Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 2
Preface......Page 5
Area Editors......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 11
UBM......Page 33
Introduction......Page 34
Synonyms......Page 37
Verification Versus Authorization......Page 38
Typical Biometrics used for Access Control......Page 39
Accessibility......Page 40
Affective Computing......Page 41
Anatomy......Page 42
Anatomy of the Human Eye......Page 43
Iris......Page 44
Retina......Page 46
Introduction......Page 48
The Skull......Page 49
Musculature and Associated Soft Tissue......Page 51
Asymmetry......Page 52
Evolution of Human Face Forms......Page 53
Conclusions......Page 54
Definition......Page 55
Surface Features......Page 56
Friction Skin Structure......Page 57
Friction Skin Development......Page 58
Related Entries......Page 59
Structure of the Human Hand......Page 60
Muscles......Page 61
Nerves......Page 62
Palmprint......Page 63
Fingerprint......Page 64
Hand Geometry......Page 65
The Reflectance Spectrum of Hand Skin......Page 66
Analysis-by-Synthesis......Page 67
Introduction......Page 68
Compositional And-Or Graph Representation for Faces......Page 69
Applications......Page 70
Annotated Face Model......Page 72
Artificial Biometrics......Page 73
Audio-Visual Speaker Recognition......Page 74
Definition......Page 75
Basis of the Algorithm......Page 76
Algorithm Performance......Page 77
References......Page 78
Azimuth......Page 79
Ear Biometrics......Page 81
Palm Vein Authentication......Page 985
Introduction......Page 82
Temporal Value of Background Checks......Page 85
Applications......Page 86
Back-of-Hand Vascular Pattern Recognition......Page 87
Experiments on the USF Gait Data......Page 664
ULW......Page 1165
Principle of Far Infrared Imaging......Page 327
Development History of the Back-of-Hand Vascular Recognition......Page 88
Introduction......Page 1179
Perceptual Expertise......Page 925
Image Acquisition......Page 89
FRVT Databases......Page 328
Image Domain and Face Processing Tasks......Page 90
Evaluation......Page 1066
Wavefront Coding......Page 92
Known Traveler......Page 93
Definition......Page 1354
Video-based Face Recognition......Page 94
Palmprint Representation......Page 95
TFIR......Page 696
Definition......Page 361
Hand-Held Devices......Page 96
Introduction......Page 1069
References......Page 254
References......Page 97
Extracting Gait Signature from Motion......Page 98
References......Page 99
Introduction......Page 100
Related Entries......Page 101
Secure Sketch......Page 102
Introduction......Page 292
Single-Modal Biometric Configuration......Page 226
Fuzzy Extractor......Page 103
Summary......Page 1093
Biohashing......Page 104
Fuzzy Vault......Page 106
Summary......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
Discussion......Page 109
Summary......Page 111
Introduction......Page 940
Biometric Cryptosystem......Page 112
Introduction......Page 113
Standards Development Organizations......Page 351
Format Structures......Page 114
Published Standards......Page 116
Definition......Page 117
Biometric Decision Time, and the External Operation Time......Page 118
Dolicocephalic......Page 119
Signature Databases and Evaluation......Page 786
Scope......Page 120
Ordinal Measure......Page 695
Architecture......Page 121
Biometric Interfaces......Page 122
Liveness Algorithm Framework......Page 959
Data Interchange......Page 123
Device Interfaces......Page 124
Summary......Page 311
Communications and Messaging Interfaces......Page 125
Summary......Page 126
Biometric Quality Evaluation......Page 127
Definition......Page 128
Process Decomposition......Page 129
Electrical Energy......Page 130
Real-World Implementation -Biometric Sample Acquisition Systems in Widespread Use Today......Page 131
Related Entries......Page 132
Introduction......Page 133
Properties of a Quality Measure......Page 134
Rank-Ordered Detection Error Tradeoff Characteristics......Page 136
Error Versus Reject Curves......Page 139
Generalization to Multiple Matchers......Page 140
Measuring Separation of Genuine and Impostor Distributions......Page 141
Related Entries......Page 142
Definition......Page 143
Standards Development Organizations......Page 144
The ISO/IEC 29794 Biometric Sample Quality Standard......Page 145
The ANSI/NIST ITL 1-2007 Quality Field......Page 146
References......Page 147
Factors Affecting Biometric Samples......Page 148
Synthesis Methods......Page 149
Uses of Synthetic Biometrics......Page 150
Summary......Page 153
Definition......Page 154
Introduction......Page 155
Biometric Data Security Standards......Page 156
Biometric Transaction Security Standard - ACBio......Page 157
ISO/IEC 19792: Information Technology - Security Techniques - Security Evaluation of Biometrics [13]......Page 158
Future Directions for Biometrics Security Standards......Page 159
References......Page 160
Definition......Page 161
Ruggedness and Lifetime......Page 162
Power Supply......Page 163
Optical and Imaging Characteristics......Page 164
Biometric Sensors......Page 165
Biometric Spoof Prevention......Page 166
Introduction......Page 167
Accuracy......Page 168
Usability......Page 169
Hardware/Software Implementation......Page 170
Summary......Page 171
Introduction......Page 172
Challenge of Complexity......Page 173
Agent Architectures......Page 174
