Encyclopedia of Global Environment (5 Volumes) (2002)(en)(3440s)

Volume 1......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Editorial Board......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change......Page 12
Preface to Volume One......Page 18
The Earth System......Page 20
Earth System Processes......Page 32
Earth System History......Page 50
Earth Observing Systems......Page 80
The Global Temperature Record......Page 101
Models of the Earth System......Page 118
Model Simulations of Present and Historical Climates......Page 133
Projection of Future Changes in Climate......Page 145
Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone......Page 159
International Organizations in the Earth Sciences......Page 175
ACSYS (Arctic Climate System Study)......Page 180
Aerosols, Effects on the Climate......Page 181
Aerosols, Polar Stratospheric Cloud......Page 186
Aerosols, Stratosphere......Page 188
Aerosols, Troposphere......Page 191
Agassiz, Louis......Page 194
Air Pressure......Page 195
Air Quality, Global......Page 196
Albedo......Page 201
AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)......Page 202
Antarctica......Page 203
Anthropocene......Page 208
Anthropogenic Climate Change......Page 209
Arctic Air Quality......Page 210
Arctic Climate......Page 212
Arctic Ocean......Page 218
Arctic Oscillation......Page 220
ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) Program......Page 222
Arrhenius, Svante......Page 223
Asteroids and Comets, Effects on Earth......Page 224
Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Earth Rotation......Page 230
Atmospheric Chemistry, Tropospheric......Page 231
Atmospheric Composition, Past......Page 232
Atmospheric Composition, Present......Page 235
Atmospheric Electricity......Page 237
Atmospheric Motions......Page 240
Atmospheric Processes and Interactions......Page 261
Atmospheric Structure......Page 262
Bolin, Bert......Page 264
Broecker, Wallace S......Page 265
Budyko, Mikhail Ivanovich......Page 267
Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Climate Over Geological Times......Page 268
Carbon Dioxide, Recent Atmospheric Trends......Page 273
CEOS (Committee on Earth Observation Satellites)......Page 280
Chandler Wobble......Page 281
Chaos and Predictability......Page 282
Charney, Jule Gregory......Page 285
Chloro uorocarbons (CFCs)......Page 286
CLIMAP (Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction)......Page 288
Climate Agenda......Page 289
Climate Change......Page 290
Climate Change, Abrupt......Page 291
Climate Change, Detection and Attribution......Page 297
Climate Change, Natural Records of......Page 301
Climate Feedbacks......Page 302
Climate, Land Cover In uences......Page 314
Climate Model Simulations of the Geological Past......Page 315
Climate Sensitivity......Page 320
Climatology......Page 327
CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and Predictability)......Page 330
Cloud–Radiation Interactions......Page 331
Clouds......Page 335
Comets and Asteroids, Effects on Climate......Page 339
Continental Drift......Page 340
Convection......Page 344
Coriolis Effect......Page 345
Cretaceous......Page 348
Cryosphere......Page 349
Deserts......Page 351
Dimethylsul de (DMS)......Page 362
Downscaling......Page 365
Dust......Page 366
Dynamics, Oceanic......Page 370
Eemian......Page 371
El Ni no and La Ni na: Causes and Global Consequences......Page 372
Emissions, Trends in Carbon, Sulfur and Nitrogen......Page 389
Energy Balance and Climate......Page 390
Energy Balance Climate Models......Page 395
Equilibrium Response......Page 401
Extremes, Climate......Page 402
Feedbacks, Chemistry – Climate Interactions......Page 403
Fingerprinting......Page 407
Framework Convention on Climate Change......Page 408
Franklin, Benjamin......Page 409
Fronts......Page 410
GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program)......Page 411
GCDIS (Global Change Data and Information System)......Page 412
General Circulation Models (GCMs)......Page 413
Geological Cycling......Page 416
GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment)......Page 421
Glaciers......Page 423
Global Plate Tectonics......Page 429
GOALS (Global Ocean– Atmosphere–Land System)......Page 430
Greenland......Page 432
Greenland Ice Sheet......Page 438
Ground Temperature......Page 441
GWP (Global Warming Potential)......Page 445
Halocarbons......Page 446
Heat, Sensible......Page 447
Heinrich (H-) Events......Page 448
Holocene, Climate Change and Society......Page 450
Humidity......Page 451
Hurricanes, Typhoons and other Tropical Storms–Descriptive Overview......Page 452
Hurricanes, Typhoons and other Tropical Storms–Dynamicsand Intensity......Page 458
Hydrogen Peroxide Trends in Greenland Glaciers......Page 466
Hydrologic Cycle......Page 469
Hydrology......Page 483
IAMAS (International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences)......Page 485
IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry)......Page 486
IHP (International Hydrological Program)......Page 487
Imbrie, John......Page 488
Infrared Radiation......Page 489
