Encyclopedia of Consciousness

Foreword......Page 6
Unconscious Cognition......Page 450
Introduction......Page 651
Editor-in-Chief......Page 14
Editorial Board......Page 16
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 22
HOW TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 26
CONTENTS......Page 28
Glossary......Page 951
Introduction......Page 33
Aesthetics and Neurophysiology......Page 34
Consciousness and Aesthetic Experience......Page 35
Conclusion......Page 37
Biographical Sketch......Page 38
Sleep: Dreaming Data and Theories......Page 41
Glossary......Page 348
Crossing the Threshold to Awareness......Page 567
Relevant Imaging and Activation Modalities......Page 767
ASCs as Defined by an Overall Changed Pattern of Experience......Page 42
ASCs Defined as the Changed Relation between the Content of Consciousness and the Real World......Page 43
Sleep-Related ASCs......Page 44
Theory of Mind and Person Perception: fMRI and Lesion Studies......Page 896
Hypnosis as an ASC......Page 46
Unconscious Ideas and Symptoms......Page 47
Lucid Dreaming......Page 48
Out-of-body experiences (OBEs)......Page 49
Near-death experiences (NDEs)......Page 50
Mystical experiences......Page 51
Binding and Awareness......Page 52
Biographical Sketch......Page 53
Unconscious Goals and Motivation......Page 55
Glossary......Page 927
Introduction......Page 190
What Is Psychopathology?......Page 738
Perceptual Theories......Page 683
Reversible Figures and Binocular Rivalry......Page 570
Human Consciousness Studies as Benchmarks for Investigating Animal Consciousness......Page 57
Breuer and Freud......Page 129
Sleep and Consciousness......Page 59
When Awareness Requires Attention......Page 100
Conceptual Distinctions......Page 301
Body Awareness in Visual Perception......Page 65
Suggested Readings......Page 66
Biographical Sketch......Page 68
Habit, Action, and Consciousness......Page 69
Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Research on Consciousness......Page 70
Cognitive theories......Page 71
Consciousness is not algorithmic......Page 72
Machines with the cognitive characteristics associated with consciousness......Page 73
Future Developments......Page 74
Internal Architectural Tests......Page 75
Suggested Readings......Page 76
Biographical Sketch......Page 77
Paradox One: Rich Experience from Impoverished Input......Page 79
Automaticity......Page 80
Type of task......Page 81
Perceptual set......Page 82
Scene perception......Page 83
Awareness/Alertness......Page 84
Restricted versus unrestricted effects......Page 85
Sleep in Altered States of Consciousness......Page 86
Implications for Perceptual Mechanisms......Page 87
Change Blindness versus Inattentional Blindness......Page 88
Blindness versus Amnesia......Page 89
Revision......Page 90
Biographical Sketch......Page 92
Visual Imagery and Consciousness......Page 937
Glossary......Page 94
Introduction......Page 416
Feature Integration Theory, Object Recognition, and Awareness......Page 95
Introduction......Page 298
Integration and the Camera......Page 351
Bistable Perception and the Neural Correlates of Consciousness......Page 128
Suggested Readings......Page 461
Meta-Awareness and Monitoring......Page 99
When Awareness Does Not Require Attention......Page 101
When Attention Does Not Imply Awareness......Page 102
Freud\'s Therapy......Page 103
Awareness of Attention......Page 104
Proposed Answers to the Persistence Question......Page 797
Biographical Sketch......Page 105
Introduction......Page 110
Psychopathology and Consciousness......Page 511
Low-Level Body Awareness......Page 112
Displaced Perception Theories of Introspection......Page 553
Suggested Readings......Page 114
Perception: The Binding Problem and the Coherence of Perception......Page 639
Introduction......Page 525
Automaticity and Dual Processing Theory......Page 117
Processing of Neglected Stimuli......Page 118
Stopping retrieval......Page 120
Theories of Imagery, and Their Implications for Consciousness......Page 122
Brain Systems for Automatic and Controlled Processing Relating to Consciousness......Page 123
Suggested Readings......Page 124
Biographical Sketch......Page 125
Perception: Subliminal and Implicit......Page 126
Introduction......Page 871
Self-Concept Coherence......Page 127
Levels of Understanding......Page 182
Conclusion......Page 552
The Role of Habit and Intention in the Prediction of Behavior......Page 354
Binding by Convergence......Page 130
Connecting Free Will to Consciousness......Page 181
High-Level Theories of Bistable Perception......Page 131
Conclusion......Page 132
Is Attention Necessary for Consciousness?......Page 369
