Encyclopedia of Health Services Research

Cover......Page 1
Editorial Board......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Entries......Page 8
Reader’s Guide......Page 14
About the Editors......Page 20
Contributors......Page 22
Introduction......Page 30
AARP......Page 32
Abt Associates......Page 34
Academic Medical Centers......Page 36
AcademyHealth......Page 39
Access, Models of......Page 44
Access to Healthcare......Page 48
Accreditation......Page 51
Activities of Daily Living (ADL)......Page 53
Acute and Chronic Diseases......Page 55
Aday, Lu Ann......Page 59
Administrative Costs......Page 60
Adverse Drug Events......Page 63
Adverse Selection......Page 67
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)......Page 69
Aiken, Linda H.......Page 72
Allied Health Professionals......Page 73
Altman, Drew E.......Page 75
Ambulatory Care......Page 76
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)......Page 78
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)......Page 80
American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)......Page 82
American Association of Preferred Provider Organizations (AAPPO)......Page 84
American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE)......Page 86
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI)......Page 88
American Health Care Association (AHCA)......Page 89
American Health Planning Association (AHPA)......Page 91
American Hospital Association (AHA)......Page 94
American Medical Association (AMA)......Page 96
American Nurses Association (ANA)......Page 100
American Osteopathic Association (AOA)......Page 102
American Public Health Association (APHA)......Page 105
American Society of Health Economists (ASHE)......Page 107
America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP)......Page 108
Andersen, Ronald M.......Page 110
Anderson, Odin W.......Page 111
Antitrust Law......Page 112
Arrow, Kenneth J.......Page 116
Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP)......Page 117
Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)......Page 119
Association of University Programs in Health Administration (AUPHA......Page 121
Benchmarking......Page 126
Berwick, Donald M.......Page 129
Bioterrorism......Page 130
Blue Cross and Blue Shield......Page 134
Brook, Robert H.......Page 138
Brookings Institution......Page 139
Canadian Association for Health Services and Policy Research (CAHSPR)......Page 142
Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF)......Page 144
Canadian Institute of Health Services and Policy Research (IHSPR)......Page 146
Cancer Care......Page 149
Capitation......Page 153
Carve-Outs......Page 155
Case Management......Page 156
Case-Mix Adjustment......Page 160
Cato Institute......Page 163
Causal Analysis......Page 165
Center for Studying Health System Change......Page 170
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)......Page 172
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)......Page 175
Certificate of Need (CON)......Page 178
Charity Care......Page 182
Chassin, Mark R.......Page 188
Child Care......Page 189
Chiropractors......Page 194
Chronic Care Model......Page 197
Clancy, Carolyn M.......Page 202
Clinical Decision Supp......Page 203
Clinical Practice Guidelines......Page 205
Cochrane, Archibald L.......Page 210
Codman, Ernest Amory......Page 211
Cohen, Wilbur J.......Page 213
Cohort Studies......Page 214
Coinsurance, Copays, and Deductibles......Page 216
Committee on the Costs of Medical Care (CCMC)......Page 218
Commonwealth Fund......Page 220
Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)......Page 222
Community Health......Page 227
Community Health Centers (CHCs)......Page 231
Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs)......Page 236
Comparing Health Systems......Page 238
Compensation Differentials......Page 242
Competition in Healthcare......Page 245
Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 252
Computers......Page 257
Congressional Budget Office (CBO)......Page 259
Consumer-Directed Health Plans (CDHPs)......Page 261
Continuity of Health Service Operations During Pandemics......Page 266
Continuum of Care......Page 270
Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses......Page 276
Cost Containment Strategies......Page 279
Cost of Healthcare......Page 283
Cost Shifting......Page 288
Credentialing......Page 291
Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs)......Page 293
Cross-Sectional Studies......Page 295
Crowd-Out......Page 299