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI)......Page 494
Ionosphere......Page 495
IRI (International Research Institute for Climate Prediction)......Page 496
ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project)......Page 497
IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics)......Page 498
Jet Stream......Page 500
Junge Layer......Page 502
Keeling, Charles David......Page 503
Kondratyev, Kirill Yakovlevich......Page 504
Krakatau Volcanic Eruption......Page 505
Lamb, Hubert H......Page 506
Land Cover and Climate......Page 507
Land Surface......Page 512
Lapse Rate......Page 518
Latent Heat......Page 519
Lightning......Page 520
Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity......Page 521
Lithosphere......Page 522
Little Ice Age......Page 523
Lorenz, Edward N......Page 528
Lovelock, James......Page 529
Malone, Thomas F......Page 530
Manabe, Syukuro......Page 531
Medieval Climatic Optimum......Page 533
Mesozoic......Page 535
Methane......Page 536
Methane Clathrates......Page 537
Methyl Bromide......Page 539
Milankovitch, Milutin......Page 541
Modeling Regional Climate Change......Page 542
Models, Radiative–Convective......Page 551
Molina, Mario J......Page 552
Monitoring Systems, Global Geophysical......Page 553
Monsoons......Page 558
Mountain Climates......Page 559
Munk, Walter......Page 560
Munn, Robert Edward (Ted)......Page 561
Natural Climate Variability......Page 563
Natural Records of Climate Change......Page 569
Nitrous Oxide......Page 573
North Atlantic Oscillation......Page 574
Ocean Circulation......Page 576
Ocean Conveyor Belt......Page 598
Ocean Observing Techniques......Page 600
ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)......Page 603
Oeschger, Hans A......Page 604
Orbital Variations......Page 605
Oscillation, Southern......Page 608
Ozone Hole......Page 609
Ozone, Tropospheric......Page 610
Pacifi–Decadal Oscillation (PDO)......Page 611
Pacifi–North American (PNA) Teleconnection......Page 613
Paleoclimatology......Page 615
Paleozoic......Page 616
Permafrost......Page 617
Photochemical Reactions......Page 620
Planetary Boundary Layer......Page 622
Plate Tectonics......Page 624
Prediction in the Earth Sciences......Page 626
Projection......Page 628
Quasi–Biennial Oscillation (QBO)......Page 630
Quasi–Decadal Oscillation......Page 632
Quaternary......Page 634
Radiative Forcing......Page 635
Radiative–Convective Models......Page 636
Radionuclides, Cosmogenic......Page 637
Radiosondes......Page 638
Residence Time (of an Atom, Molecule or Particle)......Page 641
Revelle, Roger Randall Dougan......Page 642
Richardson, Lewis Fry......Page 643
Roberts, Walter Orr......Page 644
Rossby Waves......Page 645
Rowland, F Sherwood......Page 646
Runoff......Page 647
Salinity Patterns in the Ocean......Page 648
Sea Ice......Page 659
Sea Level......Page 664
Sea Surface Temperature......Page 669
Snow......Page 675
Soil Moisture......Page 677
Solar Irradiance and Climate......Page 678
Solar Variability, Long-term......Page 685
Southern Ocean......Page 687
SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate)......Page 691
Storm Surge......Page 692
Stratosphere......Page 693
Stratosphere, Chemistry......Page 694
Stratosphere, Ozone Trends......Page 701
Stratosphere, Temperature and Circulation......Page 716
Stratospheric Ozone, Depletion......Page 722
Sunspots......Page 723
Suomi, Verner Edward......Page 726
Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik......Page 727
Temperature, Surface......Page 728
Tides, Oceanic......Page 729
Tornadoes......Page 732
Transient Response......Page 734
TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)......Page 735
Troposphere......Page 736
Troposphere, Ozone Chemistry......Page 737
Tropospheric Temperature......Page 739
Tsunamis, Causes and Consequences......Page 744
Tunguska Phenomenon......Page 749
Typhoons......Page 750
Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 751
Urban Heat Island......Page 754
Volcanic Eruption, Krakatau......Page 755
Volcanic Eruption, Tambora......Page 756
Volcanic Eruptions......Page 757
Vostok, Subglacial Lake......Page 763
Water Cycle......Page 768
Water Vapor: Distribution and Trends......Page 769
WCP (World Climate Programme)......Page 771
WCRP (World Climate Research Programme)......Page 772
Weather......Page 773
Wegener, Alfred......Page 774
Wind Chill......Page 775
WMO (World Meteorological Organization)......Page 776
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)......Page 778
Younger Dryas......Page 780
Volume 2......Page 782
Copyright......Page 785
Editorial Board......Page 786
Contents......Page 788
Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change......Page 792
Preface to Volume Two......Page 798
Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change......Page 800
Biological Invasions......Page 810
Functional Biodiversity......Page 819
IGBP Core Projects......Page 836
Impacts of Global Environmental Change on Animals......Page 855
Natural Systems: Impacts of Climate Change......Page 866
Plant Dispersal and Migration......Page 880
Plants – from Cells to Ecosystems: Impacts of Global Environmental Change......Page 893
