
		Introduction
		Pathogenic arenaviruses
		The arenavirus multiplication cycle
		The human disease: Pathogenesis and immune response
		Treatment and antiviral development
		Vaccines
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Ebolavirus and Other Filoviruses
		Glossary
		Filovirus classification
		Structure and viral protein functions
		Epidemics of filovirus diseases
		Pathogenesis of filovirus diseases
		Susceptible hosts and transmission routes
		Distribution of filoviruses
		Animal models of filovirus diseases
		Vaccines and treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	Main Acquired Risk Factors of Different Fungal Diseases
		Introduction
		Intrinsic and environmental factors associated with fungal infection
		Main groups associated with fungal infection
		Other groups of at-risk patients
		References
	Candida and Candidiasis
		Epidemiology
		General information on diagnostic methods
		General information on antifungal treatments
		Candidiasis in organ transplantation
		Conclusion
		References
	Aspergillus and Aspergillosis
		Aspergillus and aspergillosis
		Host-immunology against Aspergillus
		Clinical aspects of aspergillosis
		Conclusion
		References
	Mucorales and Mucormycosis
		Mucorales
		Taxonomy of Mucorales
		Classification of Mucorales
		Mucormycosis
		References
	Fusarium and Fusariosis
		Introduction
		Characteristics and taxonomy
		Clinical spectrum of disease in humans
		Management
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis
		Introduction
		A brief history of sporotrichosis
		The pathogenic species of the genus sporothrix
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis and host defenses
		Clinical aspects
		Differential diagnosis
		Laboratory diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
		References
	Dermatophytes and Dermatophytosis
		Introduction
		Early clinical description of dermatophytes to species identification by PCR
		Last review of dermatophyte species and their nomenclature in 2016
		Identification of species in the laboratory
		Change in prevalence of dermatophytes
		Dermatophyte teleomorphs
		Characteristics of the dermatophyte genomes
		Proteolytic activity of dermatophytes as saprophyte fungi
		Potential virulence factors of dermatophytes as parasitic fungi
		Clinical manifestations distant from dermatophyte infections: Asthma and skin dermatophytides
		Immunity
		Antifungal drugs against dermatophytes and antifungal resistance
		References
	Anisakis
		Introduction
		Taxonomy, morphology, life cycle of Anisakis spp.
		The human disease
		Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	Blastocystis
		Taxonomy, morphology, and life cycle
		Molecular characterization of Blastocystis subtypes and host specificity
		Blastocystis genomics
		Diagnosis
		Clinical presentation
		Pathogenic mechanisms
		Impact of Blastocystis on the gut microbiota
		Treatment
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Clonorchis and Opisthorchis
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Systematics
		Life cycle
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Immune response
		Diagnosis
		Human treatment
		Prevention and control
		Closing remarks
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Cryptosporidium
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		The Cryptosporidium infective stage
		Host immune response
		Clinical symptoms of cryptosporidiosis
		Diagnostics
		Therapeutic landscape
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Cyclospora and Cystoisospora
		Introduction
		Cyclospora
		Cyclospora cayetanensis
		Biology and epidemiology
		Clinical symptoms and histopathology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and prevention
		Cystoisospora (previously Isospora)
		Cystoisospora belli (previous I. belli)
		Conclusions
		References
	Echinococcus
		Introduction
		The agents
		Immune response in intermediate hosts
		CE-Clinical presentation
		CE diagnosis and follow-up
		CE treatment
		AE clinical presentation
		AE diagnosis
		AE treatment
		Echinococcosis control and surveillance
		References
	Entamoeba
		Introduction
		Historical notes
		Biology and life cycle
		Morphology and ultrastructure
		Taxonomy and important species
		Entamoeba species of medical importance to man
		Pathophysiology and clinical picture
		Diagnosis of amoebic infection
		Treatment
		Epidemiology
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Fascioliasis in Humans and Animals
		The parasite
		Biology
		Epidemiology
		The disease
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention and control
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Free Living Amoebas
		Introduction
		Historical perspective
		Taxonomic classification
		Acanthamoeba
		Naegleria
		Balamuthia mandrillaris
		Sappinia pedata
		Treatment
		Prevention
		References
	General Aspects of Helminths
		Introduction
		Platyhelminthes
		Nemathelminthes
		Conclusions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Geohelminths
		Introduction
		General aspects of the life cycles
		Intestinal geohelminths
		Larvae migrans
		Treatment of geohelminthiases
		References
		Relevant websites
	Giardia duodenalis
		Introduction
		Biology
		Epidemiology
		Prevalence
		Diagnosis of giardiasis
		Sanitation
		Treatment and control of Giardiasis
		Conclusions
		References
	Host Immune Responses Against Intestinal Unicellular Parasites and Their Role in Pathogenesis and Protection
		Key intestinal unicellular parasites and their public health significance
		Giardia duodenalis
		Entamoeba histolytica
		Cryptosporidium spp
		Blastocystis spp
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Human Filariasis
		Glossary
		Onchocerciasis
		Lymphatic filariasis
		Loiasis
		Mansonellosis
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Leishmaniasis
