Encyclopedia Of Forensic And Legal Medicine

Local Disk......Page 0
Mechanisms of Injury......Page 1
Airbag Tethers and Covers......Page 2
Direct trauma......Page 3
Cranial and Intracranial Injuries......Page 4
Cervical Spine Injuries......Page 5
Thoracic Injuries......Page 6
Upper Extremity Injuries......Page 7
Respiratory Injuries......Page 9
Side Airbags......Page 10
Further Reading......Page 11
Driving under the Influence of Drugs - Background......Page 12
Driving under the Influence of Drugs - Legal Issues......Page 13
Field Impairment Testing......Page 14
The walk-and-turn test......Page 15
The one-leg-stand test......Page 16
Possible effects of cannabis......Page 17
Cocaine......Page 18
Long-acting......Page 19
Possible effects of inhalants......Page 20
Further Reading......Page 21
Cardiac surgery involving median sternotomy......Page 22
Valvular Disease......Page 23
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 24
Patient with seizure and the law......Page 25
Hypothyroidism......Page 26
Cataracts......Page 27
Antidepressants......Page 28
Benzodiazepines (Sedatives/Anxiolytics)......Page 29
The Role of the Postmortem Examination......Page 30
Profile of Elderly Drivers......Page 31
Future Reading......Page 32
The sobriety tests......Page 33
Drugs and Driving......Page 34
Phencyclidine (PCP)......Page 35
The Drowsy Driver......Page 36
Further Reading......Page 37
France......Page 39
The UK......Page 40
Worldwide Statistics on Driving under the Influence......Page 41
Urine Drug Testing: How to Perform Roadside Testing?......Page 43
Further Reading......Page 45
Definition......Page 47
Serial Murder......Page 48
Serial Sexual Murder......Page 49
Body Disposal......Page 51
Further Reading......Page 52
The Importance of Communication between Law Enforcement and Laboratory Personnel......Page 54
Immunological identification of blood and deter-mination of species origin......Page 55
Semen......Page 56
Saliva......Page 57
Future Developments in Body Fluid Identification......Page 58
Secretors and nonsecretors......Page 59
Extracellular Proteins and Intracellular Enzymes......Page 60
Significance of Genetic Marker Typing Data......Page 61
Further Reading......Page 63
Introduction......Page 64
Microscopic Identification of Blood Stains......Page 65
Test procedures......Page 66
Crystal Tests......Page 67
Double-diffusion (Ouchterlony) Technique......Page 68
Rapid Immunoassay......Page 69
Further Reading......Page 70
Blood Stain Characteristics......Page 71
Impact Blood Stain Patterns......Page 74
Cast-Off Blood Stain Patterns......Page 75
Projected Blood Stain Patterns......Page 76
Contact Blood Stain Patterns......Page 77
Blood Stain Drying Times......Page 78
Documentation of Blood Stain Pattern Evidence......Page 79
Further Reading......Page 80
Modeling Human Sexual Responses......Page 81
Sexual Arousal in the Male......Page 82
Emission......Page 83
Labia......Page 84
Uterus and Cervix......Page 85
Female Orgasm......Page 86
Further Reading......Page 87
Genital and Associated Injury......Page 88
Genital Injury......Page 89
Further Reading......Page 90
Examination of the Complaint......Page 92
Collection of Specimens from the Complainant......Page 93
Final Report......Page 95
Further Reading......Page 96
Suspected Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault......Page 97
Forensics in the domiciliary setting (nursing homes, prisons, and psychiatric units)......Page 98
Prevention of HIV......Page 99
Follow-Up......Page 100
Further Reading......Page 101
Physical Consequences of Male Sexual Abuse......Page 103
Assessment of Sexual Assault of Male Adults......Page 104
Further Reading......Page 106
Drugs Used to Facilitate Sexual Assault......Page 108
History and Legislation......Page 109
See Also......Page 110
Further Reading......Page 111
The International Crime Victim Survey......Page 114
Further Reading......Page 115
muerte subita lactante
......Page 117
Prone Sleeping Position......Page 118
Bed Sharing - Cosleeping......Page 119
A Matter of Different Diagnostic Practices?......Page 120
Possible Lethal Mechanisms in SIDS......Page 121
Hypoxia......Page 122
Repeated Episodes of Hypoxia in SIDS......Page 123
Predisposing Factor......Page 124
SIDS and the Immune System......Page 125
The Vicious Circle in SIDS......Page 126
