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دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
دانلود کتاب دائرlopالمعارف اختلالات طیفی اوتیسم
مشخصات کتاب
Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
ویرایش: 2
نویسندگان: Fred R. Volkmar
سری: Springer reference
ISBN (شابک) : 3319912798, 9783319912790
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2021
تعداد صفحات: 5329
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 71 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 48,000
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب دائرlopالمعارف اختلالات طیفی اوتیسم نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب دائرlopالمعارف اختلالات طیفی اوتیسم
ویرایش دوم این اثر مرجع عمده پوشش خود را گسترش می دهد و همچنان به عنوان یک منبع الکترونیکی برای دانش آموزان، مربیان، محققان و متخصصان، زمینه جدیدی را ایجاد می کند. ویرایش دوم دایره المعارف اختلالات طیف اوتیسم که از نظر نفس و کتاب درسی جامع است، مدت ها قبل از اینکه چنین اطلاعاتی از تحقیق به کتاب های درسی استاندارد برسد، به عنوان مخزن مرجع دانش در این زمینه و همچنین مجرای به روز رسانی منظم دانش جدید عمل می کند. ویرایش دوم دایره المعارف اطلاعات جدید و به روز را برای خوانندگانی که نیاز دارند با آخرین تحقیقات و شیوه های بالینی، از جمله پیشرفت در نوروبیولوژی و ژنتیک، ابزارهای تشخیصی و تست های ارزیابی، درمان های دارویی، رفتار، گفتار و زبان، در جریان باشند، هضم و ارائه می کند. و سایر درمان های توانبخشی ویرایش دوم دایره المعارف موضوعاتی را در زمینه های مفهومی اصلی زیر در مورد ASD و PDD پوشش می دهد، از جمله: روندهای تحقیق و یافته ها رفتار/گفتار درمان های ارتباطی آموزش بهره گیری از تکنیک های ارائه شده توسط رسانه الکترونیکی، ویرایش دوم دایره المعارف اوتیسم اختلالات طیف یک سیستم ارجاع متقابل گسترده را ارائه می دهد که جستجو و بازیابی اطلاعات را تسهیل می کند. این ویرایش دوم جامع و منحصر به فرد دایره المعارف اختلالات طیف اوتیسم یک مرجع ضروری برای دانشجویان پیشرفته در مقطع کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد و همچنین محققان، اساتید، پزشکان و سایر پزشکان در رشته های مرتبط مانند روانشناسی رشد، روانپزشکی کودک و نوجوان، مددکاری اجتماعی است. ، روانشناسی کودک و مدرسه، رفتار درمانی و جامعه شناسی آموزش و پرورش.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
The Second Edition of this major reference work expands its coverage and continues to break new ground as an electronic resource for students, educators, researchers, and professionals. Comprehensive in breath and textbook in depth, the Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders serves as a reference repository of knowledge in the field as well as a regularly updated conduit of new knowledge long before such information trickles down from research to standard textbooks. The Second Edition of the Encyclopedia digests and presents new and updated information for readers who need to stay current with the latest research and clinical practices, including advances in neurobiology and genetics, diagnostic instruments and assessment tests, pharmaceutical treatments, and behavioral, speech and language, and other rehabilitative therapies. The Second Edition of the Encyclopedia covers topics across the following major conceptual areas of ASD and PDDs, including: Research trends and findings Behavior/speech Communication Treatments Education Taking advantage of the techniques offered by the electronic medium, the Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders offers an extensive cross-referencing system facilitating search and retrieval of information. This unique, comprehensive Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders is an essential reference for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers, professors, clinicians, and other practitioners across such related disciplines as developmental psychology, child and adolescent psychiatry, social work, child and school psychology, behavioral therapy, and sociology of education.
فهرست مطالب
Preface to Second Edition Preface to First Edition About the Editor List of Field Editors Associate Editor Contributors A μ μ Rhythm 1-[1-[4,4-Bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl]-4-piperidyl]-2-benzimidazolinone 15q13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading 16p11.2 Definition See Also References and Reading 3-(2-Chloro-10 H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine Hydrochloride 3-Chloro-5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine Monohydrochloride 3-Day Measles 504 Plan Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Qualification Under Section 504 Application of Section 504 in Education (From Preschool Through Postsecondary) Eligibility Determination Application in Postsecondary Education Application in Employment Settings Future Directions Increased Prevalence Technology Social Skills Instruction See Also References and Reading 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine 7-[4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency 7q11.23 Duplications Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading 8-Chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3-α] [1,4] Benzodiazepine AACAP Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading AACAP Practice Parameters Aarskog Syndrome Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Aarskog-Scott Syndrome ABA ABAS, Second Edition ABAS-II ABC ABC-C ABC-R Aberrant Behavior Checklist Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Aberrant Behavior Checklist - Community Aberrant Behavior Checklist - Residential ABI, Autism Behavior Inventory Abilify ABI-S, Autism Behavior Inventory-Short Form ABLLS: Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills ABLLS-R Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Abnormality Abolishing Operations Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Role of AOs in Behavior Assessment Reducing Challenging Behavior with AO-Based Interventions Future Directions See Also References and Reading Absence Seizures, Second Edition Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Academic Disability Academic Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Academic Subjects in Relation to Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Academic Supports Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Cognitive Profile of Many Individuals with ASD The State of the Use of Academic Supports Description of Commonly Used Academic Supports with Students with ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Academic Testing Acallosal Syndrome ACC Accommodations Accommodations in Testing Accuracy of the ADOS-2 in Identifying Autism Among Adults with Complex Psychiatric Conditions, The Definition See Also References and Reading Accuracy of Treatment Implementation Acetylcholine: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors ACh AChE-Inhibitors Achievement Testing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Achieving a Better Life Experience Savings Account (ABLE Savings Account, ABLE Account, 529A Savings Plan, and 529A Account) Definition History of ABLE Accounts Principles of an ABLE Account Qualified Disability Expenses for an ABLE Account Possible Challenges with an ABLE Account Helpful Resources for State-by-State Comparisons of ABLE Programs Key Considerations When Selecting an ABLE Account Program Hiring Legal and/or Financial Professionals as a Recommended Best Practice See Also References and Reading Achieving Academic Independence in Middle School-Outpatient (AIMS-O) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Acquired Autism Synonyms Definition References and Reading Acquired Dysgraphia Action Level Imitation Definition See Also References and Reading Action on Objects Definition See Also References and Reading Action Prediction in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Active-But-Odd Group Definition Active but Odd See Also References and Reading Activities of Daily Living Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Activity Schedules Activity-Based Instruction Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Acuity Definition References and Reading Adapin Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Adaptive Behavior Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Adaptive Behavior Predicting Postschool Outcomes Definition Adaptive Behavior Postschool Outcomes Historical Background Transition to Adulthood for Youth with ASD Adaptive Behavior Profiles in ASD Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Adaptive Behavior Scales Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Adaptive Skills ADD Adderall Adding Addison-Schilder Disease ADHD ADHD Rating Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading ADHD=Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Adipocytokine ADI-R Adjustment Admission, Review, and Dismissal Committee (ARD Committee) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Spontaneously Attending to Real-World Scenes: Use of a Change Blindness Paradi... Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading ADOS ADOS-T Adrenaline Adrenoleukodystrophy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Adult Follow-Up Studies Definition Current Knowledge Natural Course Mortality Selected Longitudinal Outcome Studies Cognitive Function Associated Co-Occurring Conditions Social Relationships Education and Employment Forensic Problems Future Directions See Also References and Reading Adult Repetitive Behaviors Questionnaire-2-Revised (RBQ-2A-R) Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile (AASP) Adult-/Clinician-/Teacher-Directed Approaches Adulthood, Transition to Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Advocacy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Affective Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Affective Development in the Early Years Affective Development in Childhood Affective Development in Adolescence and Adulthood Future Directions See Also References and Reading Affective Disorders (Includes Mood and Anxiety Disorders) Affective Regulation Affixes Affliction Afghanistan and Autism Abstract Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies Conclusion See Also References and Reading AFLS Age Appropriate Definition See Also References and Reading Age Equivalents Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Age of Onset Age of Recognition Age Period Cohort Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Relevance to Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Agenesis of Corpus Callosum Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Ages and Stages Learning Activities Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Second Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Agnosia Definition See Also References and Reading Agraphia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Aicardi Syndrome Definition See Also References and Reading Aide AIMS Akathisia Definition References and Reading Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder ALD Aler-Cap [OTC] Aler-Dryl [OTC] Aler-Tab [OTC] Alexithymia Autism: Definition Categorization Natural History Related Studies of the Brain Gender Issues Autism Disorder, Autism Spectrum, Autism Spectrum Disorders, or? Alexithymia Autism, Alexithymia, and Humor Nature or Nurture? Different Levels of Achievement The Very Intelligent Individual´s Problem Treatment, Education, or Just Acceptance Asperger/Autist: Truth Teller, Fundamentalist, Terrorist? In the Judiciary See Also References Allele Similarity Allen, Doris Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Allergies Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading AllerMax [OTC] Aloof Group Definition See Also References and Reading Alpha (α) Error Alpha-4 Beta-2 Nicotinic Agonists Alpha-7 Nicotinic Agonists Alpha-Amino Acid Alprazolam Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Altaryl [OTC] Alterations in Chromosome Structure or Number Alternative Communication Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Alternative Diagnostic Concepts Definition Historical Background The ICD The DSM Factor Analytic and Latent Class Models Signal Detection Models and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Continuous Distribution Models Current Knowledge The DSM with a Particular Focus on Autism Current Clinical Practice and Research Use of the DSM Alternative Diagnostic Categories and Systems Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder (MCDD) Deficits in Attention, Motor Control, and Perception (DAMP) Disorders of Empathy Nonverbal Learning Disability Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE) Future Directions The DSM-5 and the ICD-11 Comorbidity and the DSM System ASD in the DSM-IV and the DSM-5 Alternative Diagnostic Systems MCDD DAMP Disorders of Empathy Nonverbal Learning Disability ESSENCE See Also References and Reading Alti-Haloperidol Amantadine Definition References and Reading Ambien American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) American Academy of Neurology Major Areas or Mission Statement Major Activities References and Reading American Academy of Pediatrics Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities References and Reading American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Major Areas or Mission Statement Mission Statement AAIDD Has Adopted a 7-Point Set of Principles (or Core Values) Relative to Its Mission AAIDD´s Goals Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading American Board of Genetic Counseling Major Areas or Mission Statement Mission Statement Membership Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading American Medical Association Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References American Psychiatric Association Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading American Psychological Association Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading American Sign Language (ASL) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Functional Assessment of Communication Skills Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Americans with Disabilities Act Definition Areas Covered by the ADA Employment Public Entities and Public Transportation Public Accommodations and Services Operated by Private Entities Telecommunications Landmark ADA Cases Historical Background The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-336) Current Knowledge New Disability Definition Future Directions See Also References and Reading Amino Acid Disorders Amino Acids Synonyms Definition References and Reading Aminoacidopathies, Disorders of Synonyms Definition References and Reading Amitriptyline Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Amitryptiline Amphetamine Indications Mechanisms of Action Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Amygdala Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Amygdala-Prefrontal Network Amygdaloid Complex Anafranil Analog Condition Functional Analysis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Analysis of Verbal Behavior (AVB) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Analyst Analytic Processing Anatomy of Human Ear Androgens (Male Sex Hormones) Anecdotal Observation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Anecdotal Record Angelman/Prader-Willi Locus Angelman/Prader-Willi Syndromes Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Anger Rumination in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Anger Rumination and Associations with Co-occurring Disorders in ASD Anger Rumination and the Relationship with Core ASD Symptoms Rumination and Emotion Dysregulation in ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Animal Models Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Strategies for Designing Rodent Models of Autism Rodent Behavioral Tasks Relevant to the Diagnostic Symptoms of Autism Sociability Communication Repetitive Behaviors and Resistance to Change in Routine Associated Symptoms Control Parameters Future Directions See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Anime, Manga, and the Etiology of Autism Historical Overview Current Research Future Directions References and Reading Annual Review Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Anorexia Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (A-B-C) Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Narrative Recordings Open-Ended A-B-C Recording Specific A-B-C Recording Future Directions See Also References and Reading Anterior Cingulate Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Antianxiety Medication Anticholinergic Definition See Also References and Reading Anticholinesterase Inhibitors Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Anticipated Regression Definition See Also References and Reading Anticonvulsants Antidepressant Medications Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Antidepressants Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Phenobarbital Phenytoin (Dilantin) Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Valproic Acid (Depakote) Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Levetiracetam (Keppra) Zonisamide (Zonegran) Vigabatrin Topiramate (Topamax) Benzodiazepines ACTH and Steroids Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Antigluten Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Anti-Hist [OTC] Antihistamines: Definition Synonyms Definition References and Reading Antipsychotic-Induced Dyskinesia Antipsychotics: Drugs Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Antipsychotics Atypical Antipsychotics See Also References and Reading Antiseizure Medications Antiyeast Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Anxiety Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition and Historical Background Epidemiology Anxiety Depression Natural History and Outcomes Pathophysiology Demographic Factors Cognitive Functioning Core Autism Symptoms Transdiagnostic Factors Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Pharmacological Treatments Psychosocial Treatments Conclusion See Also References and Reading Anxiety Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Interviews General Anxiety Rating Scales Syndrome-Specific Anxiety Measures Observational and Self-monitoring Methods Direct Observation Self-monitoring Procedures Treatment Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy (CBT) Pharmacotherapy with SSRIs Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) SSRIs Buspirone Dextromethorphan See Also References and Reading Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) Anxiolytic Drugs Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Anxiolytics Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Anxious Personality Disorder Anxiset E (India) APA Division 33 Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Definition Mission Statement (2020) Historical Background Division History Current Knowledge Landmark Contributions: Autism Spectrum Disorder Division Publications Major Activities Division Awards Future Directions See Also References and Reading Apgar Score Definition References and Reading Aphasia Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Aphonia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Apo-Haloperidol Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Apprenticeships Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Appropriate Adaptation Appropriate Educational Placement Apraxia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Apraxia of Speech (AOS) Arab Views on Autism Historical Background Overview of Current Research Future Directions References and Reading Arciform Rhythm ARD Committee Argentina and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Resources Parent-Based Organizations Education Aricept Ariclaim Aripiprazole Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Aristaless-Related Homeobox Gene Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Arlington Central School District v. Murphy 2006 (IDEA Not Authorizing Expert Evaluations) Definition Arlington Central School District v. Murphy Current and Future See Also References and Reading Arousal Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Art Therapy and Autism Definition of Art Therapy Historical Background of Art Therapy Purpose and Underlying Theory Benefits of Art Therapy with Individuals with Autism References and Reading Articulation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Articulation Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Articulatory Apraxia (or Dyspraxia) ARX ASAS ASAS-R: Australian Scale for Asperger´s Syndrome - Revised ASD ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) ASD=Autism Spectrum Disorder ASDI ASHA FACS ASIEP-2 ASPEN Membership as of October 2016 Major Areas or Mission Statement Mission Landmark Contributions Major Activities Asperger Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Comorbidities Outcome Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Clinical Expression Etiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Asperger Syndrome (AS) Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Participants Reliability Interrater Reliability Intrarater Reliability Validity Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Books Journal Articles Web Pages Asperger Syndrome Epidemiology Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Asperger Syndrome Follow-Up Studies Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Childhood Adolescence and Early Adulthood Core ASD Symptoms Cognitive Profile Comorbid Psychiatric Symptoms Adaptive Functioning Predictors of Adolescent Outcome Summary and Conclusions Future Directions See Also References and Reading Asperger Syndrome Training & Employment Partnership (ASTEP) Asperger, Hans Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Asperger´s Asperger´s Disorder Aspire: The Asperger Syndrome Association of Ireland Introduction Landmark Contributions Major Areas of Activity Educational Drama Classes (in Conjunction with Trinity College Dublin) Provide Social Skill Training to About 90 Children, Ado... ASQ Family Access ASQ Hub (for Monitoring Screening Programs of Multiple Organizations) ASQ Pro (for Single-Site Programs) and ASQ Enterprise (for Multisite Programs) ASQ:SE ASQ-3 Materials Kit ASQ-3™ ASRS Assessing Quality of Life in Autism Definition Historical Background and Measurement Current Knowledge and Future Directions See Also References and Reading Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS) Synonyms Description The ABLLS-R Protocol The ABLLS-R Scoring Instructions and IEP Development Guide Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Assessment of Functional Living Skills (AFLS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Assessment, Curriculum Guide, and Skills Tracking Assistant Assistive Devices Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Associate Association for Retarded Citizens (Arc) Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also Associative Learning Definition See Also References and Reading Ataxia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Ativan Atomoxetine Synonyms Definition Clinical Use Mechanism of Action Dosing Side Effects Pharmacology See Also References and Reading Attachment Definition See Also References and Reading Attachment Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Case 1 Case 2 Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Attention Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Attention Deficit Disorder Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Co-occurrence of ADHD and Autism Treatment See Also References and Reading Attention Network Tests in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Orienting Alerting Executive Control Future Directions See Also References and Reading Attention Process Training (APT) Program Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task Consonant Trigrams/Brown-Peterson Task Trails B The Stroop Task Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Attention Tunnelling Attentional Disengagement Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Attribution of Mental States Attributions (First Order/Second Order) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Atypical Atypical Antipsychotics Synonyms Indications Aripiprazole (Abilify) Clozapine (Clozaril) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Olanzapine and Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Symbyax) Paliperidone (Invega) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Ziprasidone Hydrochloride (Geodon) and Ziprasidone Mesylate (Geodon) Mechanisms of Action Aripiprazole Clozapine Olanzapine Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Ziprasidone Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) Aripiprazole Clozapine Olanzapine Paliperidone Quetiapine Risperidone Ziprasidone References and Reading Atypical Autism Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References Audiovisual Media Content Preferences of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition See Also References and Reading Audition Auditory Acuity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Brain Area Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Brainstem Response, ABR Auditory Cortex Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Discrimination Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) Auditory Integration Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Auditory Perceptual Disorder Auditory Potentials Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Processing Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Auditory Processing Disorder Auditory System Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Auditory Verbal Agnosia Auditory Verbal Learning Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Using Word Meaning to Improve Learning: Semantic Strategies Using Word Order to Improve Learning: Primacy and Recency Effects Using Repetition to Improve Learning: Learning Curves and Retention over Time Future Directions See Also References and Reading Auditory Verbal Learning Test Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Device Augmentative and Assistive Technology Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Australia and Autism Historical Background Diagnosis Early Intervention Education Adult Years Autism Associations Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Social Justice and Forensic Issues Overview of Research Directions See Also References and Reading Australian Scale for Asperger´s Syndrome Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Autism Acceptance and Mental Health Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Autism and Epilepsy Synonyms Introduction Categorization Terminology Epidemiology Epidemiology and Etiology Etiological Mechanisms Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Type of Seizures Seizure Location Epilepsy Syndromes Age of Seizure Onset Intellectual Functioning Developmental Course Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Issues in Differential Diagnosis Treatment Considerations Conclusion References and Reading Autism and the Caribbean Historical Background Services Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Autism Behavior Checklist Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education, and Support (CARES) Act of 2019 (Also