Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 2 LEDs LCDs Audio Thyristors Digital Logic & Amplification

Content: Machine generated contents note: Reference vs. Tutorial --
Theory and Practice --
Organization --
Subject Paths --
Inclusions and Exclusions --
Typographical Conventions --
Volume Contents --
Safari® Books Online --
How to Contact Us --
Source --
2.Battery --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Electrode Terminology --
Variants --
Disposable Batteries --
Rechargeable Batteries --
Values --
Amperage --
Capacity --
Voltage --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Short Circuits: Overheating And Fire --
Diminished Performance Caused By Improper Recharging --
Complete Discharge Of Lead-Acid Battery --
Inadequate Current --
Incorrect Polarity --
Reverse Charging --
Sulfurization --
High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries --
Connection --
3.Jumper --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Coo Wrong --
4.Fuse --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Values --
Variants --
Small Cartridge Fuses --
Automotive Fuses --
Strip Fuses --
Through-Hole Fuses --
Resettable Fuses --
Surface Mount Fuses --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Repeated Failure --
Soldering Damage --
Placement --
5.Pushbutton --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Poles And Throws --
On -Off Behavior --
Slider --
Styles --
Termination And Contact Plating --
Mounting Style --
Sealed Or Unsealed --
Latching --
Foot Pedal --
Keypad --
Tactile Switch --
Membrane Pad --
Radio Buttons --
Snap-Action Switches --
Emergency Switch --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
No Button --
Mounting Problems --
LED Issues --
Other Problems --
6.Switch --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Terminology --
Poles And Throws --
On-Off Behavior --
Snap-Action --
Rocker --
Slider --
Toggle --
DIP --
SIP --
Paddle --
Vandal Resistant Switch --
Tactile Switch --
Mounting Options --
Termination --
Contact Plating Options --
Values --
How To Use It --
Power Switches --
Limit Switches --
Logic Circuits --
Alternatives --
What Can Go Wrong --
Arcing --
Dry Joints --
Short Circuits --
Contact Contamination --
Wrong Terminal Type --
Contact Bounce --
Mechanical Wear --
Mounting Problems --
Cryptic Schematics --
7.Rotary Switch --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Conventional --
Rotary DIP --
Gray Code --
PC Board Rotary Switch --
Mechanical Encoder --
Pushwheel And Thumbwheel --
Keylock --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Vulnerable Contacts --
Contact Overload --
Misalignment --
Misidentified Shorting Switch --
User Abuse --
Wrong Shaft, Wrong Knobs, Nuts That Get Lost, Too Big To Fit --
8.Rotational Encoder --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Pulses And Detents --
Format --
Output --
Rotational Resistance --
Values --
Contact Bounce --
Sliding Noise --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Switch Bounce --
Contact Burnout --
9.Relay --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Latching --
Polarity --
Pinout Variations --
Reed Relay --
Small Signal Relay --
Automotive Relays --
General Purpose/Industrial --
Time Delay Relay --
Contactor --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Wrong Pinouts --
Wrong Orientation --
Wrong Type --
Wrong Polarity --
AC And DC --
Chatter --
Relay Coil Voltage Spike --
Arcing --
Magnetic Fields --
Environmental Hazards --
Moderation --
10.Resistor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Resistor Array --
Values --
Tolerance --
Value Coding --
Stability --
Materials --
How To Use It --
In Series With LED --
Current Limiting With A Transistor --
Pullup And Pulldown Resistors --
Audio Tone Control --
RC Network --
Voltage Divider --
Resistors In Series --
Resistors In Parallel --
What Can Go Wrong --
Heat --
Noise --
Inductance --
Inaccuracy --
Wrong Values --
11.Potentiometer --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Linear And Log Taper --
Classic-Style Potentiometer --
Multiple-Turn Potentiometer --
Ganged Potentiometer --
Switched Potentiometer --
Slider Potentiometer --
Trimmer Potentiometer --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Wear And Tear --
Knobs that Don't Fit --
Nuts That Get Lost --
A Shaft That Isn't Long Enough --
Sliders With No Finger Grip --
Too Big To Fit --
Overheating --
The Wrong Taper --
12.Capacitor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Format --
Principal Types --
Dielectrics --
Values --
Farads --
Commonly Used Values --
Dielectric Constant --
The rime Constant --
Multiple Capacitors --
Alternating Current And Capacitive Reactance --
Equivalent Series Resistance --
How To Use It --
Bypass Capacitor --
Coupling Capacitor --
High Pass Filter --
Low-Pass Filter --
Smoothing Capacitor --
Snubber --
Capacitor As A Battery Substitute --
What Can Go Wrong --
Wrong Polarity --
Voltage Overload --
Leakage --
Dielectric Memory --
Specific Electrolytic issues --
Heat --
Vibration --
Misleading Nomenclature --
13.Variable Capacitor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
Formats --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Failure To Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting It --
Application Of Overcoat Material Or "Lock Paint" --
Lack Of Shielding --
14.Inductor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
DC Through A Coil --
Magnetic Core --
EMF And Back-EMF --
Electrical And Magnetic Polarity --
Variants --
Magnetic Cores --
Nonmagnetic Cores --
Variable Inductors --
Ferrite Beads --
Toroidal Cores --
Gyrator --
Values --
Calculating Inductance --
Calculating Reactance --
Calculating Reluctance --
Datasheet Terminology --
Series And Parallel Configurations --
Time Constant --
How To Use It --
Core Choices --
Miniaturization --