References......Page 176
CBEFF Wrappers......Page 177
History and Motivation......Page 178
CBEFF Part 1 Data Elements......Page 179
CBEFF Part 2 Registration......Page 180
CBEFF Part 4 Security Block (SB) Formats......Page 181
History and Motivation......Page 182
History and Motivation......Page 183
Biometric Terminal......Page 184
Historical Usages......Page 185
The Impact of New Algorithms on Terminology......Page 186
Clarifying Meanings......Page 187
References......Page 188
Terminology Development in ISO......Page 189
Harmonized Biometric Vocabulary......Page 190
Introduction......Page 192
Identity Claim (A)......Page 193
Segmentation (D)......Page 194
Template Creation (G)......Page 195
Attack Trees......Page 196
Government Identity Cards......Page 197
Digital Content Protection......Page 198
References......Page 199
Introduction......Page 200
Operation of a Biometric System......Page 201
Quantifying Performance......Page 202
Applications......Page 203
References......Page 204
Branch-and-Bound Search......Page 205
Breeder Documents......Page 206
Definition......Page 207
Introduction......Page 323
Introduction......Page 748
References......Page 209
Face Identification......Page 210
User Interfaces......Page 211
Temporal Domain......Page 247
Test Sample and Size......Page 758
Kernel-Based Non-Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques......Page 1035
Face Pose Analysis......Page 212
Introduction......Page 1160
Classifier Selection......Page 213
Partial Occlusion......Page 1087
Synonyms......Page 1414
Top and Secondary Choices......Page 214
Pen Altitude......Page 1088
Operation of a Video-based Face Recognition System......Page 398
Introduction......Page 215
References......Page 1064
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 2:......Page 217
ISO/IEC 19785 Part 4:......Page 219
Multiple BDBs in a BIR......Page 220
Video-based Motion Capture......Page 248
Common Feature Approach......Page 221
Overview of Voice Synthesis Methods......Page 1415
Human Computing......Page 739
Interface......Page 222
Advantages of Multibiometric Systems......Page 223
Configuration in Template Generation......Page 224
Error Rate Estimation......Page 225
Multi-Modal Biometric Configuration......Page 227
Related Entries......Page 228
Tenprint Capture......Page 287
Definition......Page 229
Summary......Page 230
Duration of Observation......Page 679
Conformance Testing Standardization - Current State......Page 231
Texture Features......Page 232
Motivations of Multiple Classifiers......Page 1013
References......Page 233
Contrast......Page 234
Correct Reject Power......Page 235
Counter Sign......Page 236
Mutual information......Page 440
Credential Hardening......Page 237
Cryptography......Page 238
Introduction......Page 851
Iris Recognition Using Correlation Filters......Page 239
O......Page 241
Definition......Page 242
Online Learning......Page 665
The RT Process......Page 243
Vascular Recognition......Page 1405
Factoring the Rotation Range into Adaptive Decision Rules......Page 244
Related Entries......Page 245
Summary......Page 246
Sealed Local Biometric Identity Verification Systems......Page 286
References......Page 249
Atlas Registration......Page 250
Matching......Page 251
Other Approaches......Page 253
DET Curves......Page 255
Voice Biometric......Page 256
Synonyms......Page 1190
Resistive Passive Digitizing Tablets......Page 257
Application Specific Tradeoffs......Page 935
Digitizing Tablets with Active Pen Only......Page 258
Diphones......Page 260
Ridge Flow......Page 1162
DNA Fingerprinting/DNA Profiling......Page 261
Side-Channel Attacks......Page 1209
Tooth Biometrics......Page 698
Dynamic Programming Comparison Method......Page 262
Interaction......Page 785
Summary......Page 740
Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)......Page 263
Introduction......Page 265
Global Approach to Feature Extraction......Page 266
Conclusion......Page 270
Other Related Standards......Page 271
References......Page 272
Introduction......Page 273
Definition......Page 754
Datasets......Page 274
Ear Detection......Page 275
Definition......Page 276
Summary......Page 278
References......Page 279
Off-Angle or Nonorthogonal Segmentation......Page 280
Current Practice of Earmark to Earprints Comparison......Page 282
Taxonomy of Multibiometric Systems......Page 283
Levels of Fusion......Page 284
Definition......Page 1420
Eigenface......Page 285
Knowledge-based Gait Recognition......Page 914
Overview of Multibiometric Systems......Page 1005
Authentication-Sequestration Method......Page 288
Directional Characteristics......Page 1411
Difference Between Embedded System and General System......Page 290
Forensic Speaker Recognition in Mismatched Conditions......Page 1426
Empirical Statistical Models......Page 291
Visual Sensor......Page 1364
What is Biometric Encryption (BE)?......Page 293
Advantages and Possible Applications of BE......Page 295
BE Technologies......Page 296
Fuzzy Commitment......Page 297
Line-Based......Page 1028
Graph-based Coding......Page 298
Attacks on BE......Page 299
Replay Attack......Page 300
Enrollment Time......Page 301
Minimal Constraint Iris Recognition......Page 996
Related Entries......Page 302
References......Page 1086
The Nature of Forensic Statements......Page 689
Synonyms......Page 305
Definition......Page 306