Sedimentary Records of Long-term Ecological Change......Page 911
Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems: Impacts of Global Change......Page 921
Angiosperm/Gymnosperm......Page 934
Animal Physiology and Global Environmental Change......Page 935
Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Oxygen......Page 939
Autotroph/Heterotroph......Page 942
AVHRR......Page 943
Biocomplexity......Page 944
Biodiversity in Freshwaters......Page 945
Biodiversity in Soils and Sediments: Potential Effects of Global Change......Page 951
Biogeochemical Cycle......Page 958
Bioindicators......Page 959
Biome Models......Page 965
Biome–BGC Ecosystem Model......Page 970
Biosphere......Page 973
Biosphere Reserves......Page 974
Boreal Ecosystem– Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)......Page 976
Boreal Forest......Page 978
Buffering Capacity......Page 983
C3 and C4 Photosynthesis......Page 985
Carbon and Energy: Terrestrial Stores and Fluxes......Page 989
Carbon Cycle......Page 997
Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA)......Page 1001
CENTURY Ecosystem Model......Page 1005
Chaos and Cycles......Page 1008
CO2 Enrichment: Effects on Ecosystems......Page 1014
Community Richness......Page 1023
Controlled Environment Facilities in Global Change Research......Page 1027
Coral Bleaching (1997–1998)......Page 1030
Coral Reefs: an Ecosystem Subject to Multiple Environmental Threats......Page 1031
Crop Models......Page 1040
Darwin, Charles Robert......Page 1046
Data Banks: Archiving Ecological Data and Information......Page 1047
De Wit, C T......Page 1058
Deposition, Dry......Page 1059
Disturbance......Page 1060
DIVERSITAS......Page 1067
Down Regulation, of Photosynthetic Capacity......Page 1070
Ecosystem Services and Costing......Page 1071
Ecosystem Stability......Page 1080
Ecosystem Structure and Function......Page 1081
Ecotones......Page 1082
Ehrlich, Paul......Page 1087
Elton, C S......Page 1088
European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH)......Page 1089
Evolutionary Processes in Ecosystems......Page 1091
Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record......Page 1096
Extinctions (Contemporary and Future)......Page 1100
Food Webs......Page 1107
Forest Gap Models......Page 1115
Forest Stand......Page 1122
Fragmentation and Corridors......Page 1123
Freshwater Fisheries......Page 1126
Generic Decomposition and Yield (G’DAY): A Model of Global Change Impacts on Plant and Soil......Page 1131
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)......Page 1134
Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)......Page 1135
Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS)......Page 1136
Gymnosperms......Page 1137
Holdridge Life Zone Classificatio......Page 1138
Holling, C S......Page 1139
Hutchinson, G Evelyn......Page 1140
Unknown......Page 0
Hydrology......Page 1142
IGBP (International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme)......Page 1149
IGBP Terrestrial Transects......Page 1150
Infectious Diseases......Page 1156
Inter American Institute for Global Change (IAIGC)......Page 1162
International Biosphere Program (IBP) – a Foundation for Global Studies......Page 1163
Intertidal Zones......Page 1164
Iron Cycle......Page 1168
ITEX (International Tundra Experiment)......Page 1173
Lakes and Rivers......Page 1174
Large Scale Biosphere– Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA)......Page 1182
Life Cycles......Page 1184
LOICZ (Land–Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone)......Page 1188
Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) System......Page 1189
Lyapunov Exponent......Page 1193
Mangrove Ecosystems......Page 1194
May, Robert, M......Page 1200
Mercury in the Environment......Page 1201
Metadata......Page 1208
Metapopulations......Page 1210
Methanol......Page 1219
Microbial Diversity......Page 1220
Mooney, Harold A......Page 1225
Mutualism......Page 1226
NEP (Net Ecosystem Productivity)......Page 1227
Nitrogen Cycle......Page 1228
Nitrogen Deposition on Forests......Page 1234
Nitrogen Fixers......Page 1241
Non-equilibrium Ecology......Page 1245
Non-linear Systems......Page 1249
NPP (Net Primary Productivity)......Page 1254
Odum, Eugene P......Page 1255
OH–Radical: is the Cleansing Capacity of the Atmosphere Changing?......Page 1256
Oligotrophic/Heterotrophic/ Eutrophic......Page 1257
Oxygen, Anthropogenic Impacts......Page 1258
Pelagic......Page 1259
Phenology......Page 1260
Phenotype/Genotype......Page 1264
Phosphorus Cycle......Page 1265
Photosynthesis......Page 1269
Plant Competition in an Elevated CO2 World......Page 1270
Plant Functional Types......Page 1280
Plant Growth at Elevated CO......Page 1288
Plant Ontogeny......Page 1295
Plants – Carbon Balance and Growth......Page 1296
Pollen as Climate Proxy......Page 1302
Population Sizes, Changes......Page 1303
Productivity......Page 1314
Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 1315
Purple Loosestrife –Alien Invader......Page 1320
Redfiel Ratio......Page 1321
Redox Potential......Page 1322
Remote Sensing......Page 1323
Remote Sensing, Terrestrial Systems......Page 1327