Choosing the Bistable Stimulus Paradigm......Page 133
Intermediate Levels of Visual Processing......Page 134
Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex......Page 136
Self-Awareness and the Elusiveness Thesis......Page 137
Suggested Readings......Page 138
Biographical Sketch......Page 139
Glossary......Page 903
Clinical Consciousness......Page 349
Early Human Evidence......Page 141
Self-Concept Differentiation......Page 807
Blindsight......Page 660
Time Limits of Activated Memory......Page 823
The Slow Development of Prefrontal Cortex......Page 256
Pupillometry......Page 147
How Common is Blindsight?......Page 148
Experimental Methodology......Page 149
Misidentification Syndromes......Page 150
Is Blindsight Normal, Degraded Vision?......Page 151
What Does Blindsight Tell us about Conscious Awareness?......Page 152
Visual Rehabilitation and Blindsight......Page 153
Biographical Sketch......Page 154
Mind Wandering and Other Lapses......Page 156
Introduction......Page 204
Psychophysical Evidence for Binding Problems in Vision......Page 159
Sensory modalities in dreams......Page 834
Single-Case Evidence for Binding Problems: Synesthesia and tthe Ba´lint–Holmes Syndrome......Page 163
James and the Mind-Body Problem......Page 269
A Sample of Relevant Religious and Spiritual Practices......Page 776
Central Mechanisms......Page 165
Biographical Sketch......Page 166
The Neurochemistry of Consciousness......Page 284
Introduction......Page 693
Theory of Mind and Language: fMRI and Lesion Studies......Page 893
The Purely Psychological Nature of Time......Page 228
Attention and the Central Executive......Page 169
Edge interactions......Page 170
Consciousness and the Essence Problem......Page 513
Risk......Page 418
James\' Quest for Personal Meaning......Page 958
Illusory Features Accounts of Consciousness......Page 173
The Sensory Motor Theory of Consciousness......Page 174
Primary Consciousness versus Higher-Order Consciousness......Page 317
The Higher-Order Bayesian Decision Theory of Consciousness......Page 176
Perception, Action, and Illusions......Page 359
Suggested Readings......Page 178
Biographical Sketch......Page 179
Subjectivity; First- and Third-Person Methodologies......Page 881
Defining Consciousness......Page 180
Freud and Associationism......Page 465
Using heuristics and constraints......Page 394
Feature exaggeration......Page 247
Awareness and Specific Brain Regions......Page 574
Creativity and the Unconscious - The Right Hemisphere and Beyond......Page 471
Regression to the mean......Page 184
Treatment......Page 186
Language, Thought, and Consciousness......Page 489
Suggested Readings......Page 187
Biographical Sketch......Page 188
Concepts of Consciousness (II)......Page 191
Paradox Two: Rich Experience but Limited Report......Page 193
Dissecting Phenomenology......Page 194
Unconscious Ideas and Therapy......Page 196
Disorders of Volition......Page 609
Biographical Sketch......Page 202
Edge enhancement......Page 928
The Big Challenge: Binding Over Space and Time......Page 466
Dreaming: Definitions, Properties, and Content......Page 206
Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms......Page 495
Multiple-Pathway Models......Page 208
Possible Solutions to the Binding Problem in Visual Perception......Page 644
Conclusion......Page 318
Suggested Readings......Page 213
Biographical Sketch......Page 214
Introduction......Page 226
Glossary......Page 849
A Simple Information-Processing Model of Mind Wandering......Page 422
New Horizons......Page 217
Types of Implicit Memory......Page 219
Body Awareness as Self-Awareness......Page 522
Conclusion......Page 221
Why is Memory with Conscious Awareness Associated with the Medial Temporal Lobes, and the Hippocampus in Particular?......Page 222
Universality of Dream Themes......Page 223
Evidence Theories of Introspection......Page 684
Suggested Readings......Page 224
Biographical Sketch......Page 225
The Specious Present......Page 229
Theories of the Psychological Unconscious......Page 231
A Hybrid Model......Page 235
Suggested Readings......Page 236
Biographical Sketch......Page 237
Self: The Unity of Self, Self-Consistency......Page 563
Glossary......Page 312
Introduction to Concepts and Terms......Page 819
Phenomenal Consciousness and the Notion of Subjective Property......Page 882
Unconscious Processes......Page 241
Mood and Affect......Page 242
Identifying conscious awareness of intrusive memories......Page 248
Mindless Reading......Page 249
Suggested Readings......Page 250
Biographical Sketch......Page 251
Empirical Evidence for Binding Problems in Visual Perception......Page 254
Conclusions......Page 900
Suggested Readings......Page 257