Biometric Properties and Ergonomic Implications......Page 307
Common Design Concerns......Page 308
Characteristics of Impostors......Page 309
References......Page 312
A Panoramic View of Performance......Page 313
The HumanID Gait Challenge Problem......Page 314
The Dataset......Page 315
The Challenge Experiments......Page 316
Baseline Gait Algorithm......Page 317
Performance on the Gait Challenge Problem......Page 318
Other Large Datasets......Page 319
References......Page 320
Extra-Class......Page 321
Performance Evaluation Measures......Page 322
Introduction......Page 1347
Introduction......Page 700
Introduction......Page 1167
Constructing Face Priors......Page 324
Detecting Facial Features......Page 325
Face Alignment Error......Page 326
References......Page 989
Definition......Page 329
Involuntary signals of a living body......Page 331
Summary......Page 334
Temporal Characterization of Faces......Page 1359
Definition......Page 335
The Importance of User Acceptance......Page 336
Quantifying Performance......Page 338
3D Palmprint Recognition System......Page 339
2D Face Devices......Page 340
3D Face Devices......Page 344
Driving Factors for Choosing Biometrics......Page 345
Definition......Page 346
Introduction......Page 1075
Roles......Page 347
The ISO/IEC 19794-5 Face Image Standard......Page 348
The ANSI/NIST ITL 1-2007 Type 10 Record......Page 350
Related Entries......Page 352
Definition......Page 1210
Introduction......Page 714
Optimization......Page 353
References......Page 355
Introduction......Page 356
Definition......Page 357
Performance Evaluation......Page 359
References......Page 360
Introduction......Page 1094
Ridge Extraction......Page 997
An Integrated 3D Face Recognition System......Page 362
IRISPASS......Page 363
Alignment......Page 364
Metadata Generation......Page 365
Distance Metrics......Page 366
Performance Metrics......Page 367
Experiment 3: Multiple Sensors......Page 368
References......Page 369
Introduction......Page 370
Component-Based Graphs......Page 371
Modeling Components......Page 372
Extracting Sparse Components......Page 373
Variety in Features......Page 374
Object Detection......Page 375
SIFT Features......Page 376
A Comparison of Different Approaches......Page 377
References......Page 378
Introduction......Page 379
Appearance-based methods......Page 380
Hybrid methods......Page 382
References......Page 383
Handwritten Signature Recognition......Page 384
Definition......Page 975
Illumination Invariant Face Representation......Page 385
Summary......Page 386
Introduction......Page 387
Time Series......Page 773
Problems a Face Recognition System Needs to Address......Page 388
References......Page 1255
References......Page 390
Thermal IR Spectrum......Page 391
Definition......Page 819
Recognition in the Thermal IR......Page 392
Fusion of Visible with Thermal IR Imagery......Page 393
Biometrics Applications......Page 394
References......Page 397
Examples of Video-based Face Recognition Algorithms......Page 399
ANSI and ISO Differences......Page 831
Helper Data......Page 404
Introduction......Page 405
Assessment of Face Sample Quality......Page 406
Recognizing Face Samples of Poor Quality......Page 407
Definition......Page 408
Finite Projective Camera Model......Page 409
Lighting Model......Page 410
Reflectance Function......Page 411
Identity Modeling......Page 413
References......Page 414
Definition......Page 1271
Introduction......Page 415
Performance Analysis......Page 416
Challenges in Face Tracking......Page 417
References......Page 419
Introduction......Page 420
Illumination......Page 421
Pose......Page 422
Expression and Occlusion......Page 423
Sources of Variation that Occur Over Time......Page 424
Conclusions......Page 425
Short-Term Spectral Feature Extraction......Page 426
Facial Mapping Techniques......Page 427
Appeal Court Cases......Page 428
Reliability of Computerized Identification......Page 429
Skull Reconstruction......Page 430
References......Page 431
Introduction......Page 432
The Process of Automatic Facial Expression Recognition......Page 433
Applications......Page 436
Tools for Iris Image Compression: JPEG, JPEG2000, Region-of-Interest Extraction......Page 437
Failure to Acquire Rate......Page 438
Feathering......Page 439
Introduction......Page 1267
Introduction......Page 441
Finger Images......Page 442
Fingerprint Minutiae......Page 443
Spectral Data of a Fingerprint......Page 445
Skeletal Data of a Fingerprint......Page 446
Related Entries......Page 447
State-of-the-Art......Page 448
Challenges and Prospects......Page 450
Introduction......Page 451
Medical Opinions Concerning Finger Vein Authentication Technology......Page 452
Uniqueness in Statistical Approach......Page 453
Summary......Page 454
References......Page 455
Finger Vein Feature Extraction......Page 456
Matching Algorithm......Page 457
References......Page 459
Light Source......Page 460
The Imaging Methods......Page 461
Characteristics of Handwriting/Signature......Page 1238
Bottom-lighting Systems......Page 463
Introduction......Page 465
Introduction......Page 1124
The Hardware......Page 466
Security Features......Page 467
Applications......Page 468
References......Page 469
Fingerprint Biometric......Page 470
Introduction......Page 875
Synonyms......Page 1294
Introduction......Page 471