Cultural Competency......Page 300
Culyer, Anthony J.......Page 305
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)......Page 306
Data Privacy......Page 310
Data Security......Page 312
Data Sources in Conducting Health Services Research......Page 314
Davis, Karen......Page 317
Davis, Michael M.......Page 318
Dentists and Dental Care......Page 319
Diabetes......Page 324
Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs)......Page 327
Diagnostic and Statistica lManual of Mental Disorders (DSM)......Page 329
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA)......Page 332
Disability......Page 336
Disease......Page 341
Disease Management......Page 345
Diversity in Healthcare Management......Page 350
Donabedian, Avedis......Page 351
Drummond, Michael......Page 352
Economic Barriers to Healthcare......Page 354
Economic Recessions......Page 357
Economic Spillover......Page 361
Economies of Scale......Page 362
E-Health......Page 364
Eisenberg, John M.......Page 369
Electronic Clinical Records......Page 370
Ellwood, Paul M.......Page 372
Emergency and Disaster Preparedness......Page 373
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)......Page 376
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA )......Page 378
Emerging Diseases......Page 381
Employee Health Benefits......Page 385
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA)......Page 388
Enthoven, Alain C.......Page 394
Epidemiology......Page 395
E-Prescribing......Page 401
Equity, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Healthcare......Page 403
Ethics......Page 409
Ethnic and Racial Barriers to Healthcare......Page 414
Evans, Robert G.......Page 415
Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)......Page 416
Eye Care Services......Page 421
Farr, William......Page 426
Feder, Judith......Page 427
Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)......Page 428
Fee-for-Service......Page 430
Flat-of-the-Curve Medicine......Page 432
Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs)......Page 435
Flexner, Abraham......Page 437
Focused Factories......Page 439
Forces Changing Healthcare......Page 441
For-Profit Versus Not-for-Profit Healthcare......Page 445
Fraud and Abuse......Page 451
Free Clinics......Page 455
Fuchs, Victor R.......Page 458
Gates Foundation......Page 460
General Health Questionnaire......Page 462
General Practice......Page 464
Genetics......Page 466
Geographic Barriers to Healthcare......Page 468
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)......Page 472
Geographic Variations in Healthcare......Page 477
Ginsburg, Paul B.......Page 479
Ginzberg, Eli......Page 480
Grossman, Michael......Page 481
Health......Page 484
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)......Page 488
Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS)......Page 490
Healthcare Financial Management......Page 493
Healthcare Financial Management Association (HFMA)......Page 497
Healthcare Informatics Research......Page 499
Healthcare Markets......Page 503
Healthcare Organization Theory......Page 505
Healthcare Reform......Page 510
Healthcare Web Sites......Page 513
Health Communication......Page 515
Health Disparities......Page 518
Health Economics......Page 524
Health Indicators, Leading......Page 528
Health Informatics......Page 530
Health Insurance......Page 533
Health Insurance Coverage......Page 539
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)......Page 543
Health Literacy......Page 545
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)......Page 550
Health Planning......Page 555
Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs)......Page 558
Health Report Cards......Page 560
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)......Page 564
Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)......Page 568
Health Services Research, Definition......Page 570
Health Services Research, Origins......Page 575
Heath Services Research at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)......Page 580
Health Services Research in Australia......Page 584
Health Services Research in Canada......Page 589
Health Services Research in Dentistry and Oral Health......Page 594
Health Services Research in Eastern Europe......Page 599
Health Services Research in Germany......Page 602
Health Services Research in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 604
Health Services Research in the People’s Republic of China......Page 607
Health Services Research in the United Kingdom......Page 609