Development of More Complex Experiences of Self and Other......Page 258
Labeling a Subjective Perspective Encourages Reflection on that Perspective......Page 259
Conclusion......Page 260
Biographical Sketch......Page 261
Introduction......Page 265
High-Level Body Awareness......Page 782
The Reappearance of Scepticism about First-Person Knowledge......Page 637
Biographical Sketch......Page 274
Theory of Mind and Executive Control: fMRI and Lesion Studies......Page 603
Maintenance of Self-Concept Coherence......Page 724
The Need for First-Person Knowledge......Page 280
Suggested Readings......Page 281
Biographical Sketch......Page 282
The Problems of Personal Identity......Page 537
Conclusion......Page 506
Phenomenal Consciousness......Page 289
Biographical Sketch......Page 509
Privileged Access and Incorrigibility......Page 291
Self-Regulation......Page 427
Consciousness and Free Will......Page 293
Summary......Page 294
Suggested Readings......Page 295
Biographical Sketch......Page 296
REM Sleep......Page 299
James Torn......Page 957
Neurobiological Correlates of Dreaming......Page 854
Do We Ever Act Freely?......Page 300
An Inference Examined......Page 302
Are Conscious Intentions Powerless?......Page 303
Structures and Unconsciousness......Page 304
Vetoing and RPs......Page 305
Global Workspace Theory......Page 321
How Do We Get the Sense of Being the Agent of Our Actions?......Page 608
Findings......Page 306
Scientific Epiphenomenalism......Page 307
Effects of Motivation on Evaluation......Page 339
Suggested Readings......Page 677
Biographical Sketch......Page 310
Introduction......Page 362
Theoretical Perspectives......Page 505
Non-REM Sleep......Page 851
Epiphenomenalism......Page 313
Differences in Dream Content......Page 315
Thalamic Activation......Page 581
Summary......Page 316
Volition......Page 319
Rational Action......Page 320
New Thoughts and Directions......Page 476
Skill Acquisition and Learning......Page 322
Discrimination and Complexity......Page 323
Summary......Page 324
Disorders of Perception......Page 577
Conclusions......Page 325
Biographical Sketch......Page 326
Fringe Consciousness......Page 328
Implicit Social Constructs......Page 417
Habit and Nonconscious Processes......Page 352
\'Turning Off\' Arousal......Page 334
The Population Question......Page 794
Unwanted Thoughts......Page 528
Theoretical Perspectives to Anesthesia and Consciousness......Page 343
The Space of Body Awareness......Page 345
Habits as Stimulus-Response Links......Page 350
Habits and Decreased Attentional Control in the Brain......Page 353
Consciousness in Sleep......Page 857
Theories of Confabulation......Page 497
The Duplex Vision Theory......Page 357
Authorship Ascription......Page 358
Biographical Sketch......Page 360
Problems with Definitions......Page 363
Problems with Relating Neurobiology to Religious Experiences......Page 365
Activation of the Prefrontal and Cingulate Cortex......Page 366
Critics of Behaviorism......Page 367
Posterior Superior Parietal Lobe Deafferentation......Page 771
Many Moderates Continued to Think About Consciousness......Page 368
Does Masking Technique Make a Difference?......Page 636
Effects of Social Categorization on Evaluation......Page 486
Biographical Sketch......Page 371
Introduction to the Problem......Page 372
The Cognitive Revolution and the Return of the Subjective......Page 373
Consciousness and Self-Consciousness......Page 440
Goal Striving and Monitoring......Page 378
Suggested Readings......Page 382
Biographical Sketch......Page 383
Goal Establishment......Page 916
An Historical Overview......Page 386
Hypnosis as a window on consciousness......Page 387
Measuring individual differences......Page 388
Participant sampling bias......Page 389
Explanations of Hypnosis......Page 390
The primary impact of hypnosis......Page 391
The locus of its effects......Page 392
The nature of the hypnotic illusion......Page 393
Hypnotic analogues with neuroimaging of disrupted action, perception, and belief......Page 396
Simulation functions of dreams......Page 398
Suggested Readings......Page 400
Biographical Sketch......Page 401
Glossary......Page 805
Self-Organization......Page 740
Sleep and Dreaming......Page 409
Conclusions......Page 413
Biographical Sketch......Page 892
Biographical Sketch......Page 415
Goal Striving......Page 919
Objective Threshold Methods......Page 629
Embodiment......Page 420
Biographical Sketch......Page 421
Glossary......Page 833
Historical Development of Ideas about Imagery......Page 939
Coherence and Adaptation......Page 425
From Phenomenology to Geometry......Page 445
Brentano\'s Thesis......Page 456
Enactive Theory......Page 429