Resilience......Page 1329
Respiration......Page 1330
Restoration, Ecosystem......Page 1331
Rhizosphere......Page 1338
Rodin, Leonid E......Page 1339
Rosswall, Per Thomas......Page 1340
Soil Mineralization......Page 1342
Stable Isotopes......Page 1343
Succession, Definitio of......Page 1349
Succession......Page 1350
Symbiosis......Page 1356
Systematics......Page 1357
Tamm, Carl Olof......Page 1358
Temperate Coniferous Forests......Page 1359
Temperate Deciduous Forests......Page 1364
Temperate Grasslands......Page 1368
Temperature Increase: Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 1374
Thornthwaite, Charles Warren......Page 1380
Tropical Forests......Page 1381
Tropical Savannas......Page 1385
Tucker, Jim......Page 1391
Tundra......Page 1392
Vegetation Ecosystem Model and Analysis Project (VEMAP)......Page 1402
Vernadsky, Vladimir......Page 1403
Volatile Organic Compounds, Biogenic (VOCs)......Page 1404
von Humboldt, Alexander......Page 1408
Whittaker, Robert H......Page 1410
Wilson, Edward Osborne......Page 1411
Woodwell, George Masters......Page 1412
Volume 3......Page 1414
Copyright......Page 1417
Editorial Board......Page 1418
Contents......Page 1420
Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change......Page 1424
Preface to Volume Three......Page 1430
Human Disturbance of the Earth System: Dynamics and Complexities......Page 1432
Global land cover and land use trends and changes......Page 1444
Global Population Trends......Page 1447
Trends in Global Emissions: Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen......Page 1466
Anthropogenic Metabolism and Environmental Legacies......Page 1485
Industrial and Anthroposystem Metabolism......Page 1504
Water Use: Future Trends, and Environmental and Social Impacts......Page 1515
Contaminated Lands and Sediments: Chemical Time Bombs?......Page 1529
Rice and its Spread: Double Cropping; New Varieties – Environmental Consequences and Methane Gas, Sustainability......Page 1547
Environmental Change and Human Health: Extending the Sustainability Agenda......Page 1561
Environmental Changes Driven by Civil Conflic and War......Page 1577
Acid Sulfate Soils......Page 1581
Afforestation: Environmental Impacts......Page 1586
Agricultural Intensificatio in Java......Page 1589
Agricultural Intensificatio in Western Europe......Page 1592
Agricultural Subsidies and Environmental Change......Page 1598
Agriculture and Salinity......Page 1601
Agroforestry......Page 1602
Aircraft Emissions......Page 1608
Animal Production, Feedlots, and Manure Problems in the US (Agriculture, Intensive)......Page 1616
Aquaculture and Environment: Global View from the Tropics to High Latitudes......Page 1620
Aquaculture in Asia......Page 1626
Aquaculture: Salmon Farming......Page 1630
Arctic Environment, Oil......Page 1634
Biomass Burning......Page 1635
Biomass Burning in Rural Homes in Tropical Areas......Page 1644
Biomass Fuel Power Development......Page 1646
Biomass Use for Urban Fuels in Developing Countries......Page 1647
Bioremediation......Page 1648
Capacity, Assimilative......Page 1650
Cattle Grazing: Impacts on Land Cover and Methane Emissions......Page 1651
Cereal Cultivation (Agriculture, Extensive)......Page 1658
Changes in World Marine Fish Stocks......Page 1668
Chernobyl......Page 1671
Climate, Urban......Page 1672
Climatic Extremes......Page 1673
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)......Page 1677
Consumption Patterns: Economic and Demographic Change......Page 1679
Critical Load......Page 1682
Curi, Kriton......Page 1683
Deforestation and Habitat Fragmentation in the Amazon Basin......Page 1685
Deforestation in Historic Times......Page 1689
Deforestation, Tropical: Global Impacts......Page 1695
Demographic Change: Indonesian Transmigration......Page 1702
Demographic Change: Peopling of the Pacifi Islands......Page 1703
Demographic Change: the Aging Population......Page 1707
Desertificatio......Page 1712
DVI (Dust Veil Index)......Page 1720
Earthquake Intensity and Magnitude Scales......Page 1723
Earthquakes Triggered by Human Activities......Page 1724
Ecological Capacity......Page 1726
Ecotoxicology......Page 1732
Environmental Cadmium in the Food Chain......Page 1733
Exergy (High Quality Energy)......Page 1738
Fisheries: Effects of Climate Change on the Life Cycles of Salmon......Page 1739
Fisheries: Minamata Disease......Page 1742
Fisheries: Pacifi Coast Salmon......Page 1744
Fisheries: Pollution and Habitat Degradation in Tropical Asian Rivers......Page 1746
Food Consumption Patterns and their Influenc on Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 1753
Forest Logging Systems in Tropical Countries: Differential Impacts......Page 1758
Fugacity......Page 1765
Geoengineering: a Way to Stabilize Global Climate?......Page 1766
Geography......Page 1767
Geomorphological Change for Urbanization and Industry......Page 1768
Geomorphological Change: Landscape Modificatio for Recreation......Page 1775
Green Revolution......Page 1777
Greenhouse Food Production (Agriculture Intensive)......Page 1782
Greening of Cities......Page 1786