Feature Extraction for Classification......Page 472
Classification Under Galton-Henry Scheme......Page 474
Classification with Machine-Generated Classes......Page 475
Summary......Page 476
Related Entries......Page 477
Introduction......Page 478
Image Compression......Page 479
Common Fingerprint Compression Methods......Page 481
Related Entries......Page 483
Definition......Page 484
FVC Databases......Page 485
BioSecure Multimodal Database......Page 486
Fingerprint Verification Competitions (FVC)......Page 487
Related Entries......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
Fingerprint Fake Finger Detection Levels......Page 491
Significant Developments in Fingerprint Spoofing......Page 492
Making a Fake Fingerprint......Page 493
Liveness Measurement......Page 494
Fingerprint Sensors with Liveness Detection......Page 495
References......Page 496
Direction Fields......Page 497
Direction Fields by Structure Tensor......Page 498
Direction Decomposition......Page 499
Minutiae......Page 500
Singular Points......Page 502
Singularities by Poincareacute Index......Page 503
Summary......Page 504
Fingerprint Identification......Page 505
Recognition of Fingerprint Ridge......Page 506
Contrast Enhancement......Page 507
Ridge Orientation Estimation......Page 508
Foreground Segmentation......Page 510
Ridge Enhancement Filtering......Page 512
Definition......Page 514
Fingerprint Image Quality......Page 515
Fingerprint Image Quality Measures......Page 516
Applications of Biometric Quality Values......Page 519
References......Page 522
How Indexing Works......Page 523
An Example......Page 524
Index Construction......Page 525
Storage Requirements......Page 526
Error Analysis......Page 527
Fingerprint Individuality......Page 528
Introduction......Page 529
Classification......Page 531
Performance Evaluation......Page 532
Related Entries......Page 533
Fingerprint Matching: Manual......Page 534
Analyses......Page 535
Comparison......Page 536
Evaluation and Preliminary Conclusion......Page 538
Mistakes......Page 539
Infallible or Reliable?......Page 540
Fingerprint Quality......Page 541
History......Page 542
Components of a Fingerprint Recognition System......Page 543
Large-Scale Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems......Page 544
Definition......Page 545
Physical Ridge Pattern Models......Page 546
Statistical Ridge Pattern Models......Page 547
Generation of Synthetic Fingerprint Impressions......Page 550
Skin Distortion......Page 551
Background Generation......Page 553
References......Page 554
Definition......Page 555
Composition of Fingerprint Template......Page 556
Storage of Fingerprint Template......Page 557
Template Interchange......Page 558
References......Page 559
Individuality of the Fingerprint......Page 560
Minutiae......Page 561
Statistical Research......Page 562
History......Page 563
Qualitative Threshold: Absence of Numerical Standard......Page 564
Admissibility of the Fingerprint in the USA......Page 565
Future Perspectives......Page 566
Definition......Page 567
Ink-on-Paper Method......Page 568
Sensor Characteristics......Page 569
Optical Sensors......Page 570
Optical Contactless or Touchless Sensors......Page 571
Solid-State Sensors......Page 572
Next Generation......Page 574
Synonyms......Page 575
Introduction......Page 576
Desirable Features, Definitions......Page 577
Intricated Biometrics......Page 578
Conclusion......Page 580
Fixed Pattern Noise......Page 581
Introduction......Page 582
Applications......Page 583
Review of Footsteps as a Biometric......Page 584
References......Page 588
Introduction......Page 589
Uniqueness and Application......Page 590
Comparison and Identification Methods......Page 591
Force Field Feature Extraction......Page 594
Introduction......Page 595
Admissibility of Biometric Evidence in•Court......Page 596
From Anthropometry to Fingerprinting and AFIS......Page 597
Other Biometric Characteristics used for Human Identification Purposes......Page 598
Other Biometric Marks Left Following Activities of Forensic Interest......Page 599
References......Page 600
Definitions......Page 601
Background......Page 602
The Comparison Process [3]......Page 603
References......Page 604
DNA: Basic Concepts......Page 605
Forensic DNA Analysis......Page 606
Nonautosomal DNA......Page 607
SNPs and DNA Chips......Page 608
DNA Used as an Intelligence Tool......Page 609
References......Page 611
Fourier Transform......Page 612
Introduction......Page 613
Benefits Issuance and Disbursement......Page 614
Border Control......Page 615
Definition......Page 616
Convenience......Page 617
Security......Page 618
Input Level Attacks......Page 619
Processing and Transmission Level Attacks......Page 620
Countermeasures......Page 621
Nominal Identities Versus Biometric Identities......Page 622
References......Page 623
Fusion, Biometric......Page 624
Introduction......Page 625
Decision Level Fusion with Single Bit Information......Page 626
Optimal Fusion Rule......Page 627
References......Page 628
Introduction......Page 629
Feature Fusion Scheme......Page 630
Feature Normalization......Page 631
Examples of Feature Level Fusion......Page 632
Related Entries......Page 633
Definition......Page 634
Quality-Based Fusion from the Pattern Recognition Perspective......Page 635
Classifier Design and System Output Dependency......Page 636