		Introduction
		Historic perspective
		The parasite
		The vectors and reservoirs
		Epidemiology
		Pathogenesis
		Clinical presentation
		Diagnosis of leishmaniasis
		Treatment
		Perspectives of control
		References
	Paleoparasitology
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Pinworm
		Epidemiology
		Prehistoric findings
		Biology - Characteristics of the organism
		Clinical manifestations
		Host immune response
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Plasmodium
		Introduction
		Plasmodium infecting humans
		Plasmodium infecting other animals
		Conclusion
		References
	Schistosomiasis
		Background
		Occurrence and epidemiology
		Causative agents
		Mode of transmission and life cycle
		Host-parasite interrelationships
		Pathology, clinical manifestations, and phases of development of the diseases
		Immune response, immunopathology, and immunity
		Control: Diagnoses, prevention, and treatment
		Progress and perspectives
		References
	Strongyloides
		Introduction
		Systematics
		Life cycle
		Immune response and pathogenesis
		Clinical manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention and control
		Closing remarks
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Taeniasis and Cysticercosis
		Glossary
		Agents and host involved
		Historical background
		Morphology
		Life cycle
		Epidemiology and distribution
		Clinical aspects and human response to the parasite
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Control
		Future perspectives
		References
	Toxocara
		Introduction
		Systematics
		Epidemiology
		Molecular diagnosis
		Microscopic examination and histopathology
		Treatment
		Prognosis
		Prevention and control
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Toxoplasmosis
		Overview and background
		Taxonomical status
		Population structure of Toxoplasma gondii
		Virulence factors of Toxoplasma gondii and host-parasite relationship
		Toxoplasmosis: Sources of infection
		Toxoplasmosis in animals and humans
		Foodborne toxoplasmosis: The main food products at risk
		Diagnosis in animals and humans
		Drug treatment
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Trichinella
		History
		Epidemiology
		Parasitology
		Immunity
		Clinics of trichinellosis
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Prevention
		Conclusion
		References
	Trichomonas
		Introduction
		Trichomonas vaginalis
		Trichomonas tenax
		References
	Trypanosoma cruzi
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi
		Biological diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi
		Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi
		Mechanisms of infection
		Mechanisms of immune evasion
		Trypanosoma cruzi and disease
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Insects and Mites of Medical and Veterinary Importance: A Broad Overview
		Introduction
		Arthropod parasites of humans
		Arthropod micropredators and vector-borne diseases
		Endoparasites of humans
		Other arthropods of medical and veterinary importance
		Conclusions and challenges for future research
		References
	Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
		Introduction
		Generalities on morphological characteristics
		Life cycle
		Larval ecology
		Hematophagy and host-seeking behavior
		Vector role
		Dispersal and invasiveness
		Surveillance, monitoring and control
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)
		Glossary
		Introduction and history
		Morphology and taxonomy
		Biology and ecology
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Transmission of pathogenic agents
		Methods for sampling, rearing and research activity
		Insecticides
		Immature forms
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Tsetse Flies (Glossinidae)
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Glossina as a vector of African trypanosomes
		Tsetse and its associated bacterial microbiota
		Tsetse fly ecology, feeding, and metabolism
		Tsetse fly life cycle
		Prevention and control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae, Culicoides)
		Taxonomy and Identification
		Morphology
		Life cycle
		Ecology
		Medical importance
		Veterinary importance
		Control
		References
	Blackflies (Simuliidae)
		Introduction
		Biology and ecology
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Epidemiology: Humans
		Epidemiology: Domesticated animals and wildlife
		Prevention and control
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
		Introduction
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Biology and ecology
		Life cycle
		Epidemiology
		Prevention and control
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Horn Flies (Haematobia and Haematobosca)
		Introduction
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Biology and ecology
		Epidemiology
		Prevention and control
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, Muscidae)
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Biology and ecology
		Prevention and control
		References
	Oestridae Causing Myiasis
		Introduction
		Hypodermatinae
		Oestrinae
		Gasterophilinae
		Cuterebrinae
		References
	Myiasis-Causing Flies
		History and taxonomic positioning
		Biology of the myiasis-causing dipterans
		Pathology, distribution and economic importance
		Diagnosis
		Treatment and prevention
		Control
		Additional aspects of myiasis-causing flies
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Keds and Bat Flies (Hippoboscidae, Nycteribiidae and Streblidae)
		Introduction
		Relevant Hippoboscidae species for animal and human health
		Management strategies for the sheep ked
		Subfamily Ornithomyinae
		Subfamily Hippoboscinae
		Subfamily Ascodipterinae
		Concluding remarks and challenges for further research
		References
	Kissing Bugs (Triatominae)
		Glossary
		Introduction: What are triatomine bugs?