Groundwater Withdrawal and the Development of the Great Man-made River Project, Libya......Page 1792
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)......Page 1801
Holocene: Climate Changes and Society......Page 1802
Hurricane George, Impacts of......Page 1806
Indus Basin: a Case Study in Water Management......Page 1807
Insect Pests and Global Environmental Change......Page 1811
Inter-basin Transfer (IBT) for Water Supplies......Page 1817
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)......Page 1821
Irrigation: Environmental Impacts......Page 1822
Irrigation: Induced Demise of Wetlands......Page 1829
Kovda, V A......Page 1841
Kuwait, Oil Fires......Page 1842
Lake Baikal......Page 1843
Land Degradation in the Mediterranean......Page 1847
Land Reclamation from Seas......Page 1854
Land Transformation in China: 3000 Years of Human Ecological History......Page 1860
Low Concentration Methane Bearing Gases......Page 1865
Malnutrition, Infectious Diseases and Global Environmental Change......Page 1870
Marine Mammal Exploitation: Whales and Whaling......Page 1876
Marsh, George Perkins......Page 1880
Marshes, Anthropogenic Changes......Page 1881
Materials Flows for Mining and Quarrying......Page 1884
Methane: Industrial Sources......Page 1891
Migrations: The Environmental Challenge of Population Movements......Page 1895
Minamata Mercury Disaster......Page 1901
National Responsibilities for Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 1902
Natural Hazards......Page 1909
Nitrate Protection Zones in Europe......Page 1923
Nitrogen: Agricultural Uses and their Impacts......Page 1929
Nuclear Waste: Geological Issues......Page 1936
Nuclear Winter......Page 1945
Oil and the Arctic Environment......Page 1948
Oil Fires: Kuwait......Page 1954
Oil Industry: Cultural Impacts and Environmental Risk Tolerance......Page 1956
Oil Shales and Tar Sands......Page 1959
Organic Farming and the Environment......Page 1963
Phosphorus: Global Transfers......Page 1967
Phosphorus Water Quality Objectives......Page 1973
Population Trends, Global......Page 1976
Prehistoric People and Forest Soils......Page 1977
Public Health – the WHO De nition......Page 1978
Refugees and Human Conflic......Page 1979
River Regulation......Page 1982
Salinity and Agriculture......Page 1990
Salmon, Pacifi Coast......Page 1995
Shifting Cultivation and Land Degradation......Page 1996
Shipping: Harbors and Ports......Page 2003
Soil Amelioration......Page 2014
Soil Deterioration and Loss of Topsoil......Page 2018
Swidden......Page 2025
Tidal Power Development......Page 2027
Tourism and Ecosystems......Page 2028
Tourism as a Global Driving Force for Environmental Change......Page 2040
Tourism: Climate Change and Tourist Resorts......Page 2054
Toxic Wastes: Generation and Disposal: a Case Study of UK Practice and Legislation......Page 2059
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes......Page 2062
Transport and Species Dispersal......Page 2063
Transport: Global Freight and Passenger Flows......Page 2064
Transport Infrastructure......Page 2074
Urban Climate and Respiratory Disease......Page 2080
Urban Ecosystems......Page 2086
Urban Heat Island......Page 2091
Urban Population Change......Page 2097
Urban Poverty and Environmental Health......Page 2103
Urban Sulfurous and Photochemical Smog......Page 2109
Urban Wastes......Page 2115
VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index)......Page 2120
Viral Diseases and the Influenc of Climate Change......Page 2121
Volcanic Eruptions: Mt Merapi, Indonesia......Page 2125
Volcanoes and Cities......Page 2127
Volcanoes and the Environment......Page 2130
Waste Dumps in Megacities: Case Study of Istanbul......Page 2138
Waste: the Global Mass and its Management......Page 2140
Wastes: Landfil and Land Raising......Page 2144
Wastes, Urban......Page 2150
Water Resources: Baltic......Page 2151
Water Resources: Great Lakes Case Study......Page 2152
Water Resources: R´ o de la Plata......Page 2154
Wave Power Development......Page 2157
Weather Extremes and Climate Impacts: a Case Study for the United States......Page 2159
Wind Power Development......Page 2164
World Energy Consumption Trends......Page 2165
World Energy Council......Page 2169
Yellow River, China: a Case Study in Water Resources......Page 2171
Volume 4......Page 2174
Copyright......Page 2177
Editorial Board......Page 2178
Contents......Page 2180
Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change......Page 2184
Preface to Volume Four......Page 2190
Environmental Responses: an Overview......Page 2192
Trends in Environmental Management in the Last 40 Years......Page 2206
Public-driven Response to Global Environmental Change......Page 2212
Scientifi Responses in an Era of Global Environmental Change......Page 2227
Policy Responses to Public Health Issues Relating to Global Environmental Change......Page 2238
Industrial Responses to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Lessons for Global Climate Change......Page 2256
Emerging Environmental Issues......Page 2263
Adaptation Strategies......Page 2271
Sustainable Energy Policies......Page 2277
Dematerialization and Sustainable Development......Page 2287