The Complexity of Modeling Scores and Quality Measures: A Discriminative Approach......Page 637
References......Page 638
Introduction......Page 639
Methods for Combining Ranks......Page 640
Example......Page 641
References......Page 642
Density-Based Fusion schemes......Page 643
Transformation-Based Fusion schemes......Page 644
Classifier-Based Fusion schemes......Page 646
References......Page 647
Introduction......Page 648
Sensor Level Fusion: Single Sensor Multi-Samples......Page 649
Sensor Level Fusion: Multi-Sensors......Page 650
Sensor Level Fusion: Multimodal......Page 651
Related Entries......Page 652
System Model......Page 653
User-Specific Multi-Biometrics......Page 654
Adapted User-Specific Fusion......Page 655
Fusion, Wavelet-Based......Page 656
Fuzzy Vault......Page 657
Gabor Wavelets......Page 659
XML Schema Definition......Page 1441
Vein......Page 660
Some Issues for Designing a Large Scale Biometric System......Page 661
Algorithms for Matching......Page 663
Definition......Page 1409
Definition......Page 1046
Image Regeneration from Match Scores......Page 666
Quality of Feature Extraction......Page 668
Synonyms......Page 669
Unit Selection Synthesis......Page 670
Human Gait as a Biometric......Page 671
Characteristics and Challenges of Gait Motion......Page 672
References......Page 677
Introduction......Page 678
Operation of a Hand Shape-Based Biometric System......Page 715
References......Page 1427
Data Sets......Page 680
References......Page 683
Algorithmic Challenges and Approaches......Page 684
Gait......Page 685
Photogrammetry in Association with Gait Analysis......Page 686
Comparing Gait and Photogrammetry......Page 688
References......Page 690
Secure Biometric Token Operating System......Page 691
Acknowledgments......Page 782
Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Parameter Estimation......Page 693
Handprint......Page 730
Time and Attendance Terminal......Page 697
X......Page 699
Raw Finger Vein Image......Page 1141
Radiometric Calibration......Page 1033
Intrinsic Dimensionality Estimation......Page 910
Record Format......Page 702
Unsupervised Rank Level Fusion......Page 703
Definition......Page 1384
Introduction......Page 704
Hand Geometry Databases and Evaluation......Page 705
Biometric Applications......Page 707
Palm Vein Database and Evaluation......Page 708
Definition......Page 994
Related Entries......Page 709
Introduction......Page 710
Evolutions from Initial Works......Page 712
Feature Extraction......Page 713
Operational Times......Page 930
Performance Evaluation......Page 717
Related Entries......Page 718
Visual-dynamic Speaker Recognition......Page 719
Methods......Page 768
Far Infrared Imaging......Page 720
Detection of Facial Micro-Movement......Page 943
Principle of Near Infrared Imaging......Page 722
Sufficiency of a Biometric Data Interchange Standard......Page 790
A Hand Vein Pattern Matching System......Page 723
Summary......Page 724
Definition......Page 725
Introduction......Page 936
Description of the Device......Page 726
Research Trends......Page 727
Characteristics......Page 728
Summary......Page 729
Passive Biometrics......Page 731
Tongue-Print Recognition......Page 1372
Rotation Angle......Page 1163
Introduction......Page 783
Heterogeneities in Face Recognition......Page 732
Research Issues......Page 733
References......Page 1222
Definition......Page 734
Architecture and Types......Page 735
Evaluation......Page 736
Estimation......Page 737
Synonyms......Page 738
Human Tracking......Page 742
Administration Threats......Page 743
Point-Based......Page 1083
Human Factors......Page 744
Hypothesis Test......Page 745
Personal Data......Page 1106
Palm Segment......Page 747
W......Page 909
Overview of Dynamic Signature Verification......Page 1443
Forgery Levels - The Impostor Data Set......Page 1044
Experimental Results......Page 751
Applicability of Tamper-Proof O.S.......Page 753
Definition......Page 1054
Fingerprint Features......Page 1385
The Perspective Projection Camera Geometry......Page 755
The Radiometric Aspects that Determine the Brightness of an Image Point......Page 756
Related Entries......Page 757
Definition......Page 927
Summary......Page 760
Security Threat Assessment......Page 761
Service-Oriented Architecture......Page 762
Mislabeled Iris Data Correction......Page 763
Evaluation Criteria......Page 764
Two-Dimensional Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques......Page 934
Applications......Page 766
Pedestrian Detection......Page 767
Softwares......Page 771
References......Page 772
Definition......Page 774
The Statistical Test of Biometric Recognition......Page 775
Statistical Models for Fingerprint Individuality......Page 776
Pankanti\'s Fingerprint Individuality Model......Page 777
Mixture Models for Fingerprint Features......Page 779
Introduction......Page 780
Characteristics of Modality Specific to Applications......Page 784
Signature Similarity Computation......Page 787
Interoperability Challenges......Page 788
Interoperability Testing......Page 789
Intricated Biometrics......Page 791
Perpetrator Identification......Page 999
Definition......Page 1243
Skilled Forgery......Page 792
Iris Acquisition Devices......Page 793
Authenticam TM......Page 794
Iris......Page 795
IrisAccess......Page 796
IrisGuard......Page 797
ISCAN......Page 798
Mobile-Eyes......Page 799