SIDS and "Genetic Risk Factors"......Page 127
Will the SIDS Enigma be Solved in Our Time?......Page 128
Further Reading......Page 129
Other Nutrients......Page 130
Starvation > 7 days and Weight Loss > 10%......Page 131
Wound Healing......Page 132
Clinical Outcome and Treatment......Page 133
More Detailed Assessment......Page 134
Ethical and Legal Aspects of  Difficult Clinical Problems Involving Feeding......Page 135
Further Reading......Page 136
substance misuse
......Page 137
Infective Complications of Injection......Page 138
Mental Health......Page 139
Harm Reduction......Page 140
Further Reading......Page 141
Methamphetamine......Page 143
Methylphenidate......Page 144
Further Reading......Page 145
Determining Causation......Page 146
Terms and Definitions......Page 147
Fluid Extracts......Page 148
Renal Toxicity......Page 149
Contamination and Adulteration......Page 150
Drug Testing......Page 151
Further Reading......Page 152
Pharmacological Effects......Page 153
Morbidity and Mortality......Page 154
Definition of a Heroin Death......Page 155
Treatment of Heroin Users......Page 156
Further Reading......Page 157
Overdose......Page 158
Drug Interactions......Page 159
Methadone Monitoring......Page 160
Misuse......Page 161
Further Reading......Page 162
Benzodiazepines......Page 163
Muscle Relaxants......Page 164
Further Reading......Page 165
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide......Page 166
Ketamine......Page 167
Inhalants......Page 168
Club Drugs......Page 169
GHB, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD)......Page 170
Further Reading......Page 171
Characteristics......Page 172
Targeted analytes from legitimate sources......Page 173
Extraction......Page 174
Qualitative Analysis......Page 177
Instrumentation......Page 178
Further Reading......Page 182
The Basis of Hair Assays......Page 184
Sequestration of Drugs in Hair......Page 185
The Dose-Assay Relationship......Page 186
Sequential Segmentation of a Single Hair Sample......Page 187
Dose-Assay Relationship......Page 188
Microingestion......Page 189
Color Effects......Page 190
Further Reading......Page 191
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 193
Interpretation......Page 194
Sample Collection and Analysis......Page 195
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 196
Interpretation......Page 197
Interpretation......Page 198
Sample Collection and Analysis......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 200
Further Reading......Page 201
Cocaine......Page 203
Ecstasy and Other Dance-Scene Drugs......Page 204
Polydrug Use......Page 205
Further Reading......Page 206
Legal Framework......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 209
Further Reading......Page 210
muerte subita adulto
......Page 211
Degrees of Certainty and Causes of Death......Page 212
Myocardial Findings in Sudden Coronary Death......Page 213
Anomalous Right Coronary Artery......Page 214
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy......Page 215
Idiopathic Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy......Page 216
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 217
Mitral Valve Prolapse......Page 218
Rupture of the Aorta......Page 219
Ion Channel Disorders......Page 220
Incidence......Page 221
Further Reading......Page 222
Subarachnoid hemorrhage......Page 224
Respiratory System......Page 225
Pneumonia......Page 226
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum......Page 227
See Also......Page 228
Further Reading......Page 229
Viral infections of the respiratory system......Page 230
Bacterial infections of the cardiovascular system......Page 231
Bacterial infections of the respiratory system......Page 232
Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract......Page 233
Autopsy in Cases of Sudden Death due to Infectious Causes......Page 234
See Also......Page 235
Further Reading......Page 236
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 238
Suicide Rates......Page 239
Methods of Suicide......Page 240
Suicide, Murder, or Accident?......Page 242
Conclusion......Page 243
Further Reading......Page 244
Framework of Assessment......Page 245
The Broader Context......Page 246
Repetition......Page 247
Management......Page 248
Further Reading......Page 250
Study Results......Page 251