Eco-efficienc......Page 2297
Monitoring in Support of Policy: an Adaptive Ecosystem Approach......Page 2307
Adaptive Environmental Management......Page 2330
Agenda 21......Page 2331
APN (Asia–Paci c Network)......Page 2334
Assimilative Capacity......Page 2336
Basel Convention......Page 2337
Blue Plan......Page 2339
Boreal Forest Carbon Flux and it’s Role in the Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol Under a Warming Climate......Page 2340
Bourdeau, Philippe F J......Page 2343
Bruce, James......Page 2344
Brundtland, Gro Harlem......Page 2345
Carrying Capacity......Page 2347
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)......Page 2348
Cleaner Production......Page 2349
Climate Change: an Emerging Issue in the Global Agenda......Page 2354
Climate Change Assessment, United States......Page 2356
Coastal Zone Management......Page 2357
Conference of Parties......Page 2359
Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 2360
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)......Page 2364
COP (Conference of Parties)......Page 2368
Cumulative Environmental Assessment......Page 2369
Demand Management......Page 2372
Desertificatio Convention......Page 2374
Distance Learning and Environment......Page 2377
Dooge, James......Page 2382
Dowdeswell, Elizabeth......Page 2383
DPSIR (Driving Forces–Pressures–State– Impacts–Responses)......Page 2384
ECA (Economic Commission for Africa)......Page 2385
Eco Taxes......Page 2386
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)......Page 2389
Ecosystem Integrity......Page 2390
EEA (European Environment Agency)......Page 2391
Endangered Species......Page 2392
Environmental Assessment of Major Development Projects......Page 2394
Environmental Data Report......Page 2395
Environmental Education......Page 2397
Environmental (Eco) Labeling......Page 2401
Environmental Policies for the World Oceans......Page 2403
Environmental Refugees......Page 2405
EU (European Union)......Page 2409
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)......Page 2410
Framework Convention on Climate Change......Page 2411
GEO (Global Environment Outlook)......Page 2412
Geographic(al) Information Systems (GIS)......Page 2413
GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientifi Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection)......Page 2417
Global Environmental Change and Natural Disasters......Page 2418
Global Forest Watch......Page 2422
Goldemberg, Jose......Page 2424
Goodman, Gordon......Page 2425
Green Investment......Page 2426
GRID (Global Resource Information Database, of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Early Warning and Ass......Page 2428
Holdgate, Martin......Page 2430
IAI (Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research)......Page 2432
IDNDR (The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction)......Page 2433
IFIAS (International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study)......Page 2435
IHDP (International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Change)......Page 2436
IMO (International Maritime Organization)......Page 2437
Indicators on Environmental Quality and Sustainable Development......Page 2438
Industrial Ecology......Page 2439
Integrated Assessment, Definitio of......Page 2440
Integrated Assessment......Page 2441
Integrated Assessment Models of Global Change......Page 2444
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in an Era of Global Environmental Change......Page 2452
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): an Historical Review......Page 2456
Internalization......Page 2469
International Environmental Prizes......Page 2470
International Environmental Standards......Page 2472
IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission)......Page 2478
IPCS (International Program on Chemical Safety)......Page 2479
IRPTC (International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals)......Page 2480
IUCN (The World Conservation Union)......Page 2481
Izrael,YuriA......Page 2482
Kassas, Mohamed......Page 2483
Kyoto Protocol......Page 2484
LEAD (Leadership for Environment and Development)......Page 2485
Leapfrogging Technology......Page 2486
Life-cycle Assessment......Page 2487
LRTAP (Convention on Long Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution)......Page 2488
MacNeill, Jim......Page 2490
Materials Flow Accounting......Page 2491
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)......Page 2498
MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee)......Page 2499
Montreal Protocol, Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of......Page 2500
Multi-issue Assessments......Page 2507
National and Local Responses to Desertificatio......Page 2510
National Self-interest: a Major Factor in International Environmental Policy Formulation......Page 2514
Natural Hazards: Social and Policy Responses......Page 2519
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics......Page 2525
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)......Page 2526
Optimum Sustainable Yield......Page 2527