The Suppression of Irrelevant Memories......Page 499
Breuer\'s Therapy......Page 431
Conclusion......Page 433
Suggested Readings......Page 434
Biographical Sketch......Page 435
Information and the Photodiode......Page 436
Bad Dreams, Nightmares, and Recurrent Dreams......Page 438
The Creative Right Hemisphere......Page 470
The Shape of Experience......Page 443
Suggested Readings......Page 448
Biographical Sketch......Page 449
Methodological Considerations......Page 668
Evaluation......Page 873
Spiritual Experience as a Means for Studying Consciousness......Page 454
Dretske\'s indicator semantics......Page 457
Millikan\'s biosemantics......Page 458
Conclusions......Page 576
Biographical Sketch......Page 462
Intuition, Creativity, and Unconscious Aspects of Problem Solving......Page 464
Incubation - The Unconscious at Work?......Page 469
Hippocampal and Amygdalar Activation......Page 472
Capacity Limits of the Focus of Attention......Page 474
Binding by Population Coding......Page 645
Action Slips......Page 475
Suggested Readings......Page 948
Biographical Sketch......Page 478
Introduction......Page 480
Attention, Automaticity, and Unconscious Processing......Page 482
Mind Wandering......Page 527
Perceiving the Structure in Language: Critical Periods in Language Learning......Page 487
General Conclusions......Page 491
Memory: Procedural Memory, Skill, Perceptual-Motor Learning, and Awareness......Page 493
James Sometimes Wandered Away from Standard Science......Page 846
Conclusion......Page 498
Disorders of Movement......Page 500
Episodic Memories of Others......Page 501
Suggested Readings......Page 502
Biographical Sketch......Page 503
Disorders of Thought and Speech......Page 507
Biographical Sketch......Page 901
Drug Classification......Page 713
Implicit Thought......Page 518
Objections to Externalist Variants......Page 519
Nonrepresentational Accounts......Page 523
Biographical Sketch......Page 524
Glossary......Page 781
Relation to Access and Phenomenal Consciousness......Page 587
The Persistence Question and Personal Ontology......Page 731
Suggested Readings......Page 532
Biographical Sketch......Page 533
Glossary......Page 535
Suggested Readings......Page 546
Biographical Sketch......Page 547
Introduction......Page 938
Cognitive Influences on Neurobiological Accounts......Page 550
Route One - The Influence of the Task Environment......Page 554
Self-Verification......Page 555
The Consequences of the Absent Mind......Page 556
A Sexual Instinctual Drive......Page 558
Relation to Neurocognitive Panpsychism......Page 559
Suggested Readings......Page 560
Biographical Sketch......Page 561
Glossary......Page 613
Introduction......Page 627
Forms of Neglect......Page 564
Biographical Sketch......Page 566
Biographical Sketch......Page 578
Historical Landmarks......Page 579
Snodgrass and Associates\' Objective Threshold/Nonmonotonic Model......Page 582
The Microconsciousness Theory......Page 586
Relation to the Distinction between Attention and Consciousness......Page 588
Suggested Readings......Page 591
Biographical Sketch......Page 592
Defining Unconscious Information Processing in Terms of Phenomenal Consciousness......Page 593
The Desferrioxamine/Prochlorperazine Coma......Page 594
The Serotonin System......Page 596
Proximal placebo mechanisms in pain......Page 704
The Adrenergic System in the Medulla and the Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder......Page 600
The Microanatomy of Cognition and Schizophrenia......Page 601
Biographical Sketch......Page 602
Conclusion......Page 610
Suggested Readings......Page 611
Biographical Sketch......Page 612
The Evolutionary Origins of Vision......Page 614
Perception, Action, and Consciousness......Page 619
Summary......Page 624
Biographical Sketch......Page 625
Glossary......Page 737
Subjective Threshold Methods......Page 628
So Which Methods Are Valid?......Page 630
Social Categorization......Page 872
Philip Merikle and Associates\' Subjective Threshold Model......Page 631
Lucid Dreaming......Page 856
The Role of Direct versus Indirect Tasks......Page 635
Biographical Sketch......Page 638
Self-Concept Certainty......Page 810
Multisensory Integration......Page 643
Binding by Synchrony......Page 646
Binding by Attention......Page 647
Binding by Recurrent Processing......Page 648
Suggested Listening......Page 649
Biographical Sketch......Page 650
Sleep: Definitions and Mechanisms......Page 652
Reflective consciousness......Page 653
The issue of criterion content......Page 654
Indexing the absence of phenomenal consciousness......Page 655
Indirectly indexing the presence of unconscious information processing......Page 656