Health Services Research Journals......Page 614
Health Surveys......Page 617
Health Systems Agencies (HSAs)......Page 622
Health Workforce......Page 624
Healthy People 2010......Page 628
Home Health Care......Page 631
Hospice......Page 634
Hospital Closures......Page 637
Hospital Emergency Departments......Page 640
Hospitalists......Page 645
Hospitals......Page 649
Iatrogenic Disease......Page 654
Indian Health Service (IHS)......Page 656
Infectious Diseases......Page 658
Inflation in Healthcare......Page 663
Informed Consent......Page 665
Inner-City Healthcare......Page 668
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)......Page 671
Institute of Medicine (IOM)......Page 674
Intensive-Care Units......Page 677
Intermediate-Care Facilities (ICFs)......Page 679
International Classification for Patient Safety (ICPS)......Page 681
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)......Page 686
International Health Economics Association (iHEA)......Page 687
International Health Systems......Page 689
Joint Commission......Page 694
Kaiser Family Foundation......Page 700
Kane, Robert L.......Page 702
Katz, Sidney......Page 703
Kellogg Foundation......Page 705
Kimball, Justin Ford......Page 709
Leapfrog Group......Page 710
Lee, Philip R.......Page 712
Lewin Group......Page 713
Licensing......Page 715
Life Expectancy......Page 717
Lomas, Jonathan......Page 719
Long-Term Care......Page 720
Long-Term Care Costs in the United States......Page 724
Luft, Harold S.......Page 727
Malpractice......Page 730
Managed Care......Page 734
Market Failure......Page 740
Marmor, Theodore R.......Page 744
Mathematica Policy Research (MPR)......Page 745
Maynard, Alan......Page 748
McNerney, Walter J.......Page 749
Measurement in Health Services Research......Page 750
Mechanic, David......Page 755
Medicaid......Page 756
Medical Errors......Page 761
Medical Group Practice......Page 766
Medicalization......Page 768
Medical Sociology......Page 773
Medical Travel......Page 775
Medicare......Page 777
Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit......Page 781
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC )......Page 783
Mental Health......Page 785
Mental Health Epidemiology......Page 790
Meta-Analysis......Page 795
Midwest Business Group on Health......Page 799
Milbank Memorial Fund......Page 801
Minimum Data Set (MDS) for Nursing Home Resident Assessment......Page 802
Moral Hazard......Page 806
Morbidity......Page 808
Mortality......Page 810
Mortality, Major Causes in the United States......Page 814
Multihospital Healthcare Systems......Page 818
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI)......Page 822
National Association of Health Data Organizations (NAHDO)......Page 824
National Association of State Medicaid Directors (NASMD)......Page 826
National Business Group on Health (NBGH)......Page 828
National Center for Assisted Living (NCAL)......Page 829
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)......Page 831
National Citizens’ Coalition for Nursing Home Reform (NCCNHR)......Page 836
National Coalition on Health Care (NCHC)......Page 838
National Commission for Quality Long-Term Care (NCQLTC )......Page 840
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)......Page 842
National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC)......Page 845
National Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR)......Page 848
National Healthcare Quality Report (NHQR)......Page 851
National Health Insurance......Page 853
National Health Policy Forum (NHPF)......Page 858
National Health Service Corps (NHSC)......Page 859
National Information Center on Health Services Research and Health Care Technology (NICHSR)......Page 861
National Institutes of Health (NIH)......Page 863
National Medical Association (NMA)......Page 869
National Patient Safety Goals (NPSG)......Page 871
National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB)......Page 873
National Quality Forum (NQF)......Page 875
Naylor, C. David......Page 878
Newhouse, Joseph P.......Page 879
Nightingale, Florence......Page 880
Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations......Page 881
Nurse Practitioners (NPs)......Page 885
Nurses......Page 887
Nursing Home Quality......Page 892
Nursing Homes......Page 896
Obesity......Page 902
O’Leary, Dennis S.......Page 907
ORY X Performance Measurement System......Page 908
Outcomes-Based Accreditation......Page 912
Outcomes Movement......Page 914
Outpatient Care......Page 917