Ozone Layer: Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol......Page 2528
Policies for Sustainable and Responsible Fisheries......Page 2534
Policies for Sustainable Forests: Examples from Canada......Page 2542
Policies that Promote Sustainable Energy Futures......Page 2547
Policies to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture......Page 2549
Policies to Achieve Sustainable Tourism......Page 2553
Policy Exercises: a Tool for Solving Environmental Policy Dilemmas......Page 2558
PPP (Polluter Pay Principle)......Page 2559
Precautionary Principle......Page 2560
Quotas in International Environmental Negotiations......Page 2562
Risk Management in an Era of Global Environmental Change......Page 2566
SCEP (Study of Critical Environmental Problems)......Page 2573
Seismic Risk (and Risk Assessment)......Page 2574
SMIC (Study of Man’s Impact on Climate)......Page 2576
Social Assessment......Page 2577
Social Impact Assessment......Page 2578
Socially Responsible Investment......Page 2584
Soil Erosion......Page 2586
Speth, James Gustave......Page 2588
Stockholm and Beyond......Page 2589
Strategic Environmental Assessment......Page 2594
Sustainable Cities Policies......Page 2597
Sustainable Development......Page 2602
Sustainable Development of Energy Resources in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)......Page 2603
Sustainable Development Policies in Small Island Developing States......Page 2607
Sustainable Development Policy......Page 2613
Sustainable Transportation......Page 2617
Toepfer, Klaus......Page 2627
Tolba, Mostafa......Page 2628
Tradable Permits for Greenhouse Gases......Page 2629
Tradable Permits for Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion......Page 2637
Tradable Permits for Sulfur Emission Reductions......Page 2641
Transferable Fisheries Quotas (TFQs)......Page 2646
Tyler Prize......Page 2650
UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)......Page 2651
UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)......Page 2652
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)......Page 2653
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)......Page 2654
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)......Page 2655
UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientifi and Cultural Organization) and the Environment......Page 2656
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)......Page 2657
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)......Page 2659
United Nations Conferences on the Environment......Page 2660
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertificatio (UNCCD)......Page 2665
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Seas Programme (RSP)......Page 2667
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Saskawa Environment Prize......Page 2668
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol......Page 2669
Use of Epidemiological Data to Develop Air Quality Standards for Short-term and Long-term Environmental Health Benefit......Page 2676
User Pay Principle......Page 2683
Vavrou sek, Josef......Page 2684
Villach Conferences......Page 2685
Volvo Environment Prize......Page 2686
Ward, Barbara......Page 2688
WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development)......Page 2689
WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development)......Page 2690
White, Gilbert......Page 2691
WHO (World Health Organization)......Page 2692
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)......Page 2694
World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species......Page 2699
Worldwatch Institute......Page 2700
WTO (World Trade Organization)......Page 2701
Zayed International Prize......Page 2702
Case Studies......Page 2704
Regional Responses to Global Environmental Change......Page 2706
Baltic Sea......Page 2708
Black Sea......Page 2712
Caspian Sea......Page 2715
Mediterranean Sea......Page 2719
Aral Sea......Page 2725
Great Lakes Region of North America......Page 2727
Lake Victoria......Page 2730
Nile River......Page 2733
Climate Change Assessment, United States......Page 2735
Dobrís European Environment Assessment Process......Page 2738
Eco-engineering to Promote Ecological Sustainability in China in an Era of Global Environmental Change......Page 2739
MINK (Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas) Study......Page 2741
RAINS (Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation)......Page 2743
Transboundary Water Resource Management: The Example of the Canada/US IJC (International Joint Commission)......Page 2744
Volume 5......Page 2748
Copyright......Page 2751
Editorial Board......Page 2752
Contents......Page 2754
Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change......Page 2756
Preface to Volume Five......Page 2762
The Human Dimensions of Global Change......Page 2764
The Changing Human–Nature Relationships (HNR) in the Context of Global Environmental Change......Page 2774
Economics and Global Environmental Change......Page 2788
Ecological Economics......Page 2800
Environmental Politics......Page 2812
Global Environmental Change and Environmental History......Page 2825