Referred to as the ``Autism C... Definition Legislative Details Legislative History and Background See Also References and Reading Autism Cymru Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): Toddler Module Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Family Experience Questionnaire (AFEQ) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Family Experience Questionnaire (AFEQ), The Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism in Ecuador Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Services Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References Autism in Higher Education: Access, Challenges, and Support Strategies Background Transition from High School to College Different College Pathways Strengths of College Students with ASD Challenges Experienced by College Students with ASD Disclosure of ASD Diagnosis Attitudes Towards College Students with ASD Strategies to Support College Students with ASD Supports for Social Skills Mentoring Programs Outcomes for College Students with ASD Future Directions References and Reading Autism in the Courtroom Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Autism Policy Autism Research Priorities Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Autism Science Foundation Major Areas or Mission Statement Major Activities See Also References and Reading Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (ASIEP-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ) Autism Services Center (ASC), Huntington, West Virginia Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities References and Reading Autism Society Major Areas or Mission Statement The Autism Society Major Activities References and Reading Autism Speaks Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Funding Autism Science Assessing the Impact of Research Grant Funding Science Programs and Initiatives Awareness Family Services Advocacy Major Activities Research Grant Programs Science Initiatives Clinical Programs Autism Spectrum Addendum (ASA) Autism Spectrum Addendum to the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Parent Interview Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometrics Clinical Uses References and Reading Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism Spectrum Disorder and PDA Traits Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism Spectrum Rating Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Autism Theory Definition Cognitive Theories of Autism Theory of Mind Executive (Dys)Functioning Central Coherence Theory Single Attention/Monotropism Joint Attention Empathizing/Systemizing Theory Interaction Theory Narrative Practice Hypothesis Sensorially Disturbed Interaction Hypothesis Time-Parsing Deficit Hypothesis Enactive Mind Hypothesis Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Model Future Directions See Also References and Reading Autism Traits and Parenting Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Autism: Social Communication Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Autism-Europe Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities Representing Persons with Autism and Defending Their Interests at the European Level Disseminating Evidence-Based Information About Autism as well as Promoting the Exchange of Knowledge and Best Practices on the... Promoting General Awareness of Autism Liaising with Other Non Governmental Organizations Sharing Similar Objectives References and Reading Autistic Autistic Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Autistic Regression Autistic Savants Definition See Also References and Reading Autistic Spectrum Quotient (AQ-9) Autistic Traits and Auditory Discrimination Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Autistic Traits in Prison Populations Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prevalence Core Autistic Traits and Imprisonment Other Risk Factors Service Provision for Autistic People in Prisons Future Directions See Also References and Reading Autobiographical Memory Autobiographical Writings Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Autonomic Nervous System Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Autonomous Living Autonomy Autosomal Recessive Disorder AUTS18 Aventyl Hydrochloride Aversive/Nonaversive Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading AVLT Avoidant Personality Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Psychopathology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading AXCAM Ayres, A. Jean Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography Biography: A. Jean Ayres See Also References and Reading Selected Articles by A. Jean Ayres Azaleptin B Babbling Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Babysitter Training Guide for Families with Individuals with ASD Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Bad Science Balovaptan Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Banophen [OTC] Banophen Anti-itch [OTC] Barbiturates Barnes Akathisia Scale Definition See Also References and Reading Barriers and Facilitators that Prevent and Enable Physical Healthcare Services Access for Autistic Adults Definition See Also References and Reading Barriers to and Facilitators of Successful Early School Transitions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Barriers to Formal Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Basal Ganglia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading BASC-2 BASC-3 BASC-III Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Baseline Definition See Also References and Reading Bayley Scales of Infants Development-II Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Bayley-III BCaBA BCBA BCBA-D BDQ Beate Hermelin Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Sample References Bed-Wetting Beery VMI Beery VMI Motor Coordination Test Beery VMI Visual Perception Test Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavior Definition References and Reading Behavior Analysis Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavior Analyst Certification Board Behavior Analyst Certification Board Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition Synonyms Definition References and Reading Behavior Development Questionnaire Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavior Modification Definition See Also References and Reading Behavior Observation Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavior Plan Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavior Rating Instrument for Autistic and Atypical Children (BRIAAC) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavior Rating Scale (BRS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavior Rehearsal Definition See Also References and Reading Behavior Summarized Evaluation-Revised (BSE-R) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Inter-rater Reliability Convergent Validity Study Sensitivity and Specificity Study Clinical Uses Biological Measures Sensitivity to Treatment Effects Family Home Movies: Early Signs Parents´ Rating of Improvement References and Reading Behavior Therapy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Behavioral Approaches Behavioral Artistry: The Relationship Between Interpersonal Skills and Effective Treatment Repertoires of Applied Behavior Ana... Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavioral Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavioral Assessment Scale of Oral Functions in Feeding Description Historical Background Psychometric Data References and Reading Behavioral Curricula Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Functional Behavior Operationalizing Behaviors and Objectives Measuring Behavior Individualization Targeting Prerequisite Skills and Interfering Behaviors Empirical Support Existing Behavioral Curricula The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) Strategies for Teaching Based on Autism Research (STAR) The Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP) Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavioral Development Questionnaire Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Behavioral Disorder Behavioral Flexibility Behavioral Health Rehabilitation (BHR) Services Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Behavioral Momentum Definition References Behavioral Objective Definition References and Reading Behavioral Objectives Behavioral Skills Training Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behavioral Specialist Behaviorally Based Social Skill Groups Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Behaviorism Definition Historical Background Behaviorists Current Knowledge Approaches Types of Conditioning Molecular Versus Molar Behaviorism Applications Future Directions See Also References and Reading Behaviorist Theory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Bell-Shaped Curve Benadryl Benadryl Allergy [OTC] Benadryl Allergy Quick Dissolve [OTC] Benadryl Children´s Allergy [OTC] Benadryl Children´s Allergy Fastmelt [OTC] Benadryl Children´s Allergy Perfect Measure Benadryl Children´s Allergy Quick Dissolve [OTC] [DSC] Benadryl Children´s Dye-Free Allergy [OTC] Benadryl Dye-Free Allergy [OTC] Benadryl Itch Relief Extra Strength [OTC] Benadryl Itch Stopping [OTC] Benadryl Itch Stopping Extra Strength [OTC] Benchmark Benchmark Data Benchmarks Bender Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test II Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Bender, Lauretta Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Bender-Gestalt II Beneficiary Definition Basic Definition Who May Be a Beneficiary Rights of a Beneficiary See Also References and Reading Benhaven Residential Services Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavior Support Plan Development Skills Assessment and Individualized Program Development Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Beta-Adrenergic Antagonist Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Beta-Alanyl-L-Histidine Bettelheim, Bruno Short Biography References and Reading Better OutcOmes and Successful Transitions for Autism (BOOST-A) Program, The Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading BG-II Bias Bias in Assessment Instruments for Autism Introduction Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading BIG-2 Bilingualism and Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Bilingual Language Development in Toddlers and Preschoolers Bilingual Language Development at School Age Future Directions See Also References and Reading Biological Motion Synonyms Definition References and Reading Biomarker Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Specificity of Biomarkers Individual Versus Composite Biomarkers Developmental Considerations Differences At the Group and Individual Level Current Efforts in Biomarker Discovery Future Directions Applicability Objectivity Sensitivity Cost and Scalability Conclusion See Also References and Reading Biomedical Engineer Birth Complications Definition Definitions Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Birth Order Birth Order Effects in Autism Synonyms Definition References and Reading Birth Rank Effect Birth-to-Three BITSEA BITSEA-ASD Subscales Blindness Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Blitz-Nick-Salaam Krämpfe Block Design Subtest Definition See Also References and Reading Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependence Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) Contrast Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) Signal Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Blüm Study Board Certified Associate Behavior Analyst Synonyms Definition Body Movements, Imitation of Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Bogus Therapy Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Comprehensive Case Management Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading BOS BOT-2 BOTMP Bound Morphemes Brachmann-de Lange Syndrome Brain Connectivity Theories of Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Brainstem Audiometry Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response, BAER Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses in Autism (BAERs) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Brainstem Evoked Response (BER) Brazil and Autism Services and Social Policies Instruments for Diagnosis and Standard Scales in Brazil Neuropsychological and Speech Pathology Evaluation Genetic Evaluation in Brazilian Clinical Practice Overview of Current Treatments and Research Related to Treatment Strategies Priorities and Future Directions References and Reading BRI (Behavior Regulation Index) BRIAAC BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) BRIEF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Broader Autism Phenotype Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Broca´s Aphasia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Brodmann´s Area 4 Brodmann´s Areas Definition See Also References and Reading BRS Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Synonyms Definition Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Bruxism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading BSE BSE-R Buckhannon Versus West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources: Definition of Prevailing Party Definition In General Implications for ASD Students Litigation Strategies See Also References and Reading Bulimia Nervosa Bullying Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology/Clinical Expression Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion References and Reading Bupropion Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Buspar Buspirone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading C CABS California Verbal Learning Test, Children´s Version (CVLT-C) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Callosotomy (Surgical Severing) Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Synonyms Description CANTAB - Induction Motor Screening (MOT) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Big/Little Circle (BLC) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Visual Memory Delayed Matching to Sample Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Paired Associates Learning (PAL) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes CANTAB - Executive Function, Working Memory, and Planning Tests Attention Switching Task (AST) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Spatial Span (SSP) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Spatial Working Memory (SWM) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes CANTAB Attention Tests Choice Reaction Time Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Reaction Time (RTI) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Simple Reaction Time (SRT) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes CANTAB - Semantic/Verbal Memory Tests Graded Naming Test (GNT) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Notes Test Modes Verbal Recognition Memory (VRM) Overview Task Outcome Measures Notes Test Modes CANTAB - Decision Making and Response Control Tests Affective Go/No-go (AGN) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Note Test Modes Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Information Sampling Task (IST) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Stop Signal Task (SST) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Social Cognition Emotion Recognition Task (ERT) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Other Tests Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) Overview Administration Time Task Outcome Measures Test Modes Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses Drugs See Also References and Reading Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Can´t Versus Won´t Dilemma Definition References and Reading Canada and Autism Background Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Early Diagnosis and Intervention School-Aged Children Adults Specific Issues Overview of Research Directions Pathways Genetics Current Controversies See Also References and Reading Canadian Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CCRC) Candidate Genes in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Genome-Wide Linkage Studies Candidate Gene and Genome-Wide Association Studies Cytogenetic Analysis Whole-Exome Sequencing Expression Arrays Future Directions Whole-Genome Sequencing: Exome and Regulome See Also References and Reading CANTAB Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Capgras Delusion Capgras Delusion Syndrome Capgras Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Psychodynamic and Other Psychologically Comprehensive Theories Cognitive Neuropsychiatric Theories Structural and Functional Brain Findings Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Capute Scales (Along with Cognitive Adaptive Test) Care Pathway for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder on an Inpatient Psychiatric Service Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Caregiver Consent to a Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Research Registry Definition References and Reading Caregiver Training Program Carnosine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading CARS CARS, Second Edition, High-Functioning Version CARS, Second Edition, Questionnaire for Parents or Caregivers CARS, Second Edition, Standard Version CARS2-HF CARS2-QPC CARS2-ST Case Report Case Study Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Casein Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading CASL CAT/CLAMS Catapres Catatonia Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism Types of Catatonia Manifestations in Autism Possible Early Signs Common Manifestations and Symptoms Other Manifestations and Associated Behaviors Secondary Difficulties and Consequences Summary of Key Aspects of Autism-Related Catatonia Assessment Interventions and Management Psycho-Ecological Approach Caution About Medical Interventions See Also References and Reading CATCH 22 (Chromosome 22q11 Deletion Syndrome) Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Catecholamine System Structure Dopaminergic System Function Pathophysiology See Also Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Synonyms Definition See Also Category Fluency CAT-Q Caudate Caudate Nucleus Synonyms Structure Anatomical Structure Histology Neural Connections Pathways Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Cause and Effect CBCL 1.5-5 CBCL 6-18 CCC-2 CCPT CDCVH CDIs CdLS CDT Ceiling Effect Definition CELF Preschool - 2 CELF-5 Description Diagnostic Battery Administration Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Center-Based Programs Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Central Auditory Processing Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) Central Nervous System (CNS) Cerebellar Abnormalities in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Neuropathology Molecular/Cellular Neurobiology Neuroimaging Structural MRI Functional MRI Other Neuroimaging Modalities Clinical Testing Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cerebellum Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Cerebral Cortex Synonyms Definition Anatomical Organization Functional Organization See Also References and Reading Cerebral Gigantism Cerebral Palsy Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Natural History Prognostic Factors and Outcome Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Spastic Syndromes Spastic Diplegia Spastic Quadriplegia Spastic Hemiplegia Dyskinetic-Dystonic Hypotonia and Ataxia Associated Impairments Intellectual Disability (ID) Epilepsy Visual Disturbances Digestive Disorders Orthopedic Disorders Urinary Disorders Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Investigations MRI Metabolic Investigations Other Investigations Treatment See Also References and Reading Cerebroatrophic Hyperammonemia Cerebrospinal Fluid Synonyms Definition CSF Composition CSF Functions Relevance of CSF to Autism References and Reading Cerebrospinal Fluid 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Cerebrospinal Fluid Homovanillic Acid Certified Rehabilitation Counselor Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) CET Chaining Definition See Also References and Reading Challenging Behavior Definition See Also References and Reading Change Detection CHARGE Association CHARGE Syndrome Synonyms Definition References and Reading Charter School Definition Reference and Reading CHAT CHD8 Synonyms Structure Function Path of Physiology References and Reading Checklist for Autism in Toddlers Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Chelation Definition References and Reading Chess, Stella Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Child Abuse in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Child and Family Characteristics that Predict Clinic Appointment Attendance and Alignment with Providers Definition See Also References and Reading Child and Family-Centered Intervention Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 Child Behavior Checklist in Autism Synonyms Abbreviations Description Introduction CBCL Scales Historical Background Studies of the CBCL in ASD Samples Psychometric Data Test Development and Psychometric Properties Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Child Language Child Psychotherapy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Child-Centered Approaches Definition References and Reading Child-Focused Approaches Childhood Aphasia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) Childhood Autism Childhood Autism Rating Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Childhood Psychosis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Childhood Schizophrenia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Premorbid Development Risk Factors Obstetric Complications Eye Tracking Familial Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Familial Neurocognitive Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorder and COS Neurocognitive Functioning in COS Probands Comorbid Disorders Cortical Development in COS Genetic Studies Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Adverse Effects of Clozapine Neutropenia and Akathisia Weight Gain See Also References and Reading Childhood-Onset Pervasive Developmental Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Children with Autism in Foster Care Definition Historical Background Foster Care and Autism Future Directions References and Reading Children´s Communication Checklist (CCC-2) Synonyms Description Uses of the CCC-2 Application and Availability Historical Background Checklist for Language-Impaired Children (CLIC and CLIC-2) The Children´s Communication Checklist: Original Version Development of CCC-2 CCC-2, US version Psychometric Data Australian Sample CCC-2, US Edition Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Children´s Communication Checklist, Version 2 Children´s Global Assessment Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Children´s Psychiatric Rating Scale Synonyms Abbreviations Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Children´s Social Behavior Questionnaire Children´s Unit for Treatment and Evaluation (State University of New York at Binghamton) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Family Focus Technological Innovation Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Chile and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Services Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Public Health Care Private Health Care Obstacles to Quality Service Provision Financial Burden Diagnosis Cultural Aspects Centralization Service Provision Educational Services Integration Programs Organizations for ASD Overview of Research Directions Clinical Description Genetics Treatment Review of Aetiologies and Alternative Treatments Government Publications Ministry of Education Ministry of Health Social Policy and Training Acknowledgment References and Reading China and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Services Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading Chlorpromazine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Cholinergic Cholinergic System Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Christopher Gillberg Major Appointments Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading CHRNA7 Deletions Chromosomal Abnormalities Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Chromosome 15q11-q13 Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Chronic Dyskinesia Chronic Hairpulling Chronological Age Appropriateness CII Cingulate Cortex Definition See Also References and Reading Cingulum Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Cingulum Bundle Cipralex (Canada) Circle of Friends Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Circumstantial Thinking Circumstantiality Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading cis-N,N-Dimethyl-9-[3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-propylidene] thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide Citalopram Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Citrate and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Citric Acid Civil Rights Act of 1964 Definition Principles of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Healthcare Discrimination and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Increased Recognition of Discrimination Issues as Social Determinants of Health History See Also References and Reading CLAMS Clancy Autism Behavior Scale Clancy Behavior Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Class Versus Variable Classical Conditioning Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Classroom Aide Classroom Management Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Classroom Structure Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Client Assistance Program Client Emotional Processing Scale for Autism Spectrum Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Client Emotional Processing Scale for Autism Spectrum (CEPS-AS) Clinical Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge General Considerations in the Clinical Assessment of ASD Specific Guidelines and Procedures in the Clinical Assessment of ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Clinical Depression Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals: Preschool - Second Edition (CELF Preschool-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Clinical Psychology Definition See Also References and Reading Clinical Significance Definition See Also References and Reading Clinical Social Worker Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Clinician Clock Drawing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Clock-Drawing Test Clomipramine Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Clomipramine (CMI) Hydrochloride Clonazepam: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Clonidine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Clonidine ER Clonotril Clopine Clozapine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Cluster Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cluster Reports and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Clusters of Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cluttering CM-AT Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading CNTN4 CNTN4: Contactin 4 Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading CNVs Coaching Students with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cochlea Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Codic (Verbal Behavior) References and Reading Coefficient Alpha Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and ASD Definition Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cognitive Bias Cognitive Control Circuitry Cognitive Correlates of Reciprocity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Reciprocity in Children with ASD Theory of Mind in Children with ASD Executive Function in Children with ASD Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cognitive Delay Cognitive Enhancement Therapy Synonyms Definition Historical Background Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References Cognitive Flexibility Synonyms Definition See Also References Cognitive Measures Cognitive Rehabilitation Cognitive Remediation Cognitive Shifting Cognitive Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Cognitive Level and IQ in ASD Attention in Autism Learning and Memory in Autism Reasoning and Problem Solving in Autism Future Directions References and Reading Cohen Syndrome Definition Historical Background History Genetics and Etiology Incidence and Prevalence Diagnosis Current Knowledge Differential Diagnosis Specific Characteristics Neurological Craniofacial Ophthalmologic Musculoskeletal Endocrine Developmental Delay and Mental Retardation Behavioral Infections Cardiovascular Future Directions Management See Also References and Reading Cohen, Donald J. Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Edited Books Select Articles (In Reverse Chronological Order) Cohort Studies Collaborative Consultation Collaborative Intervention Collaborative Program of Excellence in Autism Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities References and Reading Collaborative Teaming Collaborative Teaming Model Collateral Effects of Youth Disruptive Behavior Disorders on Mothers´ Psychological Distress: Intellectual Disability, or Typi... Definition Historical Background Impact of Child Developmental Disability on the Family Current Knowledge Child Developmental Disability and Collateral Behavior Problems and/or Mental Disorder Dispositional Optimism and Positive Beliefs: Buffering the Impact of Child Developmental Disability and Comorbid Behavior/Ment... Future Directions References and Reading College Transitional Programs Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Colossal Commissure Combat Disorder Combat Fatigue Combat Neurosis Comic Strip Conversations Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Comics Command Comment Commercial Hair Analysis Common Disease-Common Variant Hypothesis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Common Disease-Rare Variant Hypothesis Definition See Also References and Reading Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales - Developmental Profile Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales - Normed Edition (2003) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Communication Assessment Definition See Also References and Reading Communication Board Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Communication Disorder Communication Disorder/Communication Impairment Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Communication Impairments Communication Intention Inventory Synonyms Description Historical Background Administration Scoring Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Communication Intentions Communication Interventions Definition See Also References and Reading Communication Services Communicative Acquisition in ASD Short Description or Definition Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Communicative Act Communicative Development Inventories Description 2nd Edition CDIs (2007) Spanish CDIs Additional Developments CDI Short Forms Other Language Adaptations Historical Background Psychometric Data Normative Samples Reliability Validity CDI-III CDI Short Forms Clinical Uses Administration and Scoring Parent-Report Pros and Cons Clinical Uses for the Parent-Report CDIs See Also References and Reading CDI Advisory Board and Website Other-Language Adaptations Lex2005 Database CDI Scoring Program (2004) References Communicative Functions Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Communicative Intent Community Services Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Community Sport Community Work Crew Community-Based Services Community-Based Work Team Community-Integrated Residential Services for Adults with Autism Definition Historical Background Eugenics and Segregation Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Challenges to Institutionalization Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Comorbid ASD Comorbidity Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Comparison of Diagnostic Instruments for ASD Introduction Current Knowledge Interview-Based Instruments Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO; Wing et al. 2002) The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; Lord 1994) Observation-Based Instruments The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Comparison of Diagnostic Instruments Future Directions See Also References and Reading Comparison of High-Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading COMPASS for Hope Training Program Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Competitive Employment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Complete Agenesis Complete Exhaustion Components of Advance Theory of Mind in Autism Spectrum Disorder Short Description or Definition Historical Background Autism Origins as a Distinct Diagnostic Entity ASD and ToM Connection Current Knowledge Advanced ToM Distinct Theoretical Components of ToM How Is Cognitive and Affective ToM Being Measured Up to Now? Novelties Measuring ToM Future Directions See Also References and Reading Compoz Nighttime Sleep Aid [OTC] Comprehension Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Comprehensive Transition Program Definition See Also References and Reading Compulsiveness Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) Computed Tomography Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Computer-Assisted Instruction to Teach Academic Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Computer-Based Intervention Assistive Technology Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading COMT Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE) Conduct Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Web-Sites Confidentiality Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Confirmatory Factor Analysis Congenital Aphasia Congenital Disorders Definition See Also References and Reading Congenital Metabolic Diseases Conners´ Continuous Performance Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Conners´ Parent Rating Scale Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Conners´ Teacher Rating Scale Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Consent Synonyms Definition In General Standard Current Law ASD Application See Also References and Reading Consequence-Based Interventions Definition See Also References and Reading Conservatorship Conservatorship (Full Conservatorship and Limited Conservatorship) Definition Principles of Conservatorship Conservatorship Terminology Legal Capacity in Conservatorship Cases Starting a Conservatorship Ending a Conservatorship See Also References and Reading Constipation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Consulting Teacher Contactin-Associated Protein 2 Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Contingencies of Reinforcement Definition See Also References and Reading Contingency Contracting Definition See Also References and Reading Continuous Data Collection Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Continuous Measurement Continuous Recording Control Controlled Oral Word Association Controlling Prompt Conversational Discourse Conversational Manner Definition See Also References and Reading Convulsion Co-occurring ASD Cooing Cooperative Groups Copy Number Variation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Co-regulation Corneal Reflex Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Synonyms See Also References and Reading Corpus Callosum Synonyms Definition Relevance to ASD See Also References and Reading Corpus Callosum Abnormalities in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Correlation Introduction Definition Brief Historicity of the Correlation Coefficient r An Application of r The Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD) Applying the BESD to the Success of Psychotherapy Intervention Concluding Comments See Also References and Reading Correlational Cortex Cortical Deafness Cortical Language Areas Synonyms Structure Anatomical Organization of Language Cortex in Autism Anatomical Connectivity of Cortical Language Areas Function Functional Specialization of Language Cortex in ASD Differential Recruitment of the Hemispheres Differential Functional Activation and Functional Connectivity of Core Language Areas Compensatory Strategies Conclusion Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Cortical Remapping Cortical Rewiring Cortisol, Serum Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Counterfeit Deviance Definition See Also References and Reading Course of Development Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Course of Social Avoidance in Fragile X Syndrome, The Definition See Also References and Reading Court Decision (ASD Related) Definition References and Reading Important ASD-Related Court Decisions COVID-19 and Its Impact on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Description of COVID-19 Current Knowledge State of Emergency COVID-19 Effects on Mental Health COVID-19 Disruptions in the ASD Community Advice to Help Individuals with ASD to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic Future Directions Bibliography CP CPEP-3 CPRS CPT CPT-II Craniofacial Microsomia Craniognomy Craniology Cranioscopy Creak, Mildred Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Creativity Criminality, Interactions with Law Enforcement, and Potential Correlates of Juvenile Justice Involvement Among Youth with Auti... Objectives ASD and Crime in the Media Youth with ASD in the JJS Prevalence Rates Types of Crimes A Comparison with Adult Offenders with ASD Associated Factors of JJS Involvement School Discipline Externalizing Behaviors ASD and Law Enforcement Interaction with Law Enforcers Training Programs for Law Enforcers Future Directions Suggestions for Law Enforcers Suggestions for Caregivers References and Reading Criterion Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Criterion Referenced Assessment Criterion-Referenced Assessment Criterion-Referenced Testing Synonyms Definition Criterion-Referenced Tests See Also References and Reading Criterion-Referenced Tests Critical Autism Studies Synonyms Definition Introduction Disability Studies Neurodiversity Movement Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Cronbach´s Alpha Synonyms Definition References and Reading Cross Eye Cross-Training Crystallized Intelligence Definition See Also References and Reading CSBQ (Children´s Social Behavior Questionnaire) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading CSBS CSBS-DP CSF CSF 5-HIAA Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading CSF HVA Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading CT Culturally Responsive Assessment of Language and the Challenge Within Standardized Tests Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge CSBS DELV-NR CELF-P2 TTFC-2 PLS-5 Future Directions See Also References and Reading Culturally Sensitive Social Competence Training Program for Chinese High-Functioning Adolescents with ASD, A Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Culture and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prevalence Diagnostic Processes Treatment Family Functioning Future Directions See Also References and Reading Cumulative Incidence Cumulative Risk Curriculum Definition Historical Background Future Directions See Also References and Reading Curvature of the Spine Custodial Grandparents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading CVLT - Children´s Version CVLTC CVLT-C Cyclohexitol Cylert Cymbalta D Daily Activities Daily Living Skills Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Daily Routines Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Daily Self-Care Activities DAISI DAMP DAMP Syndrome D-Amphetamine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DAP:IQ DAS DAS-II D-Cycloserine: Definition Synonyms Definition References and Reading DDST de Lange Syndrome Deaf-Blind Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Deafness Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Deborah Fein Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Declarative Memory Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Decoding Skills Synonyms Definition References and Reading Deep Pressure Proprioception Touch Technique Synonyms References and Reading Deficits in Attention, Motor Control, and Perception Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Definition: Metaphor Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DeGangi-Berk DeGangi-Berk Test of Sensory Integration Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Deictic Terms Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Deixis DEL22q13.3 (Entrez Gene, OMIM, Uniprot) Delaware Autism Program Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading Delay, Deviance Versus Definition See Also References and Reading Delayed Echolalia Delusion of Doubles Delusion of Duplicates Delusion of Negative Doubles Delusion of Substitution Delusional Hypoidentification DELV-NR Demand Demographics and the Age of Autism Diagnosis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Dendrite Definition See Also References and Reading Dendritic Cells and Their Expression of Costimulatory Molecules in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Background Dendritic Cells Costimulatory Molecules B7 (CD80/CD86) Dendritic Cells and Costimulatory Molecules in Autism Spectrum Disorders Myeloid Dendritic Cells (mDCs) Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) Costimulatory Molecules CD80 and CD86 Conclusion References and Reading Dental Care Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prevention Appointment Preparation and the Dental Visit Pharmacological Treatment Aids Future Directions See Also References and Reading Denver Development Screening Test (DDST) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Denver II Denzapine Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Depade Depakene Synonyms Indications Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Department of Vocational Rehabilitation Synonyms Definition Types of Vocational Rehabilitation Services See Also References and Reading Depressive Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Depressive Disorders Derailment Dermamycin [OTC] Dermatoglyphic Patterns Definition See Also References and Reading Descriptive Research Desensitization Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Systematic Desensitization and Autism Spectrum Disorders Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Desipramine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Desyrel Detection of Autism by Infant Sociability Interview Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses The DAISI Schedule See Also References and Reading Detriment in Skill Developing Countries and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Detection and Diagnosis of ASD Evidence-Based Therapies Family Support Systems Education Research and Surveillance Future Directions Diagnosis Evidence-Based Therapy Family Education Research and Surveillance See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Developmental Apraxia Synonyms Short Description or Definition References and Reading Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS) Developmental Change Definition Developmental Change at the Genetic Level Developmental Change at the Neural Level Developmental Change at the Cognitive Level Developmental Change at the Environmental Level See Also References and Reading Developmental Continuum (Principles of TEACCH) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Developmental Coordination Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Developmental Delay Definition See Also References and Reading Developmental Disabilities Synonyms Definition Major Types References and Reading Developmental Disabilities - Children´s Global Assessment Scale (DD-CGAS) Developmental Disability (Ontario) Developmental Disability (Ontario), Mental Retardation (Former Term) Developmental Dyscalculia Developmental Dysphasia Developmental Dyspraxia Developmental Intervention Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Mechanisms of Change Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Developmental Language Delay/Disorder Developmental Language Disorder Developmental Milestones Definition See Also References and Reading Developmental Reading Disorder Developmental Right-Hemisphere Syndrome Developmental Shifts Across Lifespan Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration Developmental Verbal Apraxia (or Dyspraxia) Developmental, Dimensional, and Diagnostic Interview (3Di) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Developmental, Psychiatric, and Genetic Profiles of the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Clinical Expression Genetics Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Developmentally Appropriate Practice Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Developmental-Pragmatic Approaches/Strategies Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Deviant Sexual Behavior Dexamfetamine Dexedrine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Dextroamphetamine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Diagnosis Diagnosis and Classification Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnosis of Autism with Low Mental Age Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) Diagnostic Behavioral Assessment for Autism Spectrum Disorders-Revised (DiBAS-R) Diagnostic Boundaries of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation (DELV-Norm Referenced) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Instruments in Autistic Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Parent Questionnaires Semistructured Interviews Observational Measures Future Directions References and Reading Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Interviews Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Content of the Interview The Format of the Diagnostic Interview Implementing the Interview Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Overshadowing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Process Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diagnostic Substitution Definition See Also References and Reading Diastat Diazepam Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DiBAS-R Validation Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Dichotic Listening Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Didactic Approaches Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Differential Ability Scales Differential Ability Scales (DAS and DAS-II) Synonyms Description Core Batteries of the DAS-II Diagnostic Subtests of the DAS-II Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Differential Reinforcement Definition Current Knowledge References and Reading Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Differential Reinforcement Procedures of Alternative Behavior (DRA/DRAlt) of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Differential Reinforcement Procedures of Other Behavior (DRO) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Voxel-Wise Region of Interest (ROI) Tractography Combination DTI Multimodal MRI Future Directions See Also References and Reading DiGeorge Syndrome Digital, Block-Based Coding of Robots for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition References and Reading Digitigrade Gait Dimensional Versus Categorical Classification Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Dimethylglycine Synonyms Definition References and Reading Diminished Capacity Diminished Responsibility Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Diphen [OTC] Diphenhist [OTC] Diphenhydramine Synonyms Definition Side Effects See Also References and Reading Diphenhydramine HCl Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DIR Model (Developmental, Individual Difference, Relationship Based): A Parent-Mediated Mental Health Approach to Autism Spect... Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Direct Instruction Definition See Also References and Reading Direct Observation Definition References and Reading Direct Observation Scales Definition See Also References and Reading Directive Play Therapy Disability Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DISCO Discontinuous Data Collection Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Discontinuous Measurement Discourse Management Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Discrete Versus Continuous Discretionary Trust Discretionary Trust See Also References and Reading Sources Discrimination Discrimination Training Discriminative Stimulus Disfluency Disguised Mands Definition See Also References and Reading Disinhibited Attachment Disorder Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Disintegrative Disorder Disorder of Executive Dysfunction Disordered Attachment Disparities Among African Americans with Autism Historical Background Overview of Current Research Future Directions References and Reading Disparities in ASD Diagnosis Dispute Resolution Procedures Definition Types of Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures Arbitration Mediation Negotiation See Also References and Reading Disruptive Behavior Dissocial Behavior Distributed Practice Definition References and Reading Distribution-Free Statistics Divalproex Divalproex Sodium (Depakote, Depakote ER/CP) Dizygotic (DZ) Twins Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading D-KEFS DMG DNA Domenic Cicchetti Biography See Also References and Reading Dominance, Cerebral Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DONEP Donepezil: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Dopamine Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Dormicum Dorsal Medial-Frontal Cortex Definition See Also Reference and Reading Double Empathy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Studies of Mindreading Studies of Forming First Impressions Studies of Metaperception Neurodiverse Interactions Interventions Addressing the DEP Future Directions See Also References and Reading Double-Blind Study Definition References and Reading Douglass Development Disabilities Center Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities Direct Service to People with Autism Consultation to Schools and Families Other Services to Families Educating Undergraduate and Graduate Students The Research Mission of the DDDC See Also Down Syndrome Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Down´s Syndrome Doxepin Drama and Autism Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Draw-a-Person Intellectual Ability Test for Children, Adolescents, and Adults Driving Hazard Perception in ASD Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DSM-5 Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading DSM-5 and Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading DSM-III Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading DSM-III-R Definition See Also References and Reading DSM-IV Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The DSM-IV Field Trial Future Directions See Also References and Reading DSM-IV Field Trial Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also Appendix References and Reading Duane, Alexander Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography Due Process Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Dulane Duloxetine: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Duplic (Verbal Behavior) References and Reading Duplin Durability of Treatment Effects Duzela Dysarthria Definition See Also References and Reading Dyscalculia Synonyms Definition References and Reading Dyschezia Dysexecutive Syndrome Dysfluency Dysgenesis (Malformation) Dysgraphia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Dyslexia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References and Reading Dysphasia Dysphoria Definition See Also References and Reading Dyspraxia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Dystaxia Dysthymia Dystonia Definition See Also References and Reading Dytan E Early Childhood Tutor Early Diagnosis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Proponents´ View Critics´ Views of EIBI Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Scientific Studies Examining Effectiveness Critiques of EIBI Publications That Review EIBI and Other Early Intervention Programs Books for Parents Websites Early Intervention Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Early Language Milestone Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Early Language Milestone Scale-2 Early Literacy Early Multiword Utterances Early School Beginnings Early Social Communication Early Social-Communication Scales (ESCS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Early Stanford-Binet, Fifth Edition (Early SB5) Early Start Denver Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Early-Life Exposure to Antibiotics and Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Eating Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Disturbed Eating Behaviors in ASD Proposed Underlying Mechanisms in Disturbed Eating Behaviors in ASD Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading ECHO Autism STAT Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Echolalia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Ecological Inventory Definition References and Reading Ecological Model Ecological Model of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Ecological Validity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading ECT EDI Edinburgh Handedness Inventory Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Education Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Program Quality Indicators Sample Schedule and Activities Future Directions See Also References and Reading Education as Therapy Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL94-14 L) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Educational Assistant Educational Interventions Definition See Also References and Reading Educational Psychology Definition See Also References and Reading Educational Psychotherapy Educational Testing Synonyms Definition References and Reading Educational Therapy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading EEG Abnormalities as a Biomarker of Severity in ASD Synonyms Definition References and Reading EEG Anomalies EEG Connectivity During Social Engagement in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading EEG Discharges Effect of Visual Information on Postural Control in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Effectiveness of a SCERTS Intervention Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Effects of Social Stimuli on Postural Responses Definition of Autism Disorders and Postural Control Historical Background of Postural Control Current Knowledge on Postural Control and Social Cues Future Directions References and Reading Effexor Effexor XR Efficacy Efficacy of Group-Based Organized Physical Activity Participation for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Efficacy of Peer Network Interventions Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Efficiency (Behavioral Assessment) Definition See Also References and Reading Effort (Behavioral Assessment) Synonyms Definition References and Reading Egypt and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Neuroimmunological Aspect of Autism Social Policy and Training See Also References and Reading EHI EI Eisenberg, Leon Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Elated, Euphoric and Grandiose Elavil (Amitriptyline) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Elderly with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Elective Mutism Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Synonyms Definition References and Reading Electroencephalogram (EEG) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Electroencephalography Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Electrophysiology Elementary and Secondary Education Act (No Child Left Behind) Definition References and Reading Elevated, Expansive, or Irritable Mood Elgar, Sybil Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Eligibility (for Services Under IDEA/ADA, etc.) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Private Health Care Insurance Public Health Insurance: Medicaid Conventional Medicaid Eligibility Medicaid ``Waiver´´ Eligibility Patient Protection and Accountable Care Act (PPACA) Disability Benefits Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Education: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Antidiscrimination: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Future Directions See Also References and Reading ELM Scale-2 Elopement Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Weblinks ELS ELS Checklist Emancipatory Autism Studies Embedded Figures Test (EFT) Description Historical Background See Also References and Reading Emergency Department Utilization and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Population Vulnerability Non-psychiatric and Psychiatric ED Visits Risk Factor and Predictors of ED Visits Future Directions References and Reading Emergent Literacy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Emergent Literacy Skills of Preschoolers with Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Emotion and Decision-Making Emotion Awareness and Skills Enhancement (EASE) Program Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Emotion Coregulation Processes Between Parents and Their Children with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions Emotion Coregulation Across Contexts Longitudinal Design Dyadic Repair Clinical Implications See Also References and Reading Emotion Dysregulation Inventory Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Emotion Recognition Emotion Regulation Emotion Regulation Strategies in Preschoolers with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Emotional Intelligence Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Emotional Intelligence in Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Emotional Processing in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Emotional Recognition Emotional Expression Theories Underlying Emotional Processing Deficits in ASD Summary Future Directions See Also References and Reading Emotional Regulation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Emotional Synchrony Emotionally Withdrawn/Inhibited Attachment Disorder Emotion-Focused Therapy for Autism Spectrum Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Empathizing-Systemizing Theory Empathy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Empathy in Individuals with Autism The Development of Empathy Measuring Empathy Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Empirically Supported Treatments Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Employ Employee Development Employee Performance Employment Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Employment Consultant Employment in Adult Life Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Natural Course Mortality Selected Longitudinal Outcome Studies Cognitive Function Associated Co-occurring Conditions Social Relationships Education and Employment Forensic Problems Future Directions See Also References and Reading Employment of Adults with ASD: A Motivational Perspective Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Employment Readiness Skills Employment Services Employment Specialist Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Employment Trends for People with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Enactive Mind Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Enactive Mind Hypothesis Encephalography Enclave Encopresis Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Special Characteristics of Encopresis in Children with Autism Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Treating Anxiety Symptoms Minimizing Understanding Difficulties Treating Physical Causes Treating Sensory Problems Treating Rigidity Problems Treating Refusal to sit on the Toilet Treating Social Difficulties Treating Other Difficulties See Also References and Reading Endep Endep (Amitriptyline) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Endocrine Endophenotypes Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading England and Autism Early History Research Current Centers for Research, Education, and Publishing Advocacy Current Issues and Controversies Gender Behavioural Approaches to Autism Pseudoscience and Cures Employment Legal Perspectives on Autism References and Reading Enhanced Perceptual Functioning Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Entrepreneurial Model Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Entrepreneurial Supports Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Enuresis Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Environmental Engineering/Modifications Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Priming Strategies Setting Modifications Activity-Based Strategies Future Directions See Also References and Reading Environmental Risk Factors for Autism Definition Historical Background and Evidence for a Role of the Environment Current Knowledge Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Maternal Environmental Markers Immune Factors Medication Usage Pregnancy Complications Folic Acid and Related Nutrients Other Prenatal Nutrients Alcohol and Smoking Environmental Chemicals Air Pollution Pesticides Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Other Environmental Chemicals Gene Environment Interactions Conclusions and Future Directions References and Reading EPF Model Epicanthal Fold Epicanthic Fold Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Epicanthus Epidemiology Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Epigenetic Mechanisms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Overview DNA Methylation Histone Modifications Epigenetic Syndromes and ASD Rett Syndrome and Methyl-CpG-Binding Proteins Fragile X Syndrome Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes Epigenetic Modifications in ASD Candidate Genes Environmental Influences on Epigenetic Modifications Future Directions See Also References and Reading Epilepsy Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Clinical Expression Pathophysiology Shared Molecular Pathophysiology Between Autism and Epilepsy Genetic Components Abnormal Brain Development Abnormal GABA Receptor and Excitatory Receptors in Autism Abnormal Neurotransmitter Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders with Autism and Epilepsy as a Phenotype Treatment See Also References and Reading Epilepsy and Autism Epileptiform Abnormalities Epinephrine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Episodic Memory Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Epistasis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Contribution of Epistasis to ``Missing Heritability´´ Epistasis in Autism Physical Interaction Versus Statistical Interaction Statistical Methods to Detect Epistasis from Genetic Data Future Directions The Role of Epistasis in Genetic Susceptibility to Autism Testing Epistasis in Genome-Wide Level The Development of Bioinformatic Approaches Biological Interpretation of Epistasis See Also References and Reading Equilibrium Equinus Gait Equivalence-Based Instruction (EBI) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading ER ERN Error Correction Definition See Also References and Reading Error of Measurement Error-Related Negativity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Erythrocyte Glutathione Peroxidase Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Escape Extinction Escape Training Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Escitalopram Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) FDA-Approved Clinical Uses Clinical Uses of Escitalopram in Autism Spectrum Disorders Side Effects See Also References and Reading ESCS ESP Establishing Operations Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Estate Planning Definition In General Planning for Children with Disabilities, Generally Planning with Private Assets Planning with Public Assets References and Reading Estrogens (Female Sex Hormones) Ethics Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Future References and Reading Ethiopia and Autism Historical Background Historic, Economic, and Cultural History of Ethiopia Education in Ethiopia Mental Health in Ethiopia Autism in Ethiopia Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training See Also References and Reading Ethnography Evaluation of a Transition to University Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Autism at University Understanding Students´ Strengths and Vulnerabilities Interventions Supporting Student Transition to University Current Knowledge University of Bath Autism Summer School (UBASS) Program Feedback and Evaluation Future Directions See Also References and Reading Evaluation of Sensory Processing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Event-Related Potential Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Event-Related Potential (ERP) Everyday Memory Evoked Potentials Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Evoked Response EVT-2 Exactingness Example, Demonstration Exceptionality Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Executive Function (EF) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Executive Functioning and Martial Arts Training in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Executive Functions Executive Functions, Social Impairment, Friendship Quality, and Adjustment in HFA with ASD Definition Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sample References Exercise Exercise in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Experimental Research Explicit Memory Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Exploratory Factor Analysis Exploratory Play Expressive Communication Expressive Dysphasia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Expressive Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Expressive Language Delay Expressive Language Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Expressive Vocabulary Test II Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Extended School Year See Also References and Reading External Validity Extinction Procedures Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Extraordinary Extreme Demand Avoidance Extreme Male Brain (EMB) Theory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Studies of Empathy and Systemizing The Empathy Quotient (EQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) The Role of Social Factors in the Development of Sex Differences The Role of Prenatal Hormones in the Development of Sex Differences Evidence Implicating Testosterone in the Etiology of Autism Conclusions Future Directions See Also References and Reading Eye Contact Eye Gaze Definition Current Knowledge Fixations on Another Person´s Eyes Perception of Direct Gaze Perception of Averted Gaze Future Directions References and Reading Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in Children and Adults with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge EMDR Therapy in Children with ASD EMDR Therapy in Adults with ASD Future Directions Clinical Implications Scientific Implications See Also References and Reading Eyeblink Reflexes Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Eyes Test Eye-to-Eye Gaze Eye-Tracking Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Types of Eye-Trackers Mechanics of Eye Movements and Common Eye-Tracking Outcome Variables Limitations of Eye-Tracking Future Directions See Also References and Reading F Face Blindness Face Perception Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Behavioral Perspectives on Face Perception Neuroanatomical Perspectives on Face Perception Fusiform Gyrus Amygdala Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) Neurophysiological Perspectives on Facial Perception Future Directions References and Reading Face Processing in Autism: Active Avoidance of the Eyes Versus Passive Indifference Definition Current Knowledge Deficits in Facial Identity Deficits in Emotion Cognitive Strategies in Face Processing and Autism Eye Avoidance or Eye Indifference? Eye Avoidance Hypothesis Gaze Indifference Account Future Directions Summary See Also References and Reading Face Processing Tests Face Recognition Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Face Tests Face Validity Definition See Also References and Reading Facial Imitation Facial Inversion Effect Facial Recognition Tests Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Facilitated Communication Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Faciogenital Dysplasia Fact Memory Factor Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Defining the Autism Symptom Phenotype Assessment Tools Used in Autism Grouping Variables and Individuals Future Directions See Also References and Reading Factor Mixture Modeling Factors Affecting Outcome Factors Affecting Outcomes Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Fading Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading FAFSA Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading False Positive Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading False-Belief Task Definition See Also References and Reading Family Accommodation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Family Burden Definition See Also References and Reading Family Therapy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Family-Centered Care, Second Edition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Family-Centered Practice Family-Centered Programming Fanatrex FAST (Functional Assessment Screening Tool) FAS-Test FazaClo FBA Fear Febrile Convulsions Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Febrile Seizures Fecal Impaction Fecal Incontinence Federal Rules of Evidence Definition In General Admission of Relevant Evidence Witness Expert Witnesses Sources References and Reading Feedback Error-Related Negativity (fERN) Feedback on Provider Work Performance Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Feedback-Related Negativity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Feeding Disorder Feeding Problems Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Feingold Diet Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Fenfluramine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Feral Children Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Ferster, C.B. Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Fetal Alcohol Effects Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Neurological Abnormalities Neuropsychological Findings Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Growth The FAS Facial Phenotype Central Nervous System (CNS) Integrity Documenting Prenatal Ethyl-Alcohol Exposure (PAE) Diagnostic Categories Treatment References and Reading Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Mechanisms of Teratogenicity Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Management Prevention See Also References and Reading Fetal Antiepileptic Drug Syndrome (Fetal AED Syndrome) Fetal Carbamazepine Syndrome Fetal Phenytoin Syndrome Fetal Valproate Syndrome (FVS) Fidelity of Implementation Figurative Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Figure-Ground Discrimination Definition See Also References and Reading Figures of Speech Financial Aid Fine Motor Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prevalence Infants and Young Children Older Children and Adolescents Motor Imitation Motor Planning Stereotypic Movements Summary Future Directions See Also References and Reading Finger Oscillation Test Finger-Tapping Test Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Finite Mixture Models First ``Period´´ First Responders and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading First Words Project Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Project Homepage Resource for Clinicians, Parents & Students: ASD Video Glossary (Free of Charge) Fixed Interval Fixed Ratio Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Flat Prosody Flexibility Flight of Ideas Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Floor Effect Definition See Also References and Reading Floor Time/Circle of Communication Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Fludac Fluency and Fluency Disorders Synonyms Incidence and Prevalence Terminology Speech-Language Pathologists See Also References and Reading Fluent Aphasia Fluent Speech Fluid Intelligence Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Fluid Reasoning Fluoxetine Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) FDA-Approved Clinical Uses Clinical Uses of Fluoxetine in Autism Spectrum Disorders Side Effects See Also References and Reading Fluoxin Flutine Fluvoxamine Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) Side Effects See Also References and Reading Fluvoxamine Maleate Fluxil fMRI Fontex Food Intolerance Definition See Also References and Reading Forced-Choice Preference Assessment Formal Complaint Definition Formal Complaint In General Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Americans with Disabilities Act See Also References and Reading FOT France and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Services for Children Different Specialized Structures Can Take Care of Children with Autism Services for Adults Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading Fraternal Twins Fred R. Volkmar Name and Degrees: Volkmar, Fred R. Major Appointments Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Biography See Also References and Reading Free Appropriate Public Education Definition See Also References and Reading Free Recall Definition See Also References and Reading Free-Operant Preference Assessment Friendship Satisfaction in Children with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Friendships Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Friendship Formation Understanding of Friendship Future Directions References and Reading Froidir Frontal Lobe Findings in Autism Synonyms Structure Frontal Lobes: Anatomy and Function Function Pathophysiology Neuropsychological Studies Anatomical Studies Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Studies Functional Imaging Activation Studies Functional Connectivity Studies Perspectives See Also References and Reading Frontal Lobe Functions Frontal Lobe Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Psychosocial Pharmacological See Also References and Reading Frontostriatal Disorder FTT Full Physical Prompt Functional Analysis Functional Analysis Screening Tool Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Functional Analysis: Assessment Procedures for Complex Challenging Behavior Definition Historical Background Contemporary Considerations Future Directions See Also References and Reading Functional Assessment Functional Assessment and Curriculum for Teaching Everyday Routines Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Assessment Phase Instruction Phase Evaluation Phase Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Functional Assessment Screening Tool (FAST) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Functional Behavior Assessment Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Functional Behavior-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior in Children with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Functional Communication Training Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Functional Connectivity Functional Ecological Approach Definition See Also References and Reading Functional Goals Definition References and Reading Functional Integration Functional Life Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Functional Living Skills Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Definition Historical Background fMRI Technology Blood Flow and the Hemodynamic Response Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Functional MRI Functional Play Functional Routines (FR), Teaching Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Functional Speech Functionally Equivalent Alternative Behavior Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Fusiform Gyrus (FG) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading G Gabapentin Synonyms Definition References and Reading Gabarone GAD Games with Rules Gaming Technologies in Rehabilitation of Individuals with Autism Definition and Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Direction See Also References and Reading Gamma-Aminobutyric Agonist Ganglioside Lipidosis Gangliosidoses Synonyms Definition References and Reading GARS GARS-2 Gastrointestinal Disorders and Autism Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Chronic Abdominal Pain Constipation Chronic Diarrhea Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Sleep and Gastrointestinal Disturbance Future Directions See Also References and Reading GAUTENA Autism Society Background and Context Landmark Contributions Major Activities Services Network Diagnosis and Treatment Education Day Service Housing Service Family Support Service Approach to Quality Looking at the Future See Also References and Reading Gaze Definition Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading GEC (Global Executive Composite) Gelotophobia and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Genahist [OTC] Gender Differences Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Gene Regulatory Networks in Autism Structure Function Path of Physiology See Also References and Reading General Anxiety Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading General Case Analysis General Case Model General Case Programming (GCP) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading General Case Teaching, General Case Instruction General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) Generalization and Maintenance Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Generalized Anxiety Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition GAD and Autism Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Impairment/Outcome Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Treatment CBT Medications SSRIs Second-Line Medications Venlafaxine and Duloxetine Tricyclic Antidepressants Benzodiacepines Atypical Antipsychotics Other Medications See Also References and Reading Generative Complexity Definition See Also References and Reading Generativity Genetic Disorders Genetics Definition See Also References and Reading Genome-wide Association Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Geodon Geodon (Ziprasidone) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Geri Dawson Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Since 2000 Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading German Measles Germany and Autism Historical Background Legal Situation Development of Services Research Training References and Reading Gesell, Arnold Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Gestural Imitation Gesture Form and Function in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Gesture Versus Speech: How Does Gesture Communicate? Gesture Production in ASD Co-speech Gestures Enhance the Communicative Signal Co-speech Gestures Benefit a Speakers´ Own Cognitive Processes Co-speech Gestures May Elucidate Qualitative Differences in Behavior in ASD Gesture Comprehension in ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Gestures Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading GI Issues Giftedness Definition See Also References and Reading Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, Third Edition Girls Night Out Model, The Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Rationale Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Improving Social-Emotional Health Greater Independence and Competency in Self-Care and Social Skills Treatment Participants Population Age and Developmental Considerations Other Considerations Treatment Procedures Program Structure GNO Curriculum Related Program Elements and Facilitator Roles Unique Qualities of Treatment Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire (GSQ) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Global and Regional Asperger Syndrome Partnership (GRASP) Global Aphasia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Global Versus Local Processing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Main Accounts Conclusion Future Directions See Also References and Reading Globus Pallidus Synonyms Definition References and Reading Glu Glutamate Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Glutamatergic Gluten-Free Diet Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Goal Attainment of Students with ASD Using COMPASS Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Goldenhar Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology of Goldenhar Syndrome Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Grammar Definition See Also References and Reading Grammatical Morphemes Grand Mal Seizure Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Grandin, Temple Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Grandma´s Rule Grants Gray Matter Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Gray