PIER TM......Page 800
Iris Camera......Page 801
CASIA V1.0, V2.0, IrisV3 Databases......Page 802
ICE2005 and ICE2006 Databases......Page 803
WVU Non-Ideal Iris and Off Axis/ Angle Databases......Page 804
Bibliography......Page 805
Brief History of Iris Image Acquisition Devices......Page 806
Photons to Iris Image......Page 807
Synonyms......Page 809
Overview......Page 810
Watermark Encoding and Decoding......Page 813
Application Scenarios and Attacks......Page 814
Patents, Tools, and Commercial Products......Page 817
Summary......Page 818
Gabor Wavelets as a Complete Image Basis......Page 820
Gabor Wavelets and the Calculus......Page 823
Gabor Wavelets for Iris Recognition......Page 824
Gabor Wavelets in Other Biometrics......Page 827
References......Page 828
Introduction......Page 829
Data Formats......Page 830
Summary......Page 832
Introduction......Page 833
Rules of Combination......Page 834
Relevance to Recognition Performance......Page 835
References......Page 836
Introduction......Page 837
Capture Volume......Page 839
Subject Motion......Page 840
Future Work......Page 841
Introduction......Page 842
Iris Image Acquisition......Page 843
Iris Segmentation......Page 845
Feature Extraction......Page 847
Pattern Matching......Page 849
References......Page 850
Arriving International Passengers: Iris Recognition Instead of Passport Presentation at Immigration Control......Page 852
Airport Employees: Access Control to the Tarmac, Aircraft, and Restricted Areas......Page 854
Watch-list Screening of Arriving Travelers......Page 855
System Design Contrasts and Vulnerabilities......Page 856
Iris Recognition Immigration System (IRIS)......Page 857
Information Theory and Data Compressibility......Page 858
Schemes for Iris Image Compression......Page 859
Tools for Evaluating the Effects of Iris Image Compression......Page 863
Summary......Page 867
Iris Recognition Systems......Page 868
Introduction......Page 869
Match Score Computed from Correlation Filters......Page 870
Probabilistic Graphical Model......Page 872
Result......Page 873
References......Page 874
Available Models......Page 876
Quantifying Performance......Page 878
Assessing Performance......Page 879
Snakes for Curve Detection......Page 880
Segmentation Results......Page 883
Introduction......Page 884
Data Format Specifications......Page 885
Current Standard Bodies Developments......Page 886
Summary......Page 887
Introduction......Page 888
Super-Resolution......Page 889
Iris Super-Resolution......Page 890
Definition......Page 891
The GRIT Preprocessor......Page 892
Preliminary Results......Page 893
Definition......Page 897
Introduction......Page 898
Cancelable Iris Template......Page 899
Iris Template Protection using Cryptosystems......Page 900
Conclusion......Page 903
Iris2pi......Page 904
ISO......Page 905
JPEG and JPEG2000 Image Compression......Page 907
Feature Representation and Classification......Page 911
References......Page 919
Unnecessary Data Collection......Page 1068
Synonym......Page 915
Zero Effort Forgery......Page 1041
Zone......Page 1446
Introduction......Page 986
Operation of a Large Scale Biometric System......Page 916
Web Service Authentication (WSA)......Page 920
References......Page 921
Synonyms......Page 1353
Experimental Example......Page 922
Methodology......Page 991
Decision Making and Decision Biases......Page 926
Score Normalization......Page 1166
Fingerprint Functions in Law Enforcement......Page 929
Linear Dimension Reduction......Page 931
Utterance......Page 1399
Unsupervised Linear Dimension Reduction......Page 932
Supervised Linear Dimension Reduction......Page 933
Operation of a Lip-Movement Recognition System......Page 937
Related Entries......Page 939
Conclusion......Page 1200
Multimodal Liveness Assurance......Page 945
References......Page 947
Multispectral Biometric Data Acquisition......Page 948
Liveness Assurance for Different Authentication Protocols......Page 949
Synthesis Attack......Page 951
Multimodal Liveness Assurance......Page 954
Related Entries......Page 955
Synonyms......Page 956
Definition......Page 957
Software......Page 958
References......Page 962
Introduction......Page 963
Spoof-resistance Testing......Page 964
Intrinsic properties of a living body......Page 965
Bodily responses to external stimuli......Page 968
The Trade-off between Security and Convenience......Page 969
Live-Scan Sensor......Page 970
Pen-tip Position (Pen Coordinates)......Page 971
Global Features......Page 972
Properties of the Ideal Local Feature......Page 973
Gabor Filters......Page 976
Local Binary Patterns......Page 977
Applications......Page 978
Summary......Page 980
Signature Corporate......Page 981
Logico-Linear Operator......Page 982
Luminance......Page 983
Manifold Learning and Dimensionality Reduction......Page 987
Applications......Page 988
Introduction......Page 990
Motion Models......Page 992
Performance of Fingerprint Match-on-card......Page 1051
Secure Biometrics......Page 995
Visual Memory......Page 1407
Response Time......Page 1159
Thresholding......Page 1365
Perceptual Expertise......Page 998
Application......Page 1067
Introduction......Page 1000
Related Entries......Page 1363
References......Page 1394
Levels of Combination......Page 1007
State of International Standardization of Multibiometrics......Page 1009