Perceptual fading of semistabilized images......Page 657
Flash suppression......Page 658
Transcranial magnetic stimulation......Page 659
Effects of binocularly rivalry suppression......Page 661
Effects produced by TMS......Page 662
The Role of Attention in Unconscious Visual Processing......Page 663
Suggested Readings......Page 664
Biographical Sketch......Page 665
Glossary......Page 667
Biographical Sketch......Page 678
Introduction: Self-Awareness......Page 679
The Characteristics of Introspection......Page 680
Transcendental Theories of Introspection......Page 686
Suggested Readings......Page 690
Defining Imagery: Experience or Representation?......Page 694
Placebo Effects as Reporting Biases......Page 695
Response bias......Page 696
Active Placebo Outcomes......Page 697
Physiological placebo effects in other domains......Page 700
Brain mechanisms of conditioning......Page 701
Expectancy and the placebo effect......Page 702
The expectancy versus conditioning debate......Page 703
Proximal placebo mechanisms in major depressive disorder......Page 705
Suggested Readings......Page 706
Biographical Sketch......Page 707
Transient Hypofrontality Theory......Page 711
The Psychological-Continuity View......Page 715
Biographical Sketch......Page 721
Introduction......Page 723
Glossary......Page 793
Freud......Page 726
Janet\'s and Delboeuf\'s Therapies......Page 727
Sexuality and Repression......Page 729
Perverse Sexuality, Determining Quality, and Free Association......Page 730
Unconsciousness and the Structural Theory......Page 732
Freud\'s and Other Psychodynamic Theories......Page 733
Suggested Readings......Page 735
Biographical Sketch......Page 736
Implicit Memory......Page 739
Summary and Conclusions......Page 744
Ego Boundaries......Page 749
Continuity Hypothesis......Page 839
Hallucinations......Page 751
Disorders of Cognition......Page 753
Visuospatial and Self-Perception......Page 756
Insight......Page 757
Voluntary Movements......Page 758
Disorders of Personality......Page 759
Difficult Situations......Page 760
Suggested Readings......Page 763
Biographical Sketch......Page 764
Brain Activation in Religious Experiences......Page 769
Language Areas......Page 772
Prefrontal Cortex Effects on Other Neurochemical Systems......Page 773
Serotonergic Activity......Page 774
EEG Studies of Spiritual Experiences......Page 775
Psychological Studies of Spiritual Experiences and Religion......Page 777
Suggested Readings......Page 778
Biographical Sketch......Page 779
The Mechanisms of Lower-Level Body Awareness......Page 784
Suggested Readings......Page 791
Biographical Sketch......Page 792
The Personal-Ontology Question......Page 795
What Matters in Identity......Page 796
The Beginning and End of Life......Page 800
The Too-Many-Minds Problem......Page 802
Conclusion......Page 803
Biographical Sketch......Page 804
Self-Evaluation Maintenance......Page 811
Self-Concept Change......Page 813
Nonoptimal Consistency......Page 815
Suggested Readings......Page 817
Attention and Immediate Memory......Page 820
Conclusion......Page 829
Biographical Sketch......Page 830
Other basic dream content elements......Page 835
Bizarreness......Page 836
Absent dream content......Page 837
Evolutionary Functions of Dreams......Page 840
The costly signaling theory......Page 841
The psychological problem solving and creativity function......Page 842
Dreaming as social simulation......Page 843
Dreaming as threat simulation......Page 844
Coma......Page 859
Recovered state......Page 861
Locked-in syndrome......Page 862
Biographical Sketch......Page 863
Biographical Sketch......Page 869
Complexity......Page 877
Conclusion......Page 878
Biographical Sketch......Page 879
The Possibility of a Science of Subjective Properties......Page 884
The Testimony of Consciousness......Page 891
Implicit Perception......Page 899
Implicit Learning......Page 907
The Unconscious beyond Cognition......Page 910
The Cognitive Unconscious and Conscious Shyness......Page 911
Suggested Readings......Page 912
Biographical Sketch......Page 913
Planning......Page 917
Suggested Readings......Page 924
Biographical Sketch......Page 925
Filling in edges and colors......Page 929
Enhancing vision with knowledge......Page 931
Paradox Three: Experiences Evolve over Time from General to Specific......Page 933
Biographical Sketch......Page 935
Subjective Individual Differences in Imagery Experience......Page 941
Saving Free Will......Page 955
Description Theory......Page 945
Biographical Sketch......Page 949
James Rejected the Unconscious......Page 954
The Mind-Body Vortex Tends to Swallow All Else......Page 956
Biographical Sketch......Page 959
Subject Index......Page 961