Substance Gross Motor Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Group Research Group Therapy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Group Work and Class Discussions Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Group-Based Early Start Denver Model (G-ESDM) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Group-Based Organized Sport Growth Mixture Modeling GSH-Px1 and Glutathione Hydrogen-Peroxide Oxido-reductase Guanfacine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Guardianship Synonyms Definition Guardianship See Also References and Reading Guided Compliance Definition References and Reading H H1 Receptor Antagonist H1 Receptor Inverse Agonist Habit Reversal Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Hair Analysis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Hair Mineral Analysis Hair Trace Metal Analysis Halcion Haldol Haloperidol Synonyms Definition Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) Clinical Uses in Autism Spectrum Disorders Short-Term Research (4-14 Weeks) Long-Term Research (6 Months or More) Side Effects, per Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals See Also References and Reading Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Handicaps, Behavior and Skills Schedule (HBSS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Hand-Over-Hand Assistance Synonyms Definition See Also Handwriting Difficulty Hanen Approach Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Harris, Sandra Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Hate Crimes/Victimization Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Hatred of Sound Hay Fever HBSS HEA 2008 Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Health Disparities Synonyms Definition References and Reading Health Inequalities Health Inequity Healthcare Transition for Individuals with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Hearing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Hearing Sensitivity Hearing System Hearing Threshold Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Heart-Hand Syndrome Heller, Theodore Name and Degrees Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading HELSNF1 Hemifacial Microsomia Hemispheric Dominance Hemispheric Lateralization Hemispheric Specialization Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (Provision of What Is an Appropriate Program) Definition In General Implications for ASD Students Litigation Strategies See Also References and Reading Heritage Language Use for Intervention in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading HFDT Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 (HEOA) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading High-Functioning Autism (HFA) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge High-Functioning Autism Versus Asperger Syndrome Future Directions See Also References and Reading High-Functioning Autism Diagnostic Interview High-Probability Requests Definition See Also References and Reading High-Throughput Sequencing Hippocampus Definition References and Reading Hippotherapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Histaprin [OTC] Histidinemia Definition History of Autism as a Diagnostic Concept Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Hoarding in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Assessment Treatment Future Directions See Also References and Reading Holliday Willey, Liane Short Biography References and Reading Home Living Skills Home Schooling in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Academic Barriers to School Success for ASD Students Social Barriers to School Success for ASD Students Future Directions See Also References and Reading Home-Based Programs Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Homework/Assignments, Modifications Homework/Assignments, Modifying Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Horizant Hormone HRB Hug Machine Definition Sensory Difference Research on Deep Pressure References and Reading Human Figure Drawing Tests Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Human or Animal Motion Hydramine [OTC] [DSC] Hydrocortisone Hyperactivity Syndrome Hyperkinetic Disorders Hyperlexia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Hyperresponsiveness Definition References and Reading Hyperserotonemia Definition See Also References and Reading Hypo-arousal Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Hypogenesis (Partial Formation) Hypoplasia (Underdevelopment) Hyporesponsiveness Definition References and Reading Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Hypotonia Definition See Also References and Reading I IBSE ICD 10 Research Diagnostic Guidelines Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Iceland and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Icon Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Iconic Systems Definition See Also References and Reading Identical Twins Idioglossia Idiopathic Toe Walking Idiosyncratic Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading IEP Matrix: Manuscript IEP Signature Page IJA/RJA Skills ILAUGH Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Illusion des sosies Imagination Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Imipramine Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) References and Reading Imitation Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Intervening on Imitation Future Directions References and Reading Imitation of Intransitive Actions Imitation of Nonmeaningful Gestures Imitative Speech Immediate Echolalia Immigrant Status (Epidemiological Studies) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Impact of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Social and Behavioral Ratings Within the ADOS Definition See Also References and Reading Inactive Inborn Errors of Metabolism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Incapacity Incidence Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Incidence Density Incidence Rate Incidental Emotional Processing Incidental Teaching Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Inclusion Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Role of Teachers in Inclusive Classrooms Paraeducators General Approaches to Inclusion Inclusion in Early Childhood Classrooms Inclusion for School-Aged Children Future Directions See Also References and Reading Inclusion of Adolescents with ASD in Community Sporting Clubs Synonyms Definition References and Reading Inclusion Specialist Independence Independent Living Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Independent Variable Measurement Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading India and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Policy and Training References and Reading Indicator Indiscriminate Friendliness Indiscriminate Sociability Indiscriminate Social Behavior Indiscriminately Social/Disinhibited Attachment Disorder Individual Appropriates Individual Education Plan Definition Individual Education Program Historical Background Current Knowledge IEP Process IEP Components IEP Team Educational Needs Current Assessment Information Educational Needs Accommodations or Modifications Related Services Assistive Technology Setting Positive Behavior Supports Evaluation Postsecondary Transition 504 Plans Future Directions Summary and Future Directions See Also References and Reading Individualized Education Program (IEP) Team Individualized Family Service Plan Definition IEP Versus IFSP Historical Background Current Knowledge IFSP Process IFSP Components IFSP Team Present Levels of Development Family´s Resources, Priorities, and Concerns Child Outcomes Family Outcomes Natural Environments Services Evaluation Transition Plan Non-part C Services Future Directions See Also References and Reading Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP) Team Individualized Plan for Employment (IPE) Definition Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Other Areas Infant Toddler Checklist Infant/Toddler Checklist Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Infantile Autism Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy Infantile Spasms Syndrome Infantile Spasms/West Syndrome Synonyms Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Prognostic Factors Outcomes Short Term Long Term Autism and Infantile Spasms Epidemiology Etiology and Pathogenesis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Clinical Expression Spasms Electroencephalogram (EEG) Autistic-like Behavior of an Infant Pathophysiology of Infantile Spasms Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Treatment Short-Term Effects ACTH or Oral Steroids? Dose of ACTH? Steroids or Vigabatrin? Tuberous Sclerosis Relapses Side Effects Ketogenic Diet Surgery Conclusion References and Reading Infantile Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Infants with Autism Definition Historical Background Autism Assessment in Infants Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Inferior Colliculi Definition See Also References and Reading Inferior Parietal Area Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Inferior Parietal Gyrus Inferior Temporal Area Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Inferior Temporal Gyrus Inflection Informal Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Information Processing Speed Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Informed Consent Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Inherited Metabolic Diseases Initial Communication Processes Scale Definition See Also References and Reading Initiating Behavior Regulation Initiating Behavioral Requests (IBR) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Initiating/Responding to Joint Attention Skills (IJA/RJA) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Initiation of Communication Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Initiation of Joint Attention Injuries in Children with ASD Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Innate Reflexes Inner Ear Inositol: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Inspection Time ``Instruction, Modelling, Rehearsal, and Feedback,´´ BST Instructional Assistant Instructional Objectives Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental Learning Integrated Play Groups (IPG) Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Integration Synonyms Definition References and Reading Intellectual Developmental Disorder Intellectual Disability Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Prognostic Factors Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Intellectual Disability (ID) Intellectual Impairment Intellectualization of Affect Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Intellectualization of Emotion Intelligence Norms Definition See Also References and Reading Intelligence Quotient Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Intelligence Tests (see Specific Tests) Intentional Intentional Communication Interactive Trauma Scale Synonyms Description History Psychometric Data User Satisfaction Validity and Reliability Clinical Uses References and Reading Interdisciplinary Assessment and Intervention Interdisciplinary Team Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Interests, Circumscribed/All Absorbing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Empirical Findings Theoretical Accounts Conclusion Future Directions See Also References and Reading Interhemispheric White Matter Tract Internalization of Emotion Co-regulatory Support in Children with ASD See Also References and Reading Internet Safety Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions Interventions See Also References and Reading Interoception Definition See Also References and Reading Interpersonal Skills Definition See Also References and Reading Interpersonal Supports Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Interval Intervention Activity Intervention Integrity Intervention Targets and Strategies that Are Related to Increased Quality of Life Outcomes Interventions for Increasing Acceptance of New Foods Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Interventions to Support Transition to Adulthood for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background ASD-Specific Challenges Transition Interventions Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Interventions: Child Centered Approaches Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis (IISCA) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Assessment Participants Assessment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Intestinal Permeability Studies Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Intimate Relationships and Dating Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Intonation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Intraventricular Hemorrhage Intraverbals Definition See Also References and Reading Introduction to the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Reliability Validity Clinical Uses References and Reading Intuitive Thought Intuniv Inventory of Interpersonal Situations (IIS) Inversion Effect Iodothyronine Deiodinase (D2T3) IPSyn IQ IQ test IRR: Inter-rater Reliability Irreversible Dyskinesia Irritability in Autism References and Reading Israel and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues Mandates for Service and Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Ministry of Health Ministry of Education Ministry of Welfare Additional National Insurance Benefits Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Italy and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues and Mandate for Services Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Research Directions Social Policy and Training See Also References and Reading ITC Item Analysis Definition See Also References and Reading Item Response Theory Itinerant Teacher Synonyms Definition References and Reading ITS J Japan and Autism Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading JASPER Definition Goals and Objectives Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy and Effectiveness Information Outcome Measurement Qualification of Treatment Providers References and Reading Job Carving Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Job Coach Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Job Counselor Job Development Job Readiness Joint Attention Definition See Also References and Reading Joubert Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Joubert-Boltshauser Syndrome Judgments Justice Juvenile Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy K KABC-II Kanner, Leo Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Kanner´s Autism Kapvay Karyotype Definition See Also References and Reading Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Kazakhstan and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading KBIT-2 Keppra KIAA1650 Kinesthetic Sense Definition References and Reading Klinefelter Syndrome Synonyms Short Description Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Physical Features and Medical Risk Psychopathology Pathophysiology Structural and Functional Imaging Findings Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Websites Klonopin Klozapol Kolvin, Israel (Issy) Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading KS Kuwait and Autism Abbreviations Historical Background Legal Issues and Mandates for Services Overview of Current Treatment Options and Centers Research Activities Training See Also References and Reading L Label Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading LAD L-Adrenalin Lag Schedules Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions Parameters of Lag Schedules in Applied Settings Social Validity of Lag Schedules Prerequisite Repertoires for Using Lag Schedules Package Interventions Using Lag Schedules See Also References and Reading Lamictal (lamotrigine) Synonyms Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties References and Reading Book Articles in Journal Lamotrigine Language Definition References and Reading Language Acquisition Definition See Also References and Reading Language Acquisition Device Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Language Barriers Impact on Access to Services Definition See Also References Language Comprehension Language Comprehension Disorder/Impairment/Disability Language Cortex Language Development Survey Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Language Disorder Language Impairment/Disorder Language Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Prelinguistic Stage Early Language Intervention Expanding Language Advanced Language Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Behavioral Approaches Developmentally Based Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Language Organ Language Outcome Measures Language Processing Language Style Language Tests Synonyms Description Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Language Understanding Language Use Language Variation Language/Autistic Regression Language-Based Learning Disability Latency Latency of Response Latency, Second Edition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Latent Class Analysis Latent Profile Analysis Latent Time Latent Variable Modeling Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Late-Onset Dyskinesia Law Law Enforcement Agencies and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Reasons for Law Enforcement Engagement Responses of Individuals with Autism Future Directions Information that Law Enforcement Agents Should Have Recognizing a Person with Autism How to Respond to an Individual with Autism See Also References and Reading Suggested Hyperlinks Law Enforcement Knowledge of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Lawson, Wendy Name and Degrees References and Reading Books LDS Lead Exposure and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Lead Poisoning Leaky Gut Syndrome Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Learned Helplessness Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Learning Disabilities Learning Disability Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Learning Disability (UK) Learning Disability (United Kingdom) Learning Disorder Learning Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Learning Experiences, an Alternative Program for Preschoolers and Their Parents (LEAP) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Learning Language Through Overhearing in Children with ASD See Also References and Reading Learning Styles Definition References and Reading Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Lebanon and Autism Country Background Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Services Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Legal Competency Definition Legal Competency Legal Proceedings Medical Decisions Caveat See Also References and Reading Legal System Legal System Involvement Factors Leading to Contact with the Criminal Justice System Assessment of an Individual with ASD in the Criminal Justice System Setting Management Issues: Overview Management: Specific Issues Conclusions See Also References and Reading Leigh Disease Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Leigh Necrotizing Encephalopathy Leigh Syndrome Leigh´s Disease Leisure Participation Patterns for School-Age Youth with Autism Definition Current Knowledge Barriers to Leisure Participation Future Directions References and Reading Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Leiter-R L-Epinehphrine L-Epinephrine Leponex Letter Fluency Letter of Intent Definition Principles of a Letter of Intent Letter of Intent Content Updating and Distributing a Letter of Intent Storage Practices for a Letter of Intent See Also References and Reading Lettick, Amy L. (1921-2017) Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, and Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Yale University Sterling Library Special Collections Levate Levetiracetam: Definition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Levo-Methylaminoethanolcatechol Levoreninum Lexam Lexamil Lexapro Lexicon Liability Definition Liability Tort Liability Malpractice Liability Strict Liability See Also References and Reading Sources Licensed Behavior Analyst Life Satisfaction in Autism Definition See Also References and Reading Life Skills Life Skills Classroom Limbic System Definition Historical Background General Function of Limbic System Structures Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate Cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus Septal Nuclei Current Knowledge Pathology and Dysfunction of the Limbic System in Autism Amygdala Hippocampus Cingulate Cortex See Also References and Reading Limited Interests Linear Regression Linguistic Idiosyncrasies and Neologisms Definition See Also References and Reading Linguistics of Verbal English (LOVE) Linotril Listening Comprehension Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Literacy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Lithium Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) References and Reading Lithium Carbonate Lithium Citrate Litigation, Parent-Initiated The Right of Parents to Initiate Litigation The Procedural Steps Right to Proceed Without an Attorney See Also References and Reading Little Brain Little´s Disease Living Arrangements in Adulthood Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Independent Living Supported Living Group Homes ICF-MR Facilities Future Directions See Also References and Reading Resource List Local Educational Agency Local Educational Authority Synonyms Definition References and Reading Locus Ceruleus Definition See Also References and Reading Lofexidine Definition See Also References and Reading Longitudinal Longitudinal Research in Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Loose Associations Lorazepam Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Lord, Cathy Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Loss of Voice Lovaas Approach Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Lovaas, O. Ivar Name and Degrees Major Appointments Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Lovan Low Registration Definition References and Reading Low-Tech Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Low-Tech System Low-Technology Device Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Loxapine Loxitane Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading L-Tryptophan Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Luvox Luvox CR Luxembourg and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Diagnosis Treatment and Support Education Professional Integration and Training Leisure Activities Assistance Housing Other Non-autism Institutions Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Lyodrin Lysosomal Lipid Storage Disorder M MABC MABC-2 MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Second Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Macedonia and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading Macrocephaly Phenotype and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Macrographia Definition See Also References and Reading Magnetic Resonance Imaging Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Utility and Applicability of MRS Differences Between MRI and MRS 1H MR Spectra in the Human Brain Single-Voxel and Multivoxel Spectroscopy Short- and Long-Echo Spectroscopy 1H MRS Studies of Autism MRS of GABA in Autism Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Magnetoencephalography Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Epileptiform Abnormalities Mirror Neuron System Integrity Face Processing Somatosensory System Auditory/Language Processing Future Directions See Also References and Reading Mainstreaming Maintenance of Treatment Effects Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Major Depression Major Depressive Disorder Maladaptive Behavior Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Male Turner Mand Fluency Training Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Mands Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mania Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Manual Sign Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Manually Coded English (MCE) Marker Marketed as Geodon MAS Massed Practice Definition See Also References and Reading Massive Infantile Spasms Massively Parallel Sequencing Mast Cells and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mastocyte Maternal and Child Health Bureau Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities References and Reading Maternal Hypothyroidism and Autism Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Maternal Obesity and ASD Risk Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Maternal Opioid Prescription in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Potential Mechanisms Current Knowledge Prescription Opioid During the Pregnancy Period in the Study to Explore Early Development Association Between Prescription Opioid Use and Child ASD in an Israeli Health System Limitations Future Directions See Also References and Reading Mathematics Disability May Institute, Second Edition Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading M-CHAT MCT Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Measles and Autism Birth of a Hypothesis Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccination Definition References and Reading Measure Measurement Error Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Measuring Language Change Through Natural Language Samples Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading MECP2 Gene Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Medial Frontal Negativity (MFN) Medial Temporal Lobe Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Medicaid and Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Medical Conditions Associated with Autism Synonyms Background Seizures Genetic Abnormalities Sleep Disorders GI Issues Nutritional Deficiencies Pica Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Medical Education on Autism Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Medical Evaluation in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Medical Home and ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Medulla Medulla Oblongata Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mellaril Mellaril-S Memantine Definition References and Reading Memory Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Memory Assessment Definition Current Knowledge Experimental Assessment Procedures The Assessment of Implicit, or Non-declarative, Learning The Assessment of Explicit, or Declarative, Memory and Learning The Assessment of Working Memory Clinical Assessments See Also References and Reading Memory Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Memory Strengths and Weaknesses in Autism The Mainstream Literature Future Directions See Also References and Reading Memory for Future Actions Memory for Intentions Menarche Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Meningitis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Meningococcal Disease: A Specific Form of Meningitis that Is Caused by the