State of Standardization of Multibiometrics in the United States......Page 1010
Acknowledgment......Page 1011
Multiple Classifier Fusion......Page 1012
Design of Multiple Classifier Systems......Page 1014
Manipulating Training Data......Page 1015
Matching......Page 1155
Other Uses......Page 1016
References......Page 1017
Skin Spectroscopy......Page 1018
Probabilistic Fusion......Page 1019
Discrimination Functions Based Fusion......Page 1023
References......Page 1024
Definition......Page 1025
Multispectral Face......Page 1026
References......Page 1030
Platen......Page 1121
Mutual Authentication......Page 1031
Definition......Page 1401
Non-linear Dimension Reduction Methods......Page 1034
Alternative Hypothesis Modeling......Page 1382
Manifold Learning Related Non-Linear Dimension Reduction Techniques......Page 1037
Synonym......Page 1434
Door Security Systems......Page 1062
Numerical Standard......Page 1039
Instrumental Differentiation Body Scent......Page 1042
References......Page 1045
Biometrics and Smartcard......Page 1047
Searching Multiple AFIS......Page 1386
Implementations of Fingerprint Match-On-Card......Page 1050
Technical Challenges......Page 1052
One-to-Many Identification......Page 1053
Biometric Subsystem Processing Time......Page 1055
Timing Illustrations......Page 1056
Orthographic Scanning......Page 1057
Resolution......Page 1058
Introduction......Page 1059
Definition......Page 1143
Sensing......Page 1060
Performance......Page 1061
Financial Services......Page 1063
Introduction......Page 1065
Definition......Page 1184
3D Palm Image Acquisition......Page 1070
Feature Matching......Page 1071
Decision Module......Page 1072
Palmprint Anatomy......Page 1074
Line Features......Page 1078
Summary......Page 1080
Definition......Page 1081
Introduction......Page 1082
Feature-Based Matching......Page 1085
Penetration Rate......Page 1089
Training Signature......Page 1090
Datasets......Page 1091
Difficulty Control......Page 1092
Operational Evaluation......Page 1095
Performance Measures for Verification System......Page 1096
Other Performance Measures......Page 1097
DET Curve......Page 1098
Matching......Page 1099
Performance Metrics......Page 1100
Motivation for the Development of Biometric Performance Evaluation Standards......Page 1101
Types of Biometric Performance Testing Standards......Page 1102
Elements Required in Biometric Performance Testing Standards......Page 1103
Performance Testing and Interoperability......Page 1104
Gaps in Standards Development......Page 1105
Definition......Page 1107
Subject Guidelines......Page 1108
Example Configurations for a Photo Studio or Store......Page 1109
Example Configuration for a Photo Booth......Page 1110
Summary......Page 1111
Photography Guidelines......Page 1113
Introduction......Page 1114
Force Field Feature Extraction......Page 1115
Convergence Feature Extraction......Page 1116
Brightness Change Analysis......Page 1117
Ear Recognition......Page 1118
References......Page 1120
Pose and Motion Models......Page 1122
Principal Component Analysis......Page 1123
Speaker Classification......Page 1276
Privacy Notions......Page 1125
System Issues......Page 1126
Government......Page 1127
Research......Page 1128
Future Concerns......Page 1129
PrivateID TM......Page 1130
Prosody......Page 1131
Introduction......Page 1132
Psychological Studies into Perceiving Biological Motion and Recognizing Person Properties......Page 1133
Computational and Biologically Inspired Models of Action Perception and Recognition......Page 1135
References......Page 1136
Purkinje Images......Page 1137
Quantum Efficiency (QE)......Page 1139
Wavelength......Page 1142
Adapting Decision Thresholds to the Size of a Search Database......Page 1172
Interoperability......Page 1147
US Registered Traveler......Page 1148
Others......Page 1149
Related Entries......Page 1150
Introduction......Page 1151
Levels of Assurance......Page 1152
Performance of Biometrics Security and Liveness......Page 1182
Storage......Page 1154
Related Entries......Page 1183
Speaker Authentication......Page 1156
Other Biometrics......Page 1158
Video Camera......Page 1389
Historical Context......Page 1390
Template Data Creation......Page 1161
Summary......Page 1189
References......Page 1176
Second Level Detail......Page 1177
Definition......Page 1178
Liveness and Spoofing......Page 1180
Encoded Biometric Schemes......Page 1181
Biometric System Architecture......Page 1185
Threats at the Interface between User and Biometric System......Page 1186
Threats at the Biometric System Modules......Page 1187
Threats at the Interconnections between Biometric Modules......Page 1188
Introduction......Page 1191
The Daugman Algorithm......Page 1192
Alternative Segmentation Approaches......Page 1193
Summary......Page 1194
Typical Time and Attendance Terminals......Page 1368
Sensitivity Analysis in Biometric Systems......Page 1195
Introduction......Page 1196
Score Domain Compensation......Page 1197
Model Domain Compensation......Page 1198
Experiments......Page 1199
Role of Standards......Page 1201
The Generation Process......Page 1202
Applications......Page 1207
References......Page 1208
PHILIPS Database......Page 1211
SUSIG Database......Page 1212
BioSecure Multimodal Database......Page 1213
Signature Verification Competition (SVC 2004)......Page 1214