Globalization in Historical Perspective......Page 2836
Technological Society and its Relation to Global Environmental Change......Page 2849
Relating to Nature: Spirituality, Philosophy, and Environmental Concern......Page 2860
Social Science and Global Environmental Change......Page 2872
The Emergence of Global Environment Change into Politics......Page 2887
The Environment and Violent Conflic......Page 2900
Development and Global Environmental Change......Page 2913
Anthropology and Global Environmental Change......Page 2926
Art and the Environment......Page 2930
Attenborough, David......Page 2938
Baha’i Faith and the Environment......Page 2939
Bateson, Gregory......Page 2946
Brent Spar......Page 2947
Buddhism and Ecology......Page 2948
Business-as-usual Scenarios......Page 2954
Carson, Rachel Louise......Page 2955
Chipko Movement......Page 2956
Christianity and the Environment......Page 2957
Circulating Freshwater: Crucial Link between Climate, Land, Ecosystems, and Humanity......Page 2964
Commons, Tragedy of the......Page 2971
Cousteau, Jacques......Page 2972
Demographic transition......Page 2974
Discounting......Page 2977
Dominion Theology......Page 2978
Earth Day......Page 2979
Ecocentric, Biocentric, Gaiacentric......Page 2980
Ecofeminism......Page 2981
Eco-socialism......Page 2987
Ecosystem Approach......Page 2988
Ecosystem Services......Page 2989
Emergence of Global Environment Change into Politics......Page 2990
Encyclopedias: Compendia of Global Knowledge......Page 2991
Enlightenment Project......Page 2992
Environmental Economics......Page 2993
Environmental Ethics......Page 2994
Environmental Movement – the Rise of Non-government Organizations (NGOs)......Page 3006
Environmental Politics......Page 3015
Environmental Philosophy: Phenomenological Ecology......Page 3016
Environmental Psychology/Perception......Page 3020
Environmental Security......Page 3032
Environmental Sociology......Page 3041
Equity......Page 3042
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill......Page 3046
Francis of Assisi......Page 3047
Futures Research......Page 3048
Gaia Hypothesis......Page 3050
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand......Page 3053
Global Forests: Citizen Monitoring......Page 3054
Governance and International Management......Page 3055
Green Parties......Page 3059
Hazards in Global Environmental Change......Page 3060
Hinduism and the Environment......Page 3066
Homocentric......Page 3074
Human Body, Immediate Environment......Page 3075
Human Ecology......Page 3076
Indigenous Knowledge, Peoples and Sustainable Practice......Page 3077
International Environmental Law......Page 3087
ISEW (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) and GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator)......Page 3094
Islam and the Environment......Page 3095
ISSC (International Social Science Council)......Page 3102
Jains and the Environment......Page 3104
Judaism and the Environment......Page 3112
Kondratyev Cycles......Page 3118
Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitrievich......Page 3119
Landscape, Urban Landscape, and the Human Shaping of the Environment......Page 3120
Leopold, Aldo......Page 3130
Life Style, Private Choice, and Environmental Governance......Page 3131
Literature and the Environment......Page 3133
Love Canal......Page 3145
Man and Nature as a Single but Complex System......Page 3147
Modeling Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change......Page 3157
Modernity vs. Post-modern Environmentalism......Page 3171
Muir, John......Page 3174
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein......Page 3175
National Environmental Law......Page 3176
Nature......Page 3182
New Ageism......Page 3183
Not In My Backyard (NIMBY)......Page 3184
Phase Shifts or Flip-flops in Complex Systems......Page 3185
Political Movements/ Ideologies and the Environment......Page 3192
Political Systems and the Environment: Utopianism......Page 3206
Post-normal Science......Page 3214
Precautionary Principle......Page 3218
Property Rights and Regimes......Page 3220
Psychology/Perception, Environmental......Page 3223
Religion and Ecology in the Abrahamic Faiths......Page 3224
Religion and Environment Among North American First Nations......Page 3229
Roosevelt, Theodore......Page 3238
Scenarios......Page 3239
Seveso......Page 3245
Small is Beautiful......Page 3246
Social Impact Assessment (SIA)......Page 3247
Social Learning in the Management of Global Atmospheric Risks......Page 3248
Social Science and Global Environmental Change......Page 3249
Sovereignty and Sovereign States......Page 3250
Stewardship Theology......Page 3251
Sustainability: Human, Social, Economic and Environmental......Page 3252
Theories of Health and Environment......Page 3255
Thoreau, Henry David......Page 3265
Torrey Canyon......Page 3266
UNU (United Nations University)......Page 3267
Virtual Environments......Page 3268
Waldsterben......Page 3271
Yin–Yang Principles......Page 3272
Alphabetical List of Articles......Page 3274
Contributors......Page 3286
Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 3316
Index......Page 3332