Further Reading......Page 253
Benefits of TEMS......Page 255
The Daily Routine Doctrine......Page 256
Emergency Medical Services and TEMS: Major Differences in Medical Care......Page 257
TEMS Models......Page 258
Medical Threat Assessments......Page 259
Medical Intelligence......Page 260
Clearance for Incarceration......Page 261
See Also......Page 262
Further Reading......Page 263
Medicolegal Aspects of Tattoos......Page 265
Describing Tattoos......Page 267
Further Reading......Page 268
Terrorist Bombings......Page 269
Bomb Scene Management......Page 271
Collection of Physical Evidence......Page 272
Autopsy......Page 273
Primary Blast Injuries......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 276
Nuclear Plant Sabotage......Page 277
Tactical Nuclear Weapon......Page 278
Case Study......Page 280
Processing of Radioactive Tissues......Page 284
Bioterrorism Agents......Page 285
Forensic Considerations......Page 286
Conclusion......Page 288
Further Reading......Page 289
Scene Investigation......Page 290
Quaternary blast injuries......Page 292
Internal injuries......Page 293
Histopathology of Blast Lung Injury......Page 294
Recovery of Evidence from the Body......Page 295
Further Reading......Page 296
Torture Methods......Page 297
Medical Examination......Page 298
Blunt-Force Injuries......Page 299
Suspension......Page 300
Burning and Electrical Torture......Page 301
Further Reading......Page 302
Psychological Torture......Page 303
Self-Report and the Controversy about Traumatic Memory......Page 304
Risk Factors, and Natural History of Trauma and Torture-Related Disorders......Page 305
Conducting the Psychological Evaluation and Barriers to Full Disclosure......Page 306
Diagnostic Considerations......Page 307
Further Reading......Page 308
Initial Tests and Confirmation......Page 310
Common Drugs and Poisons......Page 311
Specimens......Page 312
Quality Assurance and Validation......Page 313
Problems in Court Testimony......Page 314
Blood and Plasma......Page 315
Hair......Page 316
Immunoassays......Page 317
Gas Chromatography......Page 318
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography......Page 319
Mass Spectrometry......Page 320
Further Reading......Page 321
Specimens......Page 322
Other Specimens......Page 323
General Techniques......Page 324
Recommended Techniques for Postmortem Analysis......Page 325
Redistribution......Page 326
Further Reading......Page 327
Venom Delivery......Page 329
Paralytic Neurotoxicity......Page 330
Coagulopathy......Page 332
Local Necrosis......Page 334
Venomous Snakes......Page 336
Diagnosis of Snakebite......Page 337
Spider Bite......Page 341
Venomous Stinging Fish......Page 342
Summary......Page 343
Further Reading......Page 344
Pathology......Page 345
Morphology......Page 346
Latent Fingerprints......Page 347
Further Reading......Page 348
Dealing with the Immediate Crisis......Page 350
Avoiding Assumptions Based on the Victim’s Response......Page 351
The Legal Process......Page 352
Summary......Page 353
Further Reading......Page 354
War Crimes Law and Site Investigations......Page 355
Assessments......Page 356
Historical Investigations......Page 357
The Cerska Mass Grave......Page 359
Expectations and Issues for the Future......Page 361
Further Reading......Page 362
Former Yugoslavia......Page 364
Kosovo......Page 365
Scope of the Pathology Investigation......Page 366
Recognition of injuries as having occurred in life as opposed to after death......Page 367
Contribution of the Pathology Evidence......Page 368
Future Contribution......Page 369
Further Reading......Page 370
Codification of the Nuremberg and IMTFE Charters and Further Development of International Criminal Law......Page 372
Office of the Prosecutor (OTP)......Page 373
The International Criminal Court and the Rome Statute......Page 374
The Office of the Prosecutor......Page 375
Further Reading......Page 376
Nature of Weapons Deployed......Page 377
Injuries......Page 378
Injuries from Bullets......Page 379
Blast injuries......Page 380
Further Reading......Page 382
The Sociology and Criminology of the Yakuza......Page 383
Tattooing......Page 385
Penile Spheres......Page 386
The New Generations of the Yakuza......Page 387
See Also......Page 388
Further Reading......Page 389
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