		Past, current and future distribution of triatomines
		Medical importance
		Biology and ecology
		Immune system of kissing bugs
		Triatomines and their microbiota
		Triatomines and Trypanosoma cruzi
		Prevention and control
		References
	Bed Bugs and Bat Bugs (Cimicidae and Polyctenidae)
		Introduction
		Medical importance
		Biology and ecology
		Epidemiology and worldwide reemergence
		Traditional and new strategies for bed bugs control
		References
	Fleas (Siphonaptera)
		Etymology
		Morphology, biology and ecology
		Bite reactions
		Transmission of agents of disease
		Prophylaxis and flea elimination
		References
	Blood Sucking and Chewing Lice
		Introduction
		Head lice
		Why is it so difficult to eradicate head lice completely?
		Body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis)
		Pubic lice (Phthirus pubis)
		Pig lice (Haematopinus suis)
		Mallophaga (Chewing lice, biting lice)
		References
	Laelapid and Dermanyssid Mites of Medical and Veterinary Interest
		Introduction
		Systematics, phylogenetic relationships and evolution
		Taxonomy and identification
		Biology and ecology
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Prevention and control
		References
	Chigger Mites (Trombiculidae)
		Introduction
		Trombiculidae Ewing, 1944
		Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (Oudemans, 1910)
		Neotrombicula autumnalis (Shaw, 1790)
		Leptotrombidium spp. Nagayo et al., 1916
		Medical importance and control
		Leeuwenhoekiidae Womersley, 1944
		Medical importance and control
		References
	Sarcoptidae and Demodicidae Mites
		Etymology
		Geographic distribution and epidemiology
		Biology and morphology
		Symptoms of disease
		Diagnosis
		Pathway of infection
		Prophylaxis
		Incubation period
		Prepatent period
		Patency
		Therapy
		References
	Ixodid and Argasid Ticks
		Introduction
		Origin and phylogenetic relationships
		Taxonomy
		Identification
		Medical and veterinary importance
		Biology and ecology
		Prevention and control
		References
	Back Cover
9780323903035_WEB03
	Front Cover
	Half title
	Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity
	Copyright
	Editor-in-Chief
	Editorial Board
		Editor-in-Chief
		Section Editors
	List of Contributors for Volume 3
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contents of Volume 3
	Respiratory Tract Infections: Bacteria
		Pharyngitis
		Sinusitis
		Epiglottitis
		Acute laryngitis
		Whooping cough
		Acute pneumonia
		Tuberculosis
		References
	Respiratory Tract Infections: Viruses
		Global impact of respiratory virus diseases
		Clinical outcomes
		Influenza virus (IV)
		Coronavirus (CoV)
		Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
		References
	Respiratory Tract Infections: Fungi
		Introduction
		Aspergillosis
		Histoplasmosis
		Coccidioidomycosis
		Blastomycosis
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
		Cryptococcosis
		Pneumocystis jirovecci
		Clinical manifestations
		Etiological diagnosis
		Treatment
		Other fungus infections
		References
	Respiratory Tract Infections: Parasites
		Respiratory infections caused by helminths
		Respiratory diseases caused by protozoa
		References
	Urinary Tract Infections: Virus
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Polyomavirus
		Adenovirus
		Citomegalovirus
		Human papilloma virus
		Viral-induced glomerulonephritis
		Covid-19 and urinary tract involvement
		References
	Urinary Tract Infections: Fungi (Candida spp.)
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Candida spp. as a major etiological agent of UTI in humans
		Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms
		Adhesion and invasion
		Morphological switching
		Biofilm formation
		Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and cytolytic toxins
		Discrimination between colonization and invasion
		Clinical management of Candida UTI
		Treatment
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Urinary Tract infections: Urinary Schistosomiasis
		Abbreviation
		Urinary tract infections
		Pediatric schistosomiasis
		NTDs including urogenital schistosomiasis in the era of COVID-19
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Bacterial Gastrointestinal Infections
		Gastrointestinal bacterial infections
		Bacterial dysbiosis
		Colonization mechanisms in the intestinal tract
		Summary
		References
	Gastrointestinal Tract Infections: Viruses
		Introduction
		Clinical presentation and management
		Rotavirus
		Norovirus
		Enteric adenoviruses
		Astrovirus
		Sapovirus
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Fungal Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		Introduction
		General principles of diagnosis
		Aspergillus species (aspergillosis)
		Mucorales (mucormycosis)
		Basidiobolus ranarum (basidiobolomycosis)
		Candida species
		Cryptococcus species (cryptococcosis)
		Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis)
		Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) marneffei
		Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii)
		Microsporidiosis
		References
	Parasites of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Parasite taxonomy
		Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites
		Parasites of the oral cavity
		Parasites of the esophagus and stomach
		Parasites of the small intestine
		Parasites of the appendix and large intestine, and anus
		Parasites of the liver and biliary tree
		References
	Bacterial Eye Infections
		Infections of the eyelids
		Cornea and conjunctiva
		Uveitis
		Posterior segment
		Endophthalmitis
		References
	Viral Ocular Infections
		Blepharoconjunctivitis
		Keratitis
		Uveitis
		References
	Fungal Ocular Infections
		Orbital infections
		Blepharitis
		Tear ducts
		Conjunctivitis
		Keratitis
		Uveitis
		Endophthalmitis
		References
	Parasitic Eye Infections
		Introduction
		Reference
	Otitis Media and Ear Infections: Bacteria
		Introduction
		Pathology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of bacterial OM
		Complications
		Otitis externa
		Summary
		References
	Ear Infection and Otitis Media Infections: Virus
		The association between respiratory viruses and AOM
		Pathogenesis of virus-induced AOM
		Viruses as AOM pathogens
		Viral-bacterial interactions in AOM
		Viruses in AOM -Clinical implications
		Respiratory viruses in otitis media with effusion
		References
	Ear Infections: Fungi
		Otomycosis in history
		Otomycosis of the external ear
		Fungal malignant external otitis
		Fungal otitis media
		Fungi in the inner ear
		Treatment of otomycosis
		References
	Parasites of the Ear
		Glossary
		Aural myiasis (otomyiasis)
		Otoacariasis
		Lagochilascariasis (Lagochilascaris minor)
		References
	Brain Infections, Encephalitis, and Meningitis: Bacteria
		Introduction
		Colonization of bacteria to cause encephalitis and meningitis
		Central nervous system bacterial invasions cause brain infection, encephalitis, and meningitis
		Central nervous system immune response to bacterial infection
		Conclusion
		References
	Brain and Central Nervous System Infections: Viruses
		Introduction
		Clinical aspects
		Acute meningitis
		Encephalitis
		Arboviruses
		Hepatitis viruses
		Hepatitis C virus
		Human immunodeficiency virus
		Coronaviruses
		John Cunningham virus (JCV)
		Laboratory investigation
		HIV RNA in the CSF
		SARS-CoV-2 identification in the CSF
		Herpes encephalitis
		New methods
		Diagnosis of lymphocytic meningitis
		References
	Brain Infections, Encephalitis, and Meningitis: Fungus
		Introduction
		Routes of colonization, mechanisms of pathogenesis of fungi to reach the brain
		The yeasts: Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., and Trichosporon spp.
		The moniliaceous molds: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Scedosporium sp.
		The Mucoromycetes: Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp.
		The dimorphic fungi: Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides spp., and Histoplasma capsulatum
		The dematiaceous fungi: Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala dermatitidis
		Central nervous system immune response to fungal infection
		Brain infections, encephalitis, and meningitis: Fungus
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Fungal Meningitis
		Introduction
		Cryptococcosis
		Candidiasis
		Aspergillosis
		Endemic mycoses
		Dematiaceous mold (Exserohilum rostratum)
		References
	Placenta and Fetus Infections: Fungi
		Candidiasis
		Less common fungal infections
		References
	Oral and Dental Infections: Bacteria
		Oral health
		Oral microbiome
		Main oral diseases
		Conclusion
		References
	Oral and Dental Infections: Virus
		Introduction
		Clinical aspects
		Respiratory viruses
		Herpesviruses
		Enteroviruses
		Papillomaviruses
		Interactions between viruses and other microbes
		Bacteriophages
		Diagnostics
		References
	Oral and Dental Infections: Fungi
		Introduction
		Pathogenesis
		Predisposing factors to OC
		Clinical presentations of oral candidiasis
		Other non-Candida-associated oral fungal lesions
		Diagnosis of oral fungal lesions
		Treatment
		References
	Oral and Dental Infections: Parasites
		Intro
		Amoebae in periodontitis
		Trichomonads in periodontitis
		Trypanosomatids in oral mucosal lesions
		References
	Sexually Transmitted Diseases
		Introduction
		STI and epidemiology
		Importance of STI study
		Key factors affecting public health
		Bacterial infections
		Treatment challenges
		Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
		Relevant websites
	Bacterial Skin Infections
		Introduction
		SSTI: Classifications and definitions
		Microbiologic characteristics of SSTI
		Microbiologic diagnosis
		Imaging studies
		Indications for hospital admission
		Treatment of SSTI
		Acute non-necrotizing infections: Therapy
		ABSSSI
		Chronic non-necrotizing infections: Therapy
		Necrotizing infections: Therapy
		References
	Superficial Fungal Infection
		Dermatophytes
		Malassezia spp.
		Candida spp.
		Cryptococcus spp.