Pacific Business Group on HealtH (PBGH)......Page 918
Pain......Page 920
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)......Page 921
Patient-Centered Care......Page 923
Patient Dumping......Page 926
Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO)......Page 929
Patient Safety......Page 932
Patient Transfers......Page 936
Pauly, Mark V.......Page 938
Pay-for-Performance......Page 939
Payment Mechanisms......Page 944
Pew Charitable Trusts......Page 947
Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 948
Pharmacoeconomics......Page 953
Pharmacy......Page 955
Physician Assistants......Page 960
Physicians......Page 962
Physicians, Osteopathic......Page 966
Physician Workforce Issues......Page 968
Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)......Page 973
Prescription and Generic Drug Use......Page 975
Preventive Care......Page 980
Primary Care......Page 984
Primary Care Case Management (PCCM)......Page 989
Primary-Care Physicians......Page 992
Project HOPE......Page 994
Prospective Payment......Page 996
Provider-Based Research Networks (PBRNs)......Page 998
Public Health......Page 1003
Public Health Policy Advocacy......Page 1007
Public Policy......Page 1009
Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)......Page 1016
Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)......Page 1018
Quality Improvement Organizations (QIOs)......Page 1021
Quality Management......Page 1025
Quality of Healthcare......Page 1028
Quality of Life, Health-Related (HRQOL)......Page 1033
Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)......Page 1037
RAND Corporation......Page 1040
RAND Health Insurance Experiment......Page 1042
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)......Page 1047
Rationing Healthcare......Page 1051
Regulation......Page 1056
Reinhardt, Uwe E.......Page 1062
Relman, Arnold S.......Page 1063
Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS)......Page 1064
Rice, Dorothy P.......Page 1067
Risk......Page 1068
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)......Page 1071
Roemer, Milton I.......Page 1076
Roos, Leslie L.......Page 1077
Roos, Noralou P.......Page 1078
Rorem, C. Rufus......Page 1080
Rosenbaum, Sara......Page 1081
RTI International......Page 1082
Rural Health......Page 1085
Sackett, David L.......Page 1090
Safety Net......Page 1091
Satisfaction Surveys......Page 1097
Scott, W. Richard......Page 1101
Selective Contracting......Page 1102
Severity Adjustment......Page 1104
Shapiro, Sam......Page 1106
Sheps, Cecil G.......Page 1109
Shortell , Stephen M.......Page 1110
Short-Form Health Surveys (SF-36, -12, -8)......Page 1111
Single-Payer System......Page 1117
Skilled-Nursing Facilities......Page 1120
Starfield , Barbara......Page 1122
Starr, Paul......Page 1123
State-Based Health Insurance Initiatives......Page 1124
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)......Page 1128
Stevens, Rosemary A.......Page 1131
Structure-Process-Outcome Quality Measures......Page 1132
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)......Page 1136
Supplier-Induced Demand......Page 1137
Tarlov, Alvin R.......Page 1142
Tax Subsidy of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance......Page 1143
Technology Assessment......Page 1147
Telemedicine......Page 1150
Thompson, John Devereaux......Page 1153
Timeliness of Healthcare......Page 1154
Tobacco Use......Page 1156
Transportation......Page 1158
TRICARE, Military Health System......Page 1160
Uncompensated Healthcare......Page 1164
Uninsured Individuals......Page 1169
United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS)......Page 1176
United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)......Page 1181
University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC)......Page 1183
Urban Institute......Page 1185
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA )......Page 1187
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)......Page 1190
U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)......Page 1196
U.S. National Health Expenditures......Page 1198
Volume-Outcome Relationship......Page 1204
Vulnerable Populations......Page 1208
Ware, John E.......Page 1212
Wennberg, John E.......Page 1213
White, Kerr L.......Page 1214
Wilensky, Gail R.......Page 1215
Williams, Alan H.......Page 1217
Women’s Health Issues......Page 1218
World Health Organization (WHO)......Page 1222
Annotated Bibliography......Page 1228
Appendix: Web Resources......Page 1286
Index......Page 1354