What Can Go Wrong --
Real-World Defects --
Saturation --
RF Problems --
Conversion --
15.AC-AC Transformer --
What It Does --
How It Works --
The Core --
Taps --
Variants --
Core Shapes --
Power Transformer --
Plug In transformer --
Isolation Transformer --
Autotransformer --
Variable Transformer --
Audio Transformer --
Split-Bobbin Transformer --
Surface Mount Transformer --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Reversal Of Input And Output --
Shock Hazard From Common Ground --
Accidental DC Input --
Overload --
Incorrect AC Frequency --
16.AC-DC Power Supply --
What It Does --
Variants --
Linear Regulated Power Supply --
Switching Power Supply --
Unregulated Power Supply --
Adjustable Power Supply --
Voltage Multiplier --
Formats --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
High Voltage Shock --
Capacitor F allure --
Electrical Noise --
Peak Inrush --
17.DC-DC Converter --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Buck Converter --
Boost Converter --
Flyback Converter With Inductor --
Flyback Converter With Transformer --
Formats --
Values --
Nominal Input Voltage And Frequency --
Output Voltage --
Input Current And Output Current --
Load Regulation --
Efficiency --
Ripple And Noise --
Isolated Or Non-Isolated --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Electrical Noise In Output --
Excess Heat With No Load --
Inaccurate Voltage Output With Low Load --
18.DC-AC Inverter --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Regulation --
19.Voltage Regulator --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Packaging --
Popular Varieties --
Adjustable Regulators --
Negative And Positive Regulators --
Low-Dropout Linear Regulators --
Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators --
Additional Pin Functions --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Inadequate Heat Management --
Transient Response --
Misidentified Parts --
Misidentified Pins --
Dropout Caused By Low Battery --
Inaccurate Delivered Voltage --
Linear --
20.Electromagnet --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
21.Solenoid --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Low Profile --
Latching --
Rotary --
Hinged Clapper --
Values --
Coil Size Vs. Power --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Heat --
AC Inrush --
Unwanted EMF --
Loose Plunger --
Rotational --
22.DC Motor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Coil Configurations --
Gearhead Motor --
Brushless DC Motor --
Linear Actuator --
Values --
How To Use It --
Speed Control --
Direction Control --
Limit Switches --
What Can Go Wrong --
Brushes And Commutator --
Electrical Noise --
Heat Effects --
Ambient Conditions --
Wrong Shaft Type Or Diameter --
Incompatible Motor Mounts --
Backlash --
Bearings --
Audible Noise --
23.AC Motor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Stator Design --
Rotor Design --
Variants --
Single-Phase Induction Motor --
Three-Phase Induction Motor --
Synchronous Motor --
Reluctance Motor --
Variable Frequency Drive --
Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor --
Universal Motor --
Inverted AC Motors --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Premature Restart --
Frequent Restart --
Undervoltage Or Voltage Imbalance --
Stalled Motor --
Protective Relays --
Excess Torque --
Internal Breakage --
24.Servo Motor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
How To Use It --
Modification For Continuous Rotation --
What Can Go Wrong --
Incorrect Wiring --
Shaft/Horn Mismatch --
Unrealistically Rapid Software Commands --
Jitter --
Motor Overload --
Unrealistic Duty Cycle --
Electrical Noise --
25.Stepper Motor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Reluctance Stepper Motors --
Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors --
Bipolar Stepper Motors --
Unipolar Motors --
Variants --
High Phase Count --
Hybrid --
Bifilar --
Multiphase --
Microstepping --
Sensing And Feedback --
Voltage Control --
Values --
How To Use It --
Protection Diodes --
Positional Control --
What Can Go Wrong --
Incorrect Wiring --
Step Loss --
Excessive Torque --
Hysteresis --
Resonance --
Hunting --
Saturation --
Rotor Demagnetization --
Single Junction --
26.Diode --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Packaging --
Signal Diodes --
Rectifier Diodes --
Zener Diode --
Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) --
Schottky Diode --
Varactor Diode --
Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode --
Diode Array --
Bridge Rectifier --
Values --
How to Use It --
Rectification --
Note continued: Back-EMF Suppression --
Voltage Selection --
Voltage Clamping --
Logic Gate --
DC Voltage Regulation And Noise Suppression --
AC Voltage Control And Signal Clipping --
Voltage Sensing --
What Can Go Wrong --
Overload --
Reversed Polarity --
Wrong Type Of Diode --
27.Unijunction Transistor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Variants --
Values --
How To Use It --
What Can Go Wrong --
Name Confusion --
Incorrect Bias --
Overload --
Multi-Junction --
28.Bipolar Transistor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
Current Gain --
Terminology --
Variants --
Packaging --
Connections --
How To Use It --
Darlington Pairs --
Amplifiers --
What Can Go Wrong --
Wrong Connections On A Bipolar Transistor --
Wrong Connections On A Darlington Pair Chip --
Soldering Damage --
Excessive Current Or Voltage --
Excessive Leakage --
29.Field Effect Transistor --
What It Does --
How It Works --
JFETs --
JFET Behavior --
MOSFETs --
The Substrate Connection --
Variants --
MESFET --
V-Channel MOSFET --
Trench MOS --
Values --
How To Use It --
P-Channel Disadvantage --
Bipolar Substitution --
Amplifier Front Ends --
Voltage-Controlled Resistor --
Compatibility With Digital Devices --
What Can Go Wrong --
Static Electricity --
Heat --
Wrong Bias.