		Nondermatophytic molds
		Trichosporon spp.; Piedraia hortae; Hortae werneckii
		References
	Human Primary Immunodeficiencies
		Glossary
		Human primary immunodeficiencies
		Immunity to invading pathogens
		Defects of adaptive immunity
		Immunodeficiencies affecting cellular and humoral immunity
		Combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features
		Predominantly antibody deficiencies
		Diseases of immune dysregulation
		Defects of innate immunity
		Congenital defects of phagocyte number or function
		Deficiency of the complement system
		Phenocopies of inborn errors of immunity
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Combined T and B Lymphocyte Deficiencies
		Introduction
		Severe combined immunodeficiencies
		Combined immunodeficiencies
		Conclusion
		References
	Combined Immunodeficiencies With Syndromic Features
		Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and other congenital Thrombocytopenias
		DNA repair defects
		CID associated with thymic defects
		CID associated with immuno-osseous dysplasia
		Hyper IgE syndromes
		Defects of vitamin B12 and folate metabolism
		Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
		Calcium channel defects
		Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency
		Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency (VODI)
		Other CID disorders with syndromic features
		References
	Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies
		Severe reduction in all serum immunoglobulin isotypes with profoundly decreased or absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia
		Severe reduction in at least 2 serum immunoglobulin isotypes with normal or low number of B cells, CVID phenotype
		Severe reduction in serum IgG and IgA with normal/elevated IgM and normal numbers of B cells
		Isotype, light chain, or functional deficiencies with generally normal numbers of B cells
		References
	Congenital Defects of Phagocytes
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Severe congenital neutropenia
		Specific defects in severe congenital neutropenia
		Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
		Leukocyte migration defects
		Bacterial killing defect
		References
	Above the Regular Tide: Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRD) Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations
		Introduction
		Tregopathies
		Hyperinflammatory disorders predisposing to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
		Autoinflammatory disorders
		Interferonopathies
		ALPS And ALPS-like diseases
		Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD)
		Severe atopic disease
		Conclusions
		References
	Defects in Innate Immunity: Receptors and Signaling Components
		Introduction
		Defects of the pattern recognition receptors
		Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases-causing defects
		WHIM syndrome-causing defects
		Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-causing defects
		References
	Monogenic Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Inflammasome-mediated autoinflammatory diseases
		Pyrin-associated autoinflammatory diseases
		Diseases of cytoskeletal dysregulation/inflammatory actinopathies
		Diseases of dysregulated ubiquitination
		Diseases mediated by activated NF-κB pathway
		Diseases of cytokine dysregulation
		Diseases mediated by endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress
		Diseases caused by dysregulation in nucleic acid metabolism and sensing
		Diseases of dysregulated lipid metabolism
		Other monogenic autoinflammatory diseases
		Conclusion
		References
	Complement Deficiencies
		Introduction
		Complement system
		Complement deficiencies
		Conclusions
		References
	Phenocopies of Inborn Errors of Immunity
		Introduction
		Diseases associated with autoantibodies
		Diseases associated with somatic mutations
		Conclusions
		References
	Immunology of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Post-transplant immune reconstitution
		The graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect
		Graft versus host disease
		Immunology of chronic GVHD
		Therapeutic immune modulation
		Conclusion
		References
	Asthma Mechanisms
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Genetic risk factors
		Environmental risk factors
		Asthma phenotypes and endotypes
		Immunology of asthma
		Structural changes
		Conclusion
		References
	Asthma Diagnostics, Testing and Treatment
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
	Food Allergies
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
	Celiac Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical features
		Age, sex, race, and global distribution
		History
		Diagnosis of celiac disease
		Subclinical disease
		Other causes of sprue-like biopsy changes
		Refractory celiac disease
		Sprue-like intestinal disease or unclassified sprue
		Genetics
		Pathogenesis
		Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	Back Cover
9780323903035_WEB04
	Front Cover
	Half title
	Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity
	Copyright
	Editor-in-Chief
	Editorial Board
		Editor-in-Chief
		Section Editors
	List of Contributors for Volume 4
	Foreword
	Preface
	Contents of Volume 4
	Introduction on Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders
		Introduction
		Diagnostic laboratory tests: Focusing on infectious diseases
		Diagnostic laboratory tests: Focusing on immunological disorders
		References
	Laboratory Identification of Bacterial Infections
		Identification of bacteria-general considerations
		Bacterial identification and modern molecular taxonomy
		Laboratory decisions regarding test selection and menus
		Bacterial identification: Test categories and strategies
		Manual microidentification systems
		16S rDNA gene sequencing
		Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
		Bacterial identification-ongoing issues
		References
	Laboratory Identification of Fungal Infections
		Introduction
		Conventional microbiological diagnosis of fungal diseases
		Diagnosis of fungal diseases by culture-independent microbiological methods
		References
	Laboratory Identification of Prion Infections
		Introduction to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
		Detection of prion infection based on clinical signs and symptoms
		Detection of prion infection through electroencephalography and diagnostic imaging
		Detection of prion infection through measurement of surrogate biomarkers in body fluids
		Detection of prion infection through direct visualization of PrPSc, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked  ...