BioSecure Multimodal Evaluation Campaign (BMEC 2007)......Page 1215
References......Page 1216
Transformation......Page 1217
Local features......Page 1218
Feature-Based Systems......Page 1224
Hidden Markov Models......Page 1225
Related Entries......Page 1227
Definition......Page 1228
Types of Testing......Page 1229
Signature Databases......Page 1230
Preprocessing......Page 1231
Judgment on Authenticity......Page 1232
Influence of Writing System and Nationality......Page 1233
Introduction......Page 1234
Comparison (Similarity/Dissimilarity Measure)......Page 1235
Related Entries......Page 1236
Definition......Page 1237
Modeling Process......Page 1239
Synthesis Process......Page 1240
References......Page 1242
Anatomical Background......Page 1244
Challenges......Page 1245
Image Quality Considerations......Page 1246
Simultaneous Capture of the Iris and Retina......Page 1247
Conclusion......Page 1248
Skin Classification......Page 1249
Introduction......Page 1250
Skin Detection and Color Spaces......Page 1251
Skin Classifiers......Page 1254
Introduction......Page 1256
Human Skin Optics......Page 1257
Related Entries......Page 1260
Skin Texture Based Methods......Page 1261
Summary......Page 1263
Introduction......Page 1264
Skull-photo Superimposition......Page 1265
Slap Or Four-Four-Two device......Page 1266
Motivation for Utilizing Soft Biometric Traits......Page 1268
Automatic Soft Biometric Feature Extraction......Page 1269
Summary......Page 1270
Introduction......Page 1272
Multi-Instance Systems......Page 1273
Multi-Sample Systems......Page 1274
Summary......Page 1275
Introduction......Page 1277
Databases......Page 1278
Evaluations......Page 1281
Speaker Diarization......Page 1285
Identity Information in the Speech Signal......Page 1286
References......Page 1289
Introduction......Page 1290
GMM-UBM (GMM-MAP) Approach......Page 1291
GMM Supervector Linear Kernel (GSL)......Page 1292
Related Entries......Page 1293
History of Speaker Recognition......Page 1295
Speech Signal......Page 1296
Feature Extraction and Modeling......Page 1297
Speaker Recognition Tasks and Applications......Page 1298
Summary......Page 1300
References......Page 1301
Application Programming Interface (API) Standards - Early Work......Page 1302
API Standards - Current Work......Page 1303
Data Interchange Standards......Page 1304
Distributed Speaker Recognition Standards......Page 1306
Process-Control Protocols......Page 1307
References......Page 1308
Introduction......Page 1309
Examples of Efforts to Foster Speaker Segmentation Research......Page 1310
Applications......Page 1314
References......Page 1315
Definition......Page 1316
Speech Production and Its Relation to Speech Analysis......Page 1317
Speech Analysis......Page 1318
Speaker Information in the Speech Signal......Page 1320
Speech Input Device......Page 1321
Introduction......Page 1322
The Human Speech Production Mechanism......Page 1323
Modeling the Human Speech Production System......Page 1325
Applications......Page 1326
SPME......Page 1327
Strength of Voice Evidence......Page 1328
Super-Resolution......Page 1329
Parametric Approach......Page 1330
Quadratic Discriminant Analysis......Page 1331
Nonparametric Approaches......Page 1332
Artificial Neural Networks......Page 1333
Support Vector Machines......Page 1334
Synonyms......Page 1335
SVM Formulation......Page 1336
SVM in Practice......Page 1337
SVM Model Selection......Page 1338
SVM Variants......Page 1339
Surface Curvature......Page 1340
Introduction......Page 1341
Biometrics and Surveillance......Page 1343
Behavioral Biometrics in Surveillance......Page 1344
SVM Supervector......Page 1345
System-on-card......Page 1346
Biometric Devices......Page 1348
Simulation and Study of Unrestored Wavefront Coded Iris Imagery......Page 1431
Example of an O.S. Instruction Set......Page 1351
Summary......Page 1352
Image Regeneration from Templates......Page 1355
Consequences of Template Security Breaches......Page 1358
Introduction......Page 1360
Test Size Calculation......Page 1361
Payroll Calculations......Page 1366
Data Capture......Page 1367
Confounding Issues......Page 1370
Training Data, Sufficiency......Page 1373
Introduction......Page 1374
System Architectures......Page 1375
References......Page 1379
Trusted Traveler......Page 1380
Definition......Page 1381
Universal Background Models......Page 1383
Unsupervised......Page 1388
Principal Large Scale Studies......Page 1391
Technologies......Page 1393
Introduction......Page 1395
Single Mode......Page 1396
Client/Server Mode......Page 1397
References......Page 1398
Introduction to ISO/IEC 19794-9 Vascular Image Data Format Standard......Page 1402
Summary......Page 1404
Verification......Page 1406
Voice Biometric Engine......Page 1408
Types......Page 1410
Specifications......Page 1413
Voice Creation......Page 1417
Conclusion......Page 1419
Introduction......Page 1421
Voice as Evidence......Page 1422
Bayesian Interpretation of Evidence......Page 1423
Strength of Evidence......Page 1424
Volunteer Crew......Page 1428
Definition......Page 1429
Wavefront Coding for Extended Focus and Aberration Correction......Page 1430
Summary......Page 1433
Wavefront Coded Iris Recognition System......Page 1435
System Design......Page 1437
Wavelet Transform......Page 1439
World Model......Page 1440
References......Page 1445
List of Entries......Page 1447