Bacteria Neisseria meningitidis Mental Age Mental Flexibility Mental Health and ASD Introduction Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Mental Health Interventions Mental Health Practitioner Mental Representation Mental Retardation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Merycism Mesencephalon Mesibov, Gary Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Mesoridazine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mesoridazine Besylate Messages Metabolic Testing Description Definition Background Treatment Goals Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Metacognition in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions and Implications See Also References and Reading Metallothionein Definition See Also References and Reading Metaphoric Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Methyl CpG-Binding Protein 2 Methylphenidate Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mexico and Autism Historical Background First Phase: 1970-1990 Second Phase: 2000-Present Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading M-FUN MI (Metacognition Index) Microcephalic Microcephalus Microcephaly Synonyms Definition References and Reading Micrographia Definition See Also References and Reading Midazolam Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Midbrain Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Midbrain Raphe Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Midbrain Raphe Nuclei Middle Ear Infection Milestone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Milestones Milieu Teaching Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Military Families with Children with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Deployments Relocation Military Supports for Families with Children with Special Needs Future Directions References and Reading Milk Protein Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Reliability Validity Clinical Uses References and Reading Miller Function and Participation Scales Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Mind Reading Mindblindness Definition References and Reading Mindfulness Therapy for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mindfulness-Based Therapy/Intervention Mineral Treatments Definition See Also References and Reading Minimal Brain Damage Minimal Brain Dysfunction Minimal Speech Approach Definition References and Reading Mirror Mechanisms Mirror Neuron System Structure Function Monkey Mirror Neurons Human Mirror System Pathophysiology Mirror System Dysfunction in Autism? See Also References and Reading Mirror Neurons Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mirtazapine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mismatch Negativity Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Misophonia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mitochondrial Deficits/Disorders Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mixture Modeling MLD Moban Mobile Work Crew Model Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Möbius Syndrome Synonyms Definition References and Reading Modeling Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Modification Modifications Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) Synonyms Abbreviations Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Discriminant Validity Item Analysis Reliability Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised: Spanish Cultural Validation Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Modified Testing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Modifier Genes and Autism Susceptibility Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Modifier Loci Moebius Syndrome Moldova and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies Molindone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Monotone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Monotonic Voice Monotropism: An Interest-Based Account of Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Monozygotic (MZ) Twins Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mood Disorder Mood Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Mood Stabilizers Definition See Also References and Reading Moral Cognition Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading More Than Words Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Moro Reflex Synonyms Definition References and Reading Morocco and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues and Mandates for Service Current Treatments and Treatment Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training See Also References and Reading Mortality Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Motivating Operation Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Motivation Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Motivation Assessment Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Motor Control Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Motor Cortex Motor Development Assessment Motor Planning Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Dyspraxia in ASD Motor Planning in ASD Clinical Significance Future Directions See Also References and Reading Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition Movement Assessment Battery for Children: Second Edition (MABC-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Movie and TV Depictions of Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Movie Talk Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading MSEL:AGS MTL Mu Rhythm Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mullen Scales of Early Learning Synonyms Abbreviations Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Mullen Scales of Early Learning, American Guidance Service Edition Multidisciplinary Evaluation Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Multidisciplinary Team Multidisciplinary Training (TEACCH Component) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Multihandicapped Definition Historical Background See Also References and Reading Multilocus Genetic Models Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Multiple Complex (or Multiplex) Developmental Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Multiple Exemplar Instruction (MEI) Multiple Exemplar Training Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Multiple Exemplar Video Modeling and Unscripted Social Communication Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Multiple Phenotypes Associated with Disruption of a Single Gene Multiple Regression Multiple Stimulus with Replacement (MSW) Preference Assessment Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MWSO) Preference Assessment Multiplex-Simplex Comparisons Definition See Also References and Reading Multi-skilling MUSAD Music Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Music-Based Scale for Autism Diagnostics (MUSAD) Assessing Adults with Intellectual Disability Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sample References Book Chapter in a Book Article in a Journal Music-Evoked Emotion Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Identification of Music-Evoked Emotion Response to Music-Evoked Emotion Future Directions References and Reading Mutual Gaze Synonyms Definition What Is It? When Does It Occur? Mutual Gaze and ASD See Also References and Reading Mutual Regulation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Mutually Acceptable Written Agreement (MAWA) Definition See Also References and Reading Myoclonic Spasms of Infancy Myo-inositol N Naltrexone Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Naltrexone Hydrochloride Naming Nanocephaly Narrative Analysis Narrative Assessment Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Narrative Comprehension Narrative Language in ASD Definition See Also References and Reading Narrative Understanding National Guideline for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Australia Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading National Research Council Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities References and Reading Natural Environment Definition Natural History Natural Language Paradigm Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Naturalistic Behavioral Intervention Naturalistic Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Navane Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Need for Caregiver Support for Families of Children with ASD, The Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Negative Priming Effect Definition See Also References and Reading Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement Definition See Also References and Reading Neostriatum NEPS NEPS-U NEPSY-II Synonyms Definition Description Administration and Scoring Interpretation Historical Background Psychometric Data Standardization Reliability Validity Clinical Uses Clinical Application to ASD Special Group Studies Empirical Findings in ASD Conclusion See Also References and Reading Netherlands and Autism, The Historical Background - Legal Aspects - Current Practice Early Detection and Intervention Programs Current Treatment and Centers Education and Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism and Comorbidity Overview of Research Directions Social Policies Tentative Conclusions References Network Coherence Neural Mechanisms in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Ontogeny Morphometry (Lateralization and Minicolumnar Width) Molecular Biology Minicolumnar Networks: Electrophysiology and Circuitry Minicolumnar Networks: Neurochemistry Minicolumnopathy of Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Neural Mechanisms of Emotional Dysregulation Synonyms Definition Circuitry Implicated in the Cognitive Control of Emotion Neural Bases of Emotion Dysregulation in ASD See Also References Neural Reorganization Neural Science Neural Signatures of Treatment Response Definition Background: Examining the Current State of Science Overview of Neural Signatures of ASD Evaluating Sensitivity of Neural Signatures of ASD as Clinical Biomarkers Current Knowledge: Neural Signatures of Pivotal Response Treatment Overcoming the Challenge of Equifinality Predictors of Responder Profile Implications and Future Directions See Also References and Reading Neurexin 1 Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Neuroanatomy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Increased Head/Brain Size (Macrocephaly/Macroencephaly) Gray and White Matter Compartments Cortical Surface Area/Thickness Corpus Callosum Limbic System Cerebellum Future Directions See Also References and Reading Neurobiology Neurochemistry Definition Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Neurodiversity See Also References and Reading Neuroleptic-Induced Dyskinesia Neuroleptics Neuroligins Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Neurologist Definition See Also References and Reading Neurontin Neurontin (Gabapentine) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Neuropathology Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Brain Size Cortex Limbic System Cerebellum Brain Stem Future Directions See Also References and Reading Neurophysiology Synonyms Structure Neural Structures Implicated Through Neurophysiological Assessment in ASD Function Neurophysiological Tools and Measurements Electroencephalography (EEG) Electrooculogram (EOG) Electromyography (EMG) Skin Conductance Electrocardiography (ECG) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Pathophysiology Processes Elucidated Through Neurophysiological Assessment in ASD Visual Processing Face Processing Facial Emotion Processing Connectivity Imitation Attention and Disengagement Auditory Processing Executive Functioning Reward Processing Amygdala Functioning See Also References and Reading Neuroscience Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Neurotic Disorders (DSM-II Terminology) Neurotransmitter Definition See Also References and Reading Neurotypical Synonyms Definition References and Reading New Zealand and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies Training See Also References and Reading References, Readings, Resources (This can include relevant web sites) Newson´s Syndrome Next-Generation Sequencing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Nexus Nicotine and Autism Synonyms Definition References and Reading Nigeria and Autism Definition Historical Background Origins Emergence of Interest in Knowledge and Awareness Legislative Guidance Current Treatment and Centers Overview of Research Direction Social Policies and Current Controversies See Also Acknowledgment Referencesand Reading Niravam NLGN1 NLGN2 NLGN3 NLGN4X NLGN4Y Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCI) Definition See Also References and Reading Nondirective Play Therapy Nonfluency Nonfluent Aphasia Nonliteral Language Nonparametric Statistics Synonyms Definition References and Reading Nonstandard Assessment Definition See Also References and Reading Nonsymbolic Communication Nonverbal Communication Definition See Also References and Reading Nonverbal Intelligence Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Assessment of Nonverbal Intelligence Nonverbal Intelligence in ASD Variability Within Nonverbal Intelligence in ASD: A Nonverbal Perceptual Strength Future Directions See Also References and Reading Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NLD) Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NLD), Second Edition Synonyms Short Description of Definition Categorization Epidemiology Analysis from Case Study Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Nonverbal Learning Disorder Nonverbal Oral Apraxia Noonan and Ras/MAPK Pathway Syndromes Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Noonan Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Noradrenaline Noradrenergic System Introduction Neuroanatomy of Noradrenergic System Neurochemical Alterations of NA NA-Related Genes and the Expression of ASD Genes Involved in the Synthesis of NA Genes Involved in the Catabolism of NA Genes Involved in the Uptake of NA The New Theory Clinical Implications References and Reading Norepinephrine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Normal Normal Curve Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Normal Distribution Normal Language Development Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Normalization Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Normative Data Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Norm-Referenced Assessment Norm-Referenced Testing See Also References and Reading Norms Norpramin Nortriptyline Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Norway and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Diagnosis and Prevalence Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Social Policy and Current Controversies and Training See Also References and Reading No-Tech Communication Device Notice of Recommended Educational Placement (NOREP) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Novel Antipsychotics Novo-Peridol N-Pthaloylglutamide NRDLS NRXN1 Nuclei of Raphe Nutritional Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Nutritional Issues Nytol Quick Caps [OTC] Nytol Quick Gels [OTC] O Object Permanence Definition See Also References and Reading Objective Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Observational Assessments Definition See Also References and Reading Observational Learning Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Obsessive Desire for Sameness Definition See Also References and Reading Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Short Description or Definition Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Obstetrical Complications/Risk Factors Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Obstipation Occipital Lobe Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Occipital Lobes Occupational Therapy (OT) Definition Definition of Occupation Occupational Therapy Historical Background History Global Occupational Therapy Current Knowledge Educational Requirements for Occupational Therapy Practitioners Conclusion References and Reading Oculoauriculovertebral (OAV) Spectrum or Dysplasia Office of Rehabilitation Olanzapine Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Omission Training Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading One-on-One One-to-One Onset Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Operant Behavior Definition See Also References and Reading Operant Conditioning Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Operational Exhaustion Operational Stress Injury Optimal Arousal Synonyms Definition References and Reading Optimal Outcome See Also References and Reading Options Method Oral Language Oral Sensitivity Definition See Also References and Reading Oral-Facial Imitation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Oral-Motor Apraxia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Oral-Motor Imitation Oral-Motor Skills Definition See Also References and Reading Orap Organelle Organization of the Physical Learning Environment Organizational Prevention Organizational Skills in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge The Development of Executive Functions and Organization in Typically Developing Children The Development of Executive Functions and Organization in Individuals with ASD Explaining Organizational Dysfunction Interventions Future Directions See Also References and Reading Organized Work Systems Orienting Response Definition References and Reading Ornitz, Edward Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Orofacial Imitation Otitis Media Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Outcome Outcome Studies Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Overcorrection Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measures Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Overly Talkative Oxazepam Oxytocin Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading P Pain in Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition: Pain Pain in ASD: Context Case Studies Self-/Parent Report Observational Studies Psychophysics Neuropsychological Evidence Chronic Pain Potential Evidence from Animal Models Future Considerations See Also References and Reading Paired-Choice Preference Assessment Pakistan and Autism Introduction Current Status Future Directions References and Reading Paleostriatum Palestine and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policies and Current Controversies See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Palliative Care Definition: Palliative Care for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders Historical Background Palliative Care Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders Palliative Care Plans and Challenges (Current Knowledge) Communication Differences Sensory Integration and Experience of Pain Decisional Capacity and Choice Surrogate Decision-Making Avoiding Futile Care Unique Palliative Care Comorbidities Bereavement Future Directions References Palpebronasal Fold Para Paraeducator Para-educator Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Paralinguistic Communication Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prosody and Voice Prosody Voice Automated Assessment Future Directions Assessment of Prosody in Other Languages Acoustic Characteristics of Prosody in ASD Automation Prosodic Processing See Also References and Reading Parallel Play Paraphasia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Paraphilias Paraprofessional Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pareidolic Faces Synonyms Definition References and Reading Parent Attitudes Toward Genetic and Epigenetic Tests for ASD Parent Expectations Mediate Outcomes for Youth with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Parent Involvement Parent Perspectives Toward Biological Testing for Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Parent Protections Parent Responsiveness to Children at Risk of ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Impact of ASD Characteristics on Parent Responsiveness Impact of Parent Responsiveness on Children at-Risk for ASD Summary and Future Directions See Also References and Reading Parent Training Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Programs Addressing Challenging Problem Behaviors Programs Focusing on Core Symptoms and Skill Acquisition Parent Training Programs That Promote Training for Distance Learners Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Parental Action and Referral Patterns in Spatial Clusters of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Parental Attitudes to Technology Use Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Screen Time Technology and Social Interaction Online Safety Future Directions See Also References and Reading Parental Caregivers of Adults with Autism Definition Current Knowledge Realities of Caregiving Caregiver Burden Quality of Life Informal Social Support Formal Social Support Rewards Planning for the Future Future Directions See Also References and Reading Parental Response to Diagnosis Introduction Post-Diagnosis Emotions Reactions to Choice of Treatment and Services Everyday Life Aspects Spousal Relationship Summary References and Reading Parent-Implemented Bedtime Fading and Positive Routines Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Parent-Professional Collaboration Parent-Professional Partnership Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Parents´ Use of Internal State Language with Toddlers with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Do Parents of Children with ASD Produce Less Internal State Language? What Factors Influence Parental ISL Production? Summary Future Directions See Also References and Readings Paroxetine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Paroxetine Hydrochloride Parroting Partial Agenesis Participation of Black and African-American Families in Autism Research Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Facilitators Desire to Contribute to Inclusive Research Seeking Information and Support Engaging with Culturally Responsive Research Team Members Barriers ASD Stigma and Denial Distrust of Research Lack of Time or Interest Inaccessible Research Materials Future Directions See Also References and Reading Passive Group Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pathological Demand Avoidance Syndrome Patient- and Family-Centered Care Patricia Howlin Emeritus Professor Patricia Howlin Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications Selected Books Patterning (Doman-Delacato Method) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Pavlovian Conditioning Paxil Pay PDD PDD-NOS (Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading PDDRS PDMS PDMS-2 PDMS-II Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Peabody Individual Achievement Test, Revised Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition (PPVT) PEAK Relational Training System Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading PEAK: Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Pedantic Speech Definition See Also References and Reading PEDI PediaCare Children´s Allergy [OTC] PediaCare Children´s NightTime Cough [OTC] Pediatric Autism Communication Therapy (PACT Therapy) Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Pediatric Onset Schizophrenia Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Peer Mentors for Students with ASD on College Campuses Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Peer Supports Peer Victimization Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prevalence of Peer Victimization Factors Associated with Peer Victimization Future Directions See Also References and Reading Peer-Mediated Intervention Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Selecting Instructional Strategies Peer Participation Scheduling Social Groups Training Peers Selecting Social Communication Goals Adult-Mediated Instruction Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading PEERS Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Peers, Exposure to Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading PEG Pemoline Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading People-First Language PEP-3 PEPS-C Perception Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Perception-Related Behaviors Psychophysical Studies of Low-Level Perceptual Processing Cognitive Studies on Pattern Detection, Construction, and Manipulation Domain-Specific Perception: Biological Motion, Faces, and Language Relation with Other Elements of the Cognitive Architecture Conclusion Future Directions See Also References and Reading Perceptual Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Perceptual Development in Typical Children Overview Assessment of Infant Perception Vision Faces and Facial Expression Refinement of Visual Abilities Hearing Preference for Speech Smell and Taste Touch Perceptual Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder Overview Visual Processing Local Versus Global Processing Faces Visual Attention and Disengagement in Infancy Hearing Social Motivation Theory Future Directions See Also References and Reading Perceptual Organization Index (POI) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Perfectionism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Performance Objectives Performance Reviews for Direct Care Staff Peridol Period Prevalence Peripatetic Teacher Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Periventricular Hemorrhage Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Periventricular Leukomalacia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Perphenazine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Perseveration Definition See Also References and Reading Persistent Toe Walking Personal Perspectives on Autism Definition History Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Personality Personality Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Personality Disorders (PD) Personality Disorder and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Personality Inventory for Children Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Cognitive Impairment (COG) Impulsivity and Distractibility (ADH) Delinquency (DLQ) Family Dysfunction (FAM) Reality Distortion (RLT) Somatic Concern (SOM) Psychological Discomfort (DIS) Social Withdrawal (WDL) Social Skill Deficits (SSK) Composite Scales Clinical Uses References and Reading Personality Structure in Autism Spectrum Disorders Personality, Clinical Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Person-First Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Perspective Taking Pertofrane Pertussis and Autism Definition References and Reading Pervasive Developmental Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Pervasive Developmental Disorders Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale (PDDRS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test (PDDST) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses Insuring Clinical Validity Three Clinical Settings for the Identification of ASDs Referral for Assessment of Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders See Also