		Detection of prion infection through indirect observation of PrPSc, techniques based on in vitro prion propagation
		References
	Microbes Culture Methods
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Microorganism growth requirements
		Microbiological media for bacterial growth
		Aseptic technique, dilution, streaking, and spread plates
		Enumeration of bacteria
		Preserving bacterial cultures
		Yeast & mold culture media
		Virus and phage culture media
		References
	Antibody Tests
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Techniques for antibody detection
		Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
		Lateral flow test
		Development of antibody tests
		The future of antibody tests
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Flowcytometric Assessment of B Cell Development and Functional Assays on B Cell Development
		Introduction
		Practical applications of flow cytometry
		B-cell
		Other B cell subsets
		Flow cytometry examples
		Conclusion
		References
	Functional Assessment of T Cells
		Introduction
		T cell function assays
		Applications
		References
	Phagocytosis: Biology and Methods
		Introduction
		Phagocytic activity using clinical samples
		Intracellular oxidative activity
		Neutrophil granules
		Chemotaxis
		Summary
		References
	Neutrophil Function Assays
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	NK Cell Function Analysis
		The natural killer (NK) cells - basic information
		Aging-reslated and other defects of NK cell functions
		Means of detection and quantification of the NK cells in the peripheral blood
		Means of detection and quantification of NK cells in tissue samples
		Means to estimate functional capabilities
		Summary
		References
	Complement Assays
		The complement system
		Complement and diseases
		Complement analysis
		Sample collection
		Screening of total complement function
		Quantification of individual complement components
		Measuring functional activity of single components
		Quantification of activation products of complement
		Detection of autoantibodies to complement components
		Assessing cell surface expression and tissue deposition of complement proteins or fragments
		Standardization and quality control
		Future developments
		References
	Functional Testing of the IL-12/IFN-γ Circuit
		Introduction
		Clinical spectrum of patients with defects of the IL-12/IFN-γ circuit
		Who should be tested for defects of the IL-12/IFN-γ circuit? Differential
		IL-12/IFN-γ circuit functional testing studies
		Molecular testing for defects in the IL-12/IFN-γ circuit
		Diagnostic algorithm for IL-12/IFN-γ circuit defects
		Concluding remarks
		References
	Interferon Signature Analysis
		Nomenclature
		Introduction
		Immunoassay of interferons - Direct assay
		Bioassay/functional assay of interferons - Indirect assay
		Antiviral assays (AVA)
		Transcription-stimulating activity
		Interferon stimulated genes (ISG) expression assay
		Interferon-γ assay for tuberculosis
		Recent developments and future perspectives
		Conclusion
		References
	HLA Methods
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Classification
		Nomenclature
		Methods
		Conclusion
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Blood Group Serotyping and Genotyping
		Introduction
		Common serotyping for RBCs ABO group
		Rh blood group
		Other blood groups
		Blood group genotyping
		Transfusion medicine genomics
		Importance of both techniques in transfusion medicine
		Complication and risks of incompatibility of blood transfusion
		Conclusion
		References
	Acute Phase Proteins
		Introduction
		Regulation of acute phase proteins by cytokines
		Classification of acute phase proteins
		Widely used acute phase proteins and their use in diagnostic protocol
		Conclusion
		References
	Antibody Phage Display
		Definition
		Phage display
		Antibody
		Antibody phage display libraries
		Antibody phage display panning process
		Recombinant antibody applications in diagnostics
		References
	Protein Electrophoresis, Serum Free Light Chain Assay and Other Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Monoclonal Prote ...
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Methods for detection
		Urine protein electrophoresis and IFE
		Capillary electrophoresis
		Nephelometry and turbidimetry to measure Ig in serum
		Serum free light chain assays
		Plasma cell dyscrasias, recommend testing and symptoms
		Criteria for Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma and Benign Monoclonal Gammopathy Assessed 1/29/2021: https://www.myeloma.org/int ...
		Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
		Interference by circulating immune complexes
		Cryoglobulins
		The effect of treatments on biomarkers
		Criteria for plasma cell responses to treatments
		Conclusions and summary
		References
	Measuring Telomere Length: A Timeline Review on the State-of-Art Techniques
		Introduction
		Telomere restriction fragment (TRF)/Southern blot
		Dot and slot blotting for TL
		Single TL analysis
		Telomere shortest length assay
		Molecular cytogenetics-based analyzes
		Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and variations in TL measurement
		Telomere measurements with digital real-time PCR
		TL estimation from DNA methylation
		Genome-wide sequencing data to measure telomeres
		Identification of the alternative telomere elongation mechanism by GWS
		Summary and perspectives
		References
	Breakage Analysis and DEB Testing
		Glossary
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Complementation (mutation) analysis
		Result interpretation for breakage analysis
		Conclusion
		Reference
	16S Genomics for Diagnosing Invasive Bacterial Infection
		Invasive bacterial infection
		16S genomics as a diagnostic tool
		16S genomic approaches
		Conclusions
		References
	Detection and Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Pathogens Using PCR
		Introduction
		Disease burden of Mycobacterium spp
		Detection of Mycobacterium spp. by conventional methods
		Immunological tests
		Molecular detection techniques
		Radiography
		Diagnostic approaches other than conventional methods
		Conclusion
		Declaration of competing interest
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Detection of Genetic Elements Among Clinically Relevant Bacteria
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
	Antibiotic Resistance Diagnostic Methods for Pathogenic Bacteria
		Introduction
		Phenotypic method
		Molecular methods for antibiotic resistance detection
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Pipelines for Characterization of Microbial-Producing Drugs
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Medicines and microbe sources
		Plants and endophytes
		Laboratory techniques
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		Conflict of Interest
		References
	A Geographical Framework for Analyzing Infectious Diseases
		Introduction
		Spatial dimension of infectious diseases
		Spatial modeling and infectious diseases
		Data collection
		Spatial prioritization of resources
		Advantages and limitations
		Future perspectives
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Isotopologue Profiling of Infectious Disease
		Introduction
		Basics about 13C-isotopologue profiling
		General principles, constraints and guidelines for designing isotopologue profiling experiments
		Examples for isotopologue profiling studies of bacterial pathogens
		References
	Metabolomics of Infectious Disease
		Introduction
		Metabolomic-fluxomic dyad
		Metabolomic analysis of infection
		Diseasome a new natural history of the disease
		Metabolomics activity screening
		Metabolomics and mass spectrometry
		Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
		Metabolomics and in silico tools
		Conclusions and perspectives
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Detection of Viruses in Histological Samples
		Summary
		Introduction
		Types of histological specimens
		Commonly used methods in molecular pathology
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		Reference
	Methods to Grow and Measure In Vitro Static Biofilms
		Introduction
		In vitro static biofilm model
		Biofilm measurement
		Biofilm measurement by metabolic activity
		Biofilm detection by microscopical techniques
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Assuring Pathogen Safety of the Starting Material for Plasma-Derived Products
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Measures implemented in blood/plasma collection facility
		Selection of donors
		Screening of donations
		Release of plasma pools for fractionation
		Conclusion
		References
	Advances in Point-of-Care Testing Platforms for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
		Introduction
		History, current trends, and characteristics of POC testing devices
		POCT in diagnostic microbiology
		Analytes tested in POCT platforms for diagnostic microbiology purposes
		Lateral flow assay based diagnostic systems
		Molecular based diagnostic systems
		CRISPR-Cas based detection systems
		Microfluidics-based systems
		Plasmonic technology-based systems
		Conclusion and future perspectives
		References
	New Technological Developments in Identification and Monitoring of New and Emerging Infections
		Introduction
		Identifying agents and proving an etiological role in disease
		Traditional approaches to identifying infectious diseases
		The rapid development in molecular methods
		Improvements in sequencing technology
		Developments in epidemiological evidence
		Case studies: Identification and monitoring of important emerging and re-emerging pathogens
		Conclusion: Identifying and monitoring emerging infections now and in the future
		References
	Introduction on Treatment for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders
		Introduction
		Inflammatory response: A process toward pathogen elimination and establishing homeostasis
		An overview of therapeutic approaches to treat infectious diseases and immunological disorders
		References
	Anti-Bacterial Agents
		Introduction
		Antibiotics that disrupt cell walls
		Antibiotics that disrupt cell membranes
		Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis
		Antibiotics disrupting nucleic acid synthesis
		Antibiotics that disrupt bacterial metabolism
		Novel antibiotics
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Anti-Parasite Agents and Vaccines
		Glossary
		Nomenclature
		Parasitic protozoans (unicellular, prokaryotes)
		Parasitic nematodes (eukaryotes)
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Bacterial Vaccines
		Bacterial vaccines
		Conclusion and future perspective
		References
	Viral Vaccines
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Live, attenuated viral vaccines
		Subunit viral vaccines
		Priorities for new viral vaccines
		References
		Relevant Websites
	US FDA-Approved Antibiotics During the 21st Century