References and Reading References Related to the Development of the PDDST-II References to Abstracts Reporting on the Development of the PDDST-II Suggestions and Readings Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-II (PDDST-II) PET Pharmacokinetics Definition References and Reading Phenocopies Definition See Also References and Reading Phenomenological Approach Definition See Also References and Reading Phenomenology Phenothiazine Definition See Also References and Reading Philozac Phobia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Phonemes Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Phonemic Errors Phonemic Fluency Phonetically Consistent Form Phonetics Definition References and Reading Phonological Deficits Phonological Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Perception Production Future Directions See Also References and Reading Phonological Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Phonology Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Phrase Length Definition See Also Phrenology Synonyms Definition References and Reading Physical and Neurological Examination Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Physical Medicine Physical Therapy Synonyms Definition References and Reading Physiological Measures of Parental Stress Synonyms Definition References and Reading Further Reading Physiotherapy Piagetian Stages Definition Historical Background The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) Substage I: The Use of Reflexes (0-1 Month) Substage II: Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 Months) Substage III: Secondary Circular Reactions, or the Procedures Destined to Make Interesting Sights Last (4-8 Months) Substage IV: Coordination of Secondary Schemata (8-12 Months) Substage V: Tertiary Circular Reactions, or the Discovery of New Means Through Active Experimentation (12-18 Months) Substage VI: Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 Months) The Preoperational Stage (Ages 2-7) The Concrete Operations Stage (Ages 7-12) The Formal Operations Stage (Age 12 and Beyond) Current Knowledge Piagetian Stages and Autism Preoperational Concrete Operations Formal Operations See Also References and Reading PIAT-R PIAT-R/NU PIC Pica Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation Medical and Nutritional Evaluation Behavioral Evaluation Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Nutritional Treatments Behavioral Treatment See Also References and Reading Pictorial Cues/Visual Supports (CR) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Picture Arrangement Definition See Also References and Reading Picture Board Picture Exchange Communication System Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Picture Schedule Picture Thinking Pimozide Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pincer Grasp Definition See Also References and Reading Pivotal Response Teaching Pivotal Response Training Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pivotal Response Treatment PL94-142 Placement-Pending Requirement Placenta Definition Historical Background Formation of the Placenta Current Knowledge Trophoblast Inclusions Frequency of Trophoblast Inclusions Trophoblast Inclusions and Autism A Problem of Folding Future Directions See Also References and Reading PL-ADOS Planning and Placement Team (PPT) Plasma Adiponectin and Autism Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Definition References and Reading Plasticity, Neural Synonyms Structure Anatomical Plasticity of Neural Structure Function Critical Periods of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Developing Human Brain Typical Development of Human Frontal and Temporal Cortex Pathophysiology Development of Frontal and Temporal Cortex in Autism Synaptic Plasticity in Mice Carrying Mutations in Autism-Candidate Genes Altered Synaptic Strengthening Altered Synaptic Weakening Deficits in Synapse Number Deficits in Synaptic Stability Conclusion See Also References and Reading Play Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Cultural Influences on Play Play in Autism Future Directions See Also References and Reading Play Intervention Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading PLAY Project Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Play Space Design in Autism Definition: Play Space Design in Autism Background Current Knowledge Development and Play Playground Design and Social Interaction Important Considerations in Play Design Integration or Separate Provision? Play Interventions Adult-Supported Play Interventions Risk, Resilience, Independence, and Agency Physical Fitness Natural Play Spaces Virtual Play Spaces Future Directions References and Reading Play Therapy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Play-Based Interventions Pleiotropy Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Plica Palpebronasalis PLS-5 PLSI Plumbism PM Pms-Haloperidol Pneumoencephalography Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading POI Point Prevalence Point-Light Displays Definition See Also References and Reading Police-Citizen Interactions, Theory of Mind, and ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Politics of Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Politics of Autism Transition Services Definition Historical Background Autism Transition as an Escalating Policy Crisis Political Science: A Newly Studied Window into Understanding Transition A Brief Political History of Autism as a Policy Issue Current Knowledge Federalism and the Politics of Autism Transition Variation Across the System Confronting Challenges and Cases of Success The Cedarhurst School´s Passage Program (Hamden, CT) The Uniquely Abled Project (Los Angeles, CA) Shaping the System from the Ground Up: Mobilization Among Parents Future Directions Policy Recommendations: Enhancing Autism Transition for a Brighter Future See Also References and Reading Pondimin Population Norms Portugal and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training See Also References and Reading Positive Behavior (al) Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Positive Behavior Intervention Positive Behavior Support Positive Behavior Support (PBS) Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Positive Behavioral Support Synonyms Definition References and Reading Positive Reinforcement Definition See Also References and Reading Positron-Emission Tomography Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Psychotherapy Pharmacological Management See Also References and Reading Postural Control Assessment Posturography Synonyms Definition References and Reading Power of Attorney (Financial and Property Management) Definition Principles of a Power of Attorney Power of Attorney Authority and Timeframes Creating a Power of Attorney Legal Capacity in Power of Attorney Matters Ending a Power of Attorney See Also References and Reading Power of Attorney for Healthcare (Durable Healthcare Power of Attorney and Medical Power of Attorney) Defined Common Abbreviations and Acronyms in Healthcare Power of Attorney Matters Principles of a Healthcare Power of Attorney Healthcare Power of Attorney Authority and Timeframes Creating and Ending a Healthcare Power of Attorney See Also References and Reading PPS PPVT: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Practice Guidelines in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Definitions and Concepts Recognition, Assessment, and Diagnosis Recognition in Primary Care Screening Surveillance Screening of High-Risk Groups Timing of Diagnosis Methods of Assessment Initial Assessment Specialist Assessment Components of Specialist Assessment Individual Profiling Biomedical Investigations Conditions Associated with ASD Nonpharmacological Interventions Communication Interventions Support for Early Communication Skills Interventions for Social Communication and Interaction Behavioral/Psychological Interventions Intensive Behavioral Programs Interventions for Specific Behaviors Auditory Integration Training Facilitated Communication Biomedical and Nutritional Interventions Pharmacological Interventions Risperidone Methylphenidate Fluoxetine Secretin Melatonin Other Treatments Service Provision Training and Support for Parents Information Provision Meeting Support Needs Information for Discussion with Children, Young People, Parents, and Carers At the Time of Diagnosis Recommendations for Research Future Directions See Also References and Reading Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome Pragmatic Communication Pragmatic Communication Disorder Pragmatic Language Pragmatic Language Disorder Pragmatic Language Impairment Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression of Illness Heterogeneity in PLI Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatments See Also References and Reading Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Pragmatic Rating Scale Synonyms Description Pragmatics Pragmatic Rating Scale-School Age Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Pragmatics Synonyms Definition Use of Language for Different Purposes Adapting Language to Setting and Communication Partner Conversation and Narrative Discourse See Also References and Reading Praise Definition See Also References and Reading Praxis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pre-, During, and Posttest Design Precentral Gyrus Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Preciseness Precision Teaching Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Pinpointing Counting Charting - The Standard Celeration Chart Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References Predictive Value of Screening Measures Definition See Also Predictors at Toddlerhood for Long-Term Severity of ADHD Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Predictors of Clinician Certainty in the Diagnosis of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Predictors of Emotion Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) See Also References and Reading Preemployment Skills for People with ASD Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Preference and Reinforcer Assessment Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Prefrontal Cortex Definition See Also References and Reading Prelinguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Prelinguistic Communication Prelinguistic Communication Assessment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Prelinguistic Sounds Preliteracy Premack Principle Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Prenatal Diagnosis of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Literature Review ASD, Genetics, and Fetal Development The Placenta and ASD T Cells and ASD Maternal Immune Response and ASD Future Directions Detecting ASD In Utero Ethical Concerns Concluding Remarks References and Reading Pre-post Design Pre-post-posttest Design Preschool Definition References and Reading Pre-school Autism Communication Therapy (PACT) Pre-school Autism Communication Trial (PACT Trial) Preschool Curricula Definition Curriculum Design/Selection Target Early Core Characteristics of Autism Functionality Developmentally Appropriate Socially and Culturally Relevant Assessment Intervention Commonly Used Preschool Curricula Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Treatment Participants Efficacy Information See Also References and Reading Preschool Edition Preschool Language Scale - 5 Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Present Level of Growth or Knowledge Pressure/Squeeze Machine Definition References and Reading Presupposition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Pretend Play Pretense Prevalence Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Preverbal Communication Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Prevocational Skills Primacy Effects Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Primary Motor Cortex Primary Sensory Areas Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Primary Visual Cortex Primate Prosocial Behaviors Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Altruistic Behaviors in Chimpanzees Food Sharing in Chimpanzees Instrumental Helping in Chimpanzees Collaborative Interactions Future Directions References and Reading Primitive Reflexes Synonyms Definition References and Reading Princeton Child Development Institute (PCDI) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Private Speech Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Proactive Inhibition Proactive Interference in ASD Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Problem Behavior Problem Behaviors Problem Sexual Behavior Procedural Adherence Procedural Fidelity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Procedural Integrity Procedural Memory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Introduction Procedural Learning: Phenomenology Motor Deficits in Autism: A Key to Recognizing Procedural Learning Impairments Neurobiology of Procedural Learning Direct Examination of Procedural Learning in Autism Approaches to Examining Motor Learning in Autism Summary Future Directions See Also References and Reading Procedural Reliability Procedural Safeguards Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Processing Speed Index Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Processing Speed Quotient Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Profile of Intelligences Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Clinical Uses for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders Future Directions See Also References and Reading Profiling Elements of Prosody in Speech-Communication (PEPS-C) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Profound Hearing Impairment Program-Wide Positive Behavior Supports (PWPBS)-Early Childhood Programs Progressive Applied Behavior Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Projective Testing Nature of Projective Tests Extent of Use Indicators for Use of Projective Techniques Rorschach Thematic Apperception Test and Other Story-Telling Techniques Sentence Completion Tests Human Figure Drawings Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test Clinical Uses of Projective Techniques for Autism Spectrum Disorders See Also References and Reading Projective Tests Projective Tests of Personality Synonyms Description Comment Overview Instruments Figure Drawings Sentence Completion Thematic Approaches Unstructured Material Interpretation Pattern Utility Appropriateness Historical Background Projective Technique Research Data Psychometric Data Rorschach Method Roberts Test Other Instruments Other Issues General Comment Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Projectives Proline-Rich Synapse-Associated Protein 2 ProM Prompt Dependence Definition See Also References and Reading Prompt Fading Prompt Hierarchy Definition References and Reading PROMPT System Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Prompting Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Prompts Pronoun Errors Definition See Also References and Reading Pronoun Reversal Definition See Also References and Reading Pronoun Use Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Pronoun Use in Typical Speech Pronoun Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder Future Directions See Also References and Reading Pronunciation PROSAP2 Prosocial Behavior Definition See Also References and Reading Prosocial Behaviors Prosocial Skills Prosody Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Prosodic Development Prosody in Autism Spectrum Disorders Assessment and Treatment of Prosodic Disorders Future Directions See Also References and Reading Prosody-Voice Screening Protocol Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Prosopagnosia Prospective Prospective Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Definition Prospective Memory and Autism See Also References and Reading Additional References Protection and Advocacy System (P&A) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Protodeclarative Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Protoimperative Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Protowords Synonyms Definition References and Reading Protriptyline Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Provider Training Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Prozac Prozac Weekly (Once-Weekly Dosing) Prozac (Fluoxetine) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading PRS-SA (Pragmatic Rating Scale-School Age) PRT PSAP2 Pseudoscience Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading PSI Test Psychiatric Problems and Care in Older Adults with Autism Definition References and Reading Psychiatrist Definition See Also References and Reading Psychoanalyst Psychodynamic Theories Synonyms Definition Psychoanalysis Psychodynamics Autoerotic ``Autism´´ Historical Background Current Knowledge Muddying the Waters: Schizoid Personality, Autism, and Schizophrenia Psychogenic Theories of ASD Stress-Diathesis Maternal Deprivation and Affective Contact Blaming the Mother Textbox War Brings People Together Recent Developments in Psychoanalysis Future Directions Alexithymia Intersubjectivity Autistic Psychopathy Conclusion References and Reading Psychoeducational Profile - Revised (PEP-3) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Psychological Assessment Synonyms Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Psychologist Synonyms Definition References and Reading Psychomotor Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Psychomotor Development Psychomotor Development Index Synonyms Definition References and Reading Psychopathology Definition See Also References and Reading Psychophysiology Psychosis Psychosocial Definition See Also References and Reading Psychosocial Effects of Soft Skills Training for Young Adults with Autism Definition Historical Background Social, Vocational, and Psychological Challenges Faced by Young Adults with ASD Current Knowledge Relationship of Social Skills, Employment, and Well-being Needs for Evidence-Based Employment-Related Interventions Existing Interventions that Targets Employment-Related Social Skills Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS) Aspirations Program Job-Based Social Skills (JOBSS) Program Assistive Soft Skills and Employment Training (ASSET) Program Virtual Reality Training Programs Future Directions References and Reading Psychostimulants Psychotherapist Psychotherapy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Psychotic Disorder Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Psychotic Symptoms in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading PT Public Law 94-142 Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Public Perception of Autism Treatments: Science Versus Pseudoscience in the Age of Mass Media Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References See Also Public Understanding of Autism Pull-Out Room Punishment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Purdue Pegboard Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Normative Data Reliability Validity Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Purines and Related Compounds Definition See Also References and Reading Purkinje Cells Definition References and Reading Putamen Structure Function Pathophysiology References and Reading PVL PVSP Pyramidal System Definition See Also References and Reading Q Qatar and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading Quack Science Qualitative Versus Quantitative Approaches Synonyms Definition References and Reading Quality of Life for Transition-Age Youth with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Quasiexperimental Quasi-words Quetiapine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Quetiapine Fumarate R RAADS-R Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Racing Thoughts, Distractibility, and Psychomotor Agitation Rank, Beata Names and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Raphe Nuclei Rapid Motor Imitation Approach (RMIA) Definition See Also References and Reading Rapid Prompting Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Rapiflux Rapin, Isabelle Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Selected Papers on Sensory Input and Development of Higher Cortical Functions Other Recent Autism Papers Ras/MAPK Pathway Syndromes Rating Scale Ratio-Haloperidol Rational Demand Avoidance RAVLT RDoC and ASD RDoC and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Reaction Time Reactive Attachment Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology RAD and Attachment Classifications Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Assessment Methods Treatment See Also References and Reading Readiness to Learn Reading Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Reading Components Decoding Language Comprehension Fluency Stages of Reading Reading Disabilities Heterogeneous Nature of Reading in Autism Decoding in Individuals with ASD Language Comprehension in Individuals with ASD Reading Fluency in Children with ASD Reading Assessment and Intervention in Children with ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Reading Comprehension Disorder Reading Comprehension Impairments in School-Aged Children with HFA Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge General Reading Challenges ASD-Specific Challenges Building Reading Comprehension Skills Future Directions See Also References and Reading Reading Comprehension Strategies in Autism Synonyms Definition Strategies to Support Theory of Mind Strategies to Support Central Coherence Strategies to Support Executive Functioning See Also References and Reading Reading Interventions Reading Skills Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Reading the Mind in Eyes Test Synonyms Description of the Instrument History of the Instrument Psychometric Data Normative Data Reliability Validity Clinical Research Uses See Also References and Reading Real-Life Rating Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Reasonable Accommodation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Reasoning on the Autism Spectrum Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Recall Recency Effect Recency Effects Definition See Also References and Reading Recent Developments in Understanding Friendship of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Congruency in Friendship Quality Perception Friendship Satisfaction Friendship Expectations Gender Difference(s) in Friendship Friendship Characteristics Across Developmental Stages Future Directions References and Reading Reception Receptive Aphasia Receptive Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Receptive Language Disorders Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Receptive Language Impairment/Disability Receptive Lexicon Receptive Vocabulary Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test (REEL-3) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Recessive Alleles Recessive Characteristics Recessive Genes Synonyms Structure Function Pathophysiology References and Reading Recessive Traits Reciprocal Communication Reciprocal Communication/Interaction Definition See Also References and Reading Recognition Recognition Memory Definition See Also References and Reading Recollection Reconcile Recovery in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Redirection Definition References and Reading Reduced Prioritization of Facial Threat in ASD Synonyms Definition References and Reading REEL-3 Reevaluation Referent Reflexive Behavior Refrigerator Mother Definition See Also References and Reading Regional Centers Definition See Also References and Reading Register Variation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Registered Behavior Technician (Definition) References and Reading Regression Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Treatment Future Directions See Also References and Reading Regression Analysis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Regressive Autism Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Definition See Also References and Reading Rehabilitation Engineer Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Reinforcement Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Reinforcement, Differential Definition See Also References and Reading Reinforcer Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Reinforcing Stimulus Related Services Definition See Also References and Reading Relationship Between Autism Stigma and Informal Caregiver Mental Health Definition See Also References and Reading Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Relationship Enhancement Methods Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory of Example Programs Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Relative Weakness in an Area of Functioning Relaxation Techniques Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Remembering to Remember Remembrance Remeron Repertory Grid Process for Person-Centered Assessment of Social Cognition for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Repetitive Behavior Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Epidemiology of Repetitive Behaviors Assessment Instruments for Repetitive Behavior Treatment Future Directions See Also References and Reading Repetitive Behavior Repetitive Movements Replacement Behavior Report Form Report of Annual Yearly Academic Progress Representation Request Research Domain Criteria and ASD Residual Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Residual Infantile Autism Resilience in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Resource Distribution Resource Room Synonyms Definition References and Reading Respiratory Sinus Arrythmia (RSA) Respite Care Definition References and Reading Respondent Behavior Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Response Cost Definition See Also References and Reading Response Effort Response Interruption/Redirection Definition References and Reading Response Latency Synonyms Definition References and Reading Response Time Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors and Sleep Disturbances in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Restricted Interest Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Restrictive Interests Retrieval of Information Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Retrospective Infant Video Analysis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Rett Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Rett´s Disorder Reversal Learning Definition Historical Background Discrimination Shifts in Typically Developing Children and Adults Discrimination Shifts in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) Current Knowledge Relevance of Reversal Learning Reversal Learning Assessment Neurobiological Correlates Future Directions See Also References and Reading Revia Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale (RKPPS) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Reward Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Rey AVLT) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Reynell Developmental Language Scales Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading RG7314 Right-Hemisphere Deficit Syndrome Right-Hemisphere Developmental Learning Disability Right-Hemisphere Learning Disability Right-Hemisphere Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Rilutek Riluzole Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Rimland Diagnostic Form for Behavior-Disturbed Children (E-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Rimland Diagnostic Form for Behavior-Disturbed Children (Form E-2) Rimland, Bernard Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Risk of ASD in Individuals with Down Syndrome Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Risperdal Risperdal (Risperidone) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Risperidone Synonyms Indications Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Ritalin Ritualized Request Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale - Revised Ritvo, Edward Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Ritvo-Freeman Real-Life Rating Scale Ritvo-Freeman RLRS Rivotril RJA/IJA (Initiating/Responding to Joint Attention) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions Social Cognition and Joint Attention See Also References and Reading RLRS RMET RO 5028442 RO-5285119 Robot-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Role of Relationship Satisfaction in Parental Coping Definition Historical Background Relationship Satisfaction and Coping throughout its Lifespan Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Role Release Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Romanian Adoptive Children Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Rossetti Infant-Toddler Language Scale (The Rossetti) Rote Learning Rote Memory Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Rourke, Byron Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Rank, Institution, Date Major Honors and Awards Major Predoctoral Awards Major Postdoctoral Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Scientific Boards Scientific Societies and Committees Professional Boards Editorial Key Books Authored, Coauthored, Edited, or Coedited Short Biography References and Reading Books Selected Chapters in Edited Books Selected Journal Articles Routine Events RSH Syndrome Rubella Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Rumination Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Rumination Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatments See Also References and Reading Russia and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading Rutter, Michael Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading S SAD Safety Definition References and Reading Sainsbury, Clare Short Biography References and Reading Sameness, Insistence on Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Explaining Insistence on Sameness in Autistic Disorder Measurement of Insistence on Sameness Insistence on Sameness: Specific to Autism? Treatment Future Directions References and Reading Sarafem Savant Skills (in Autism) Definition Theories to Explain Savant Syndrome Historical Background Current Knowledge The Condition Is Rare but One in Ten Autistic Persons Show Some Savant Skills Savant Skills Typically Occur in Particular Categories of Abilities There Is a Spectrum of Savant Skills The Special Skills Are Always Accompanied by Massive Memory Males Outnumber Females in Both Autism and Savant Syndrome Intelligence and Savant Skills ``Treatment´´ and ``Training the Talent´´ The Case of Nadia and the ``Dreaded Trade-off´´ Versus Progression of Skills Family History and Savant Syndrome Future Directions New Technologies A Savant Syndrome Registry and Broad-Based, Controlled Studies Exploring the Interface Between Prodigy, Genius, and Savant Syndrome and Other Quandaries Development of Methods of ``Training the Talent´´ and Resources to Use Those Special Skills A Challenge to the Capabilities of All of Us See Also References and Reading Savant Syndrome Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge and Research Future Directions See Also References and Reading SB5 SCAN-A (Adults) SCAN-C (Children) Scavenging Schaffer v. Weast (Burden of Proof in Moving a Child to Another Placement) Synonyms Definition Implications for ASD Students Litigation Strategies See Also References and Reading Schaffer v. Weast and the Burden of Persuasion Schedule of Reinforcement Definition General Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Simple Versus Complex Schedules Simple Schedules Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedules Variable Ratio (VR) Schedules Fixed Interval (FI) Schedules Variable Interval (VI) Schedules Additional Simple Schedules Differential Reinforcement Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible (DRI) and Alternative Behavior (DRA) Differential Reinforcement of Low-Rate Behavior (DRL) Differential Reinforcement of High-Rate Behavior (DRH) Time-Based Simple Schedules Complex Schedules Future Directions See Also References and Reading Schedules Schizophrenia Scholarships Scholz´s Disease School Harassment School Psychologist Definition See Also References and Reading School to Work Transition Process Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading School-Aged Children Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Mood and Anxiety Disorders in School-Aged Children on the Autism Spectrum Behavioral and Social Problems Medical Disorders Educational Needs and Accommodations Future Directions See Also References and Reading School-Clinic Care Coordination for Youth with ASD Definition Current Knowledge References and Reading School-Wide Positive Behavior (al) Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS)-for Schools K-12 School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS)-for Schools K-12 Schopler, Eric Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Scoliosis Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Scotland and Autism History Overview of Assessment and Supportive Intervention and Social Policy/Training Initiatives Overview of Research Directions See Also References and Reading SCQ Screening Instruments for ASD Definition Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Screening Measures Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Broad Developmental Screening Tools Autism-Specific Screening Tools Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT; Level 1) Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT; Level 1) Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile Infant-Toddler Checklist (CSBS-DP-IT Checklist; Level 1) Developmental Check-In (DCI; Level 1) Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test, Second Edition (PDDST-II; Levels 1 and 2) Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-Revised with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F; Levels 1 and 2) Social Responsiveness Scale: Second Edition (SRS-2; Level 2) Screening Tool for Autism in 2-Year-Olds (STAT; Level 2) Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Second Edition (CARS2; Level 2) Gilliam Autism Rating Scale: Third Edition (GARS-3; Level 2) Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; Level 2) Future Directions See Also References and Reading Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Older Adults Definition See Also References and Reading Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds (STAT) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Use of the STAT with 2-Year-Olds Use of the STAT with Children Under 2 Years Old Clinical and Community Use See Also References and Reading Scripting Scripts Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading SCZD15 SDA Season of Birth in Autism Synonyms Definition More Recent Test of the Seasonality Hypothesis in Autism See Also References and Reading Seasonality of Autism Secondary and Postsecondary Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Secondary Handicapping Conditions Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs) Second-Generation Sequencing SecreFlo Secretin Synonyms Definition References and Reading Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Definition See Also References and Reading Secure Employment Definition See Also References and Reading Sedative Hypnotic Drugs Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Specific Compounds and Properties Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) References and Reading Seeing Essential English (SEE I) Segment Seizure Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Seizure Disorder Seizures Selective Attention Definition Historical Background Alternative Conceptualizations Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders Treatment Based on Normalizing Attention Patterns in ASD Summary References and Reading Selective Mutism Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Self-Advocacy Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Self-Care Definition Techniques to Assist in Learning Self-care Skills Visual Aids Social StoriesTM Applied Behavior Analysis See Also References and Reading Self-Contained Classroom Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Self-Determination Self-Directed Support Corporation Supports Self-Direction Self-Employment Supports Self-Empowerment Selfemra Self-Help Self-Help Skills Definition Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Historical Background Current Knowledge Challenges to Skill Acquisition Commonly Used Assessment Tools Teaching Self-Help Skills and the Use of Evidence-Based Interventions Behavioral Approaches Visual Supports Social Narratives Video Modeling Peer-Mediated Instruction and Intervention Future Directions See Also References and Reading Self-Injurious Behavior Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) Definition Current Knowledge Applied Behavior Analysis Functional Analysis Treatment Punishment Neurobiological Research and Psychopharmacological Treatment See Also References and Reading Self-Management Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Self-Other Distinction and Social Cognition in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Self-Recognition Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Behavioral Neuroimaging Future Directions References and Reading Self-Recognition and Self-Referential Behavior The Self-System The Measurement of Self-Reflection Self-Reflection and the Development of Brain Function Self-Reflection and Self-Referential Behavior in Children with ASD Self-Referential Abilities in Children with ASD Brain Function Differences Between Typically Developing Children and Children with ASD Conclusion References Self-Regulation Self-Reliance Self-Report Autism Scales for Adults Synonyms Description Historical Background Autistic Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Adult Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire (RBQ-2A) Systemizing Quotient (SQ) Current Knowledge Study 1: Initial Evaluation Method Results Study 2: Further Refinement Method Results Study 3: Final Validation Method Results Future Directions See Also References and Reading Self-Reported Temperament in Children and Adolescent with High Functioning Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Self-Stimulatory Behavior Self-Talk Self-Understanding of Academic Competencies in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Self-Understanding Throughout the Lifespan Self-Understanding in ASD Self-Understanding of Academic Competency in ASD Factors Influencing Self-Understanding in ASD Self-Understanding in ADHD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Semantic Fluency Semantic Memory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Semantic Pragmatic Deficit Disorder Semantic Pragmatic Deficit Syndrome Semantic Pragmatic Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Book Chapter in a Book Article in a Journal Semantic Pragmatic Language Disorder Send-Out Room Sensation Avoiding Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sensation-Seeking Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sense of Balance Sensitivity and Specificity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sensorimotor Development Historical Background The Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) Substage I: The Use of Reflexes (0-1 Month) Substage II: Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 Months) Substage III: Secondary Circular Reactions, or the Procedures Destined to Make Interesting Sights Last (4-8 Months) Substage IV: Coordination of Secondary Schemata (8-12 Months) Substage V: Tertiary Circular Reactions, or the Discovery of New Means Through Active Experimentation (12-18 Months) Substage VI: Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 Months) Current Knowledge Sensorimotor Development in Autism See Also References and Reading Sensorimotor Play Sensory Aphasia Sensory Avoiding Sensory Diet Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Sensory Experiences Questionnaire Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Features as a Marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Sensory Features as a Diagnostic Marker of ASD Early Sensory Symptoms Impact the Neurodevelopmental Trajectory Relationship of Sensory Features to Autism Severity and Other Symptoms Sensory Subtypes in ASD Studies of Specific Sensory Modalities in ASD Multisensory Integration Future Directions See Also References Sensory History Definition See Also References and Reading Sensory Impairment Sensory Impairment in Autism Definition Historical Background Dual Autism Plus Sensory Impairment Diagnoses Sensory Processing Impairments in Autism Current Knowledge Dual Diagnoses of Sensory Impairment and Autism Sensory Dysfunction Within Autism Future Directions Dual Sensory Impairments and Autism Sensory Processing Disorder and Autism See Also References and Reading Sensory Integration (SI) Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Websites with Additional Information Sensory Integration and Praxis Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) Sensory Overresponsivity as a Predictor of Amplitude Discrimination Performance in Youth with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sensory Processing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sensory Processing Assessment Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Processing Measure Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Processing Measure, Preschool Edition Sensory Processing Measure: Preschool (SPM-P) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Seeking Sensory Sensitivity Questionnaire (SSQ) Sensory Sensitivity Questionnaire: Revised Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Sensory Stimuli Definition See Also References and Reading Sensory System for Sense of Hearing Sentence Structure Separate Classroom Separation Anxiety Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading SEQ Sequential Processing Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Serax Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Serentil Serial Position Effect Serial Processing Seromycin Seroplex Seroquel Seroquel XR Serotonin Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Serotonin Behavioral Syndrome Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs) Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Serotonin Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Sertraline Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sertraline Hydrochloride Service Service Delivery Model Definition Format for Service Delivery Comprehensive Treatment Programs as Service Delivery Models Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Service Need Service Receipt Service Use Service Utilization in Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Set Shifting Setting Events Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Types of Setting Events Functional Assessment Intervention The Setting and the Schedule Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sex Chromosomes Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sex Differences in ASD on Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors and Interests Definition(s) Historical Background Current Knowledge Stereotyped and Repetitive Behaviors Sameness Behaviors Restricted Interests Self-Injurious Behaviors Sensory Processing Differences Neurophysiology Summary Implications Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sex Education Definition See Also References and Reading Sex Hormones Synonyms Definition References and Reading Sexuality and Problem Behaviors Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sexuality and Romantic Relationships Among People with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sexuality in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading SHANK 3 Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading SHANK3 Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Shaping of Behavior Definition See Also References and Reading Shared Book Reading with Preschoolers with Autism Definition Historical Background Reading Readiness Versus Emergent Literacy Literacy Development in ASD Shared Book Reading Activities Current Knowledge Home Literacy Environment Engagement During Shared Book Reading Shared Book Reading Interventions Future Directions See Also References and Reading Shared Storybook Reading Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Shell Shock Sheltered Employment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Sheltered Workshops Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Short Sensory Profile Short Sensory Profile 2 Short Sensory Profile in Autism Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Short-Term Memory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Sibling Emotion Sibling Feelings About Their Brother or Sister with Autism Spectrum Disorder Synonyms Definition References and Reading Sibling Relationship Sibling Support Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Siemerling-Creutzfeldt Disease Sign Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Signed English Signing Exact English (SEE II) Siladryl Allergy [OTC] Silenor Silphen Cough [OTC] Simon Baron-Cohen Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Simple Phobia Simplified Chinese Psychoeducational Profile Third Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Simply Sleep [OTC] Simpson-Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Symptoms Definition See Also References and Reading Sinequan Synonyms See Also References and Reading Singapore and Autism Spectrum Disorder Legal Issues/Mandates for Service Historical Background Overview of Current Services, Centers, and Interventions Diagnostic and Clinical Services Early Intervention Educational Provisions for School Going Children Services and Support for Adults with ASD Research and Learning/Professional Development Research Training and Professional Development Social Policy and Advocacy Current Issues and Future Directions References and Reading Single Case Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Single-Nucleotide Variation Single-Subject Design Single-Subject Study Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge See Also References and Reading Singsong Definition See Also References and Reading SIPT Situation Awareness Situations-Options-Choices-Consequences-Strategies-Simulation (SOCCSS) Program Definition See Also References and Reading Skill Skinner´s Verbal Behavior Skinnerian Categories of Verbal Behavior Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading SLDT-A SLDT-E Sleep Bruxism Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Sleep Disturbance Sleep-ettes D [OTC] Sleepinal [OTC] Sleep-tabs [OTC] SLO Syndrome SLOS SLP (Acronym for Speech-Language Pathologist) Small-Group Technology-Assisted Instruction Using Socially Assistive Robotics and Virtual Reality Definition Historical Background One-to-One Instruction Small-Group Instruction Imitational Learning Vicarious Learning Current Knowledge Computer-Assisted Instruction Small-Group Technology-Assisted Instruction Why SGTAI Future Directions Virtual Reality Socially Assistive Robotics Adaptive SGTAI Affect-Sensitive SGTAI See Also References and Reading Smith v. Robinson (1984) Smith v. Robinson (1984) Rights to Attorney Fees for Parents Synonyms Definition Conclusion See Also Smith, Tristram Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Genetic Counseling Treatment References and Reading SNAP SNE SNP Social Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder Social Behaviors and Social Impairment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Camouflaging in Adults with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Class and Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Social Class and ASD Diagnosis Social Class, ASD Severity, and Well-Being Social Class and ASD Treatment: Pharmaceutical and Behavioral Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Cognition Definition See Also References and Reading Social Cognition Training Social Cognitive Interventions Synonyms Definition References and Reading Social Cognitive Learning Theory Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Core Concepts of SCLT SCLT in Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder SCLT and Interventions for ASD Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Communication Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Social Communication and Interaction (SCI) Social Communication Disorder Social Communication Questionnaire Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Social Emotional Skills Social Gaze Social Inclusion Social Initiation Social Interventions Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Language Development Test Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data SLDT-E Item Pool Standardization SLDT-A Item Pool Standardization Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Social Language Development Test-Adolescent Social Language Development Test-Elementary Social Learning Social Learning Disability/Difference Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic Adolescents Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Friendships on the Autism Spectrum Supporting Friendships Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder Social Responsiveness Scale Synonyms Abbreviations Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Internal Consistency Retest Reliability/Temporal Stability Construct Validity Inter-rater Reliability/Convergent Validity Comparisons with Other Instruments: Concurrent Validation Convergent Validity Divergent/Discriminant Validity Clinical Uses Screening and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Reports Results in Other Clinical and Behavioral Research Heritability/Genetic Epidemiology Brain Imaging Longitudinal Course See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Suggested Reading Social Scientist Social Scripts Social Security Amendments of 1965 (or ``Medicare Act of 1965´´ and/or the ``Medicaid Act of 1965´´) Definition Medicare Legislative Details Medicaid Legislative Details Legislative Details for Other Key Provisions Legislative History and Background See Also References and Reading Social Skill Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Social Skills Social Skills Improvement System Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Social Stigma Social Stories Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Social Thinking Social Tools And Rules for Teens (START) Program Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Social Motivation Social Insight Social Skills Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Pre-group Preparation START Program Session Format Individual Check-in Session Free Socialization Phase Social Topic Discussion and Practice Social Activity Phase Checkout Session Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Survey-Based Outcome Measures Social Conversation Probe Procedures Social Conversation Outcome Measures Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Social Validity Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social-Emotional Behavior and Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Measuring Social-Emotional Behavior Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social-Emotional Inhibition of Return Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Social-Emotional Learning Disability Social-Emotional Learning Skills Social-Emotional Processing Disorder Social-Emotional Skills Socialization and High-Functioning Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Soft Job Skills Soiling Somatosensory Cortex Sominex [OTC] Sominex Maximum Strength [OTC] Somnolence Son-Rise Program Synonyms Definition References and Reading Sotos Syndrome and ASD Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology of Sotos Syndrome Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Sound Sensitivity South Africa and Autism Introduction Historical Background Legal Issues: Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Schools Assessment and Diagnosis Residential Treatment Other Services Overview of Research Directions Cultural Factors and Controversies References and Reading SPA Spain and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies References and Reading SPANK-2 Sparrow, Sara Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Spastic Diplegia Spastic Paralysis Speaker Versus Listener-Oriented Disfluency Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Filled Pauses Unfilled (or Silent) Pauses Repetitions Repairs Other (Interjections, Prolongations, and Atypical Disfluency) Summary Future Directions See Also References and Reading Special Education Definition See Also References and Reading Special Education Classroom Special Education Needs Special Education Service Utilization in ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Special Needs Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Special Needs Planning (SNP) Definition Principles of Special Needs Planning Common Barriers to Special Needs Planning See Also References and Reading Special Needs Trust (SNT) Definition Principles of Special Needs Trusts Creation of Special Needs Trusts Types of Special Needs Trusts Key Considerations for Grantors When Creating a Special Needs Trust Legislative History of Special Needs Trusts See Also References and Reading Special Olympics Major Areas or Mission Statement Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Brief History Major Activities The Value of Special Olympics References and Reading Specific Language Impairment Specific Learning Disability Specific Learning Disorder Specific Reading Disability Spectrum/Continuum of Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Speech Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Speech and Language Services Speech Clinician (Not Preferred Title) Speech Delay Definition See Also References and Reading Speech Disorder Speech Impairment Speech Impairment/Disorder Speech Impairments Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Speech Morphology Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Speech Pathologist (Not Preferred Title) Speech Sound Speech Sound Disorder Speech Sound Production Speech Teacher (Not