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		FDA approved antibiotics since 2000
		Zyvox (linezolid)
		Invanz (ertapenem)
		Factive [DSC] (gemifloxacin)
		Cubicin (daptomycin)
		Ketek [DSC] (telithromycin)
		Tindamax [DSC] (tinidazole)
		Xifaxan (rifaximin)
		Tygacil (tigecycline)
		Altabax (retapamulin)
		Doribax [DSC] (doripenem)
		Zeftera (ceftobiprole medocaril)
		Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension)
		Vibativ (telavancin)
		Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil)
		Dificid (fidaxomicin)
		Sirturo (bedaquiline)
		Dalvance (dalbavancin)
		Sivextro (tedizolid phosphate)
		Orbactiv (oritavancin)
		Xtoro [DSC] (finafloxacin)
		Zerbaxa (ceftolozane/tazobactam)
		Avycaz (ceftazidime/avibactam)
		Baxdela (delafloxacin)
		Vabomere (meropenem/vaborbactam)
		Solosec (secnidazole)
		Zemdri (plazomicin)
		Xerava (eravacycline)
		Seysara (sarecycline)
		Nuzyra (omadacycline)
		Aemcolo (rifamycin SV)
		Recarbrio (imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam)
		Pretomanid (PA-824)
		Xenleta (lefamulin)
		Fetroja (cefiderocol)
		Conclusions
		References
	Non-Conventional Antimicrobial Agents
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Living organisms
		Organic molecules
		Metal functionalized nanoparticles (Me-NP)
		Other antimicrobial strategies
		Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Antimicrobial Prophylaxis: Rules of Conduct in Typical Infections
		Preexposure prophylaxis
		Postexposure prophylaxis
		References
	Disinfectants
		Microbial kill mechanisms
		Classifying disinfectants
		Sporicidal disinfectants
		Selecting between disinfectants
		Rotation of disinfectants
		Disinfectant efficacy testing
		Practical application
		Environmental monitoring
		Hand sanitization
		References
	Drug Release, Susceptibility and Time-Kill Assays to Develop Novel Anti-Infective Drugs
		Introduction
		The need for developing novel anti-infective agents and their pharmaceutical dosage forms
		The importance of developing novel anti-infective drug delivery systems
		Natural anti-infective agents
		In vitro dissolution/drug release assays for anti-infective drug development
		Susceptibility and time-kill assays for anti-infective drug development
		Conclusions
		References
	Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Global Concern
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Human Microbiome and Disease
		Glossary
		Introduction
		The human microbiome project (HMP) and healthy microbiota
		State-of-the-art methods for appraising the human microbiome
		Gut microbiome at the intersection of health and disease
		Oral microbiome and periodontal diseases
		Urogenital microbiome and genitourinary pathology
		Skin microbiome and dermatologic conditions
		Conclusion
		References
	Probiotics to Prebiotics and Their Clinical Use
		Glossary
		The human gut microbiota
		Early-life gut microbiota in relation to the mode of delivery
		Gut microbiota in healthy toddlers to adults and the elderly
		The gut microbiome and immunity
		ILC3s in adaptive immune homeostasis
		The epithelial-innate immune system continuum in response to microbial antigens (Fig. 5)
		Microbiota-mediated immunomodulation
		Immunomodulation by the microbiota (Fig. 7A-C)
		Probiotics and prebiotics in clinical use
		Expectations for the future
		References
	Nanotechnological Therapeutic Strategies to Treat of Biofilm-Producing Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria
		Introduction
		Biofilms
		Formation of biofilms
		Antibiotics resistance and clinical importance of biofilms
		Treatment of bacterial biofilms
		Nanotechnology
		Liposomes
		Polymeric nanoparticles
		Inorganic nanoparticles
		External physical stimuli
		Conclusion
		References
	Oxidation and “Unconventional” Approaches to Infection
		Introduction
		Ozone therapy
		Ultraviolet blood irradiation (UBI)
		Intravenous hydrogen peroxide therapy
		Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)
		High-dose intravenous ascorbic acid
		Conclusions
		References
	Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy
		Introduction
		Mechanisms of action
		Indications and clinical efficacy
		Dosage of immunoglobulin
		Adverse reactions of human immunoglobulin therapy
		Summary
		References
	Immunosuppressive Drugs
		Introduction
		Immunosuppressive drugs
		Immunosuppressive drugs in some special cases
		Conclusion
		References
	Monoclonal Antibody
		Introduction
		Development and production of monoclonal antibody
		Immunodiagnostic use of monoclonal antibody
		Therapeutic use of monoclonal antibody
		Adverse events
		Conclusion
		References
	Cytokine Therapy
		Introduction
		The future of cytokine therapy
		References
	Gene Therapy
		Glossary
		Abbreviations
		Introduction
		Non-viral vector-based gene therapy
		Viral vector-based gene therapy
		Vaccine development
		Gene silencing
		CAR T-cell technology
		CRISPR
		Approved gene therapy drugs
		Conclusions
		References
	Immunomodulatory Supplements
		Glossary
		Introduction
		Synthetic nutritional supplements
		Micronutrients
		Other synthetic supplements
		Plant-derived supplements
		Prokaryotic-derived supplements
		Mammal-derived supplements
		Conclusion
		References
	Anti-Inflammatory Therapy of Infections
		Introduction
		Anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of infections
		Conclusions
		References
	Inborn Error of Immunity: A Journey Through Novel Genes and Clinical Presentation
		Historical background
		Inborn errors of immunity overview
		Immunodeficiencies affecting humoral and cellular immunity
		Combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features
		Defects in intrinsic and innate immunity
		Paradigmatic clinical manifestations
		Immunocheckpoint as critical regulator of immune responses
		The spectrum of inborn errors of immunity and the concepts of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency in these disorders
		Therapeutic windows
		References
	Treatment of Secondary Immunodeficiencies
		Introduction
		Phagocyte deficiencies
		B cell deficiencies
		Splenic dysfunction and complement deficiencies
		T cell deficiencies
		Conclusion
		References
	Treatment of Autoinflammatory Diseases
		Introduction
		Leading groups of drugs used in the treatment of AIDs
		Anti-interleukin-6 agents
		JAK inhibitors
		Other drugs
		Surgery
		References
	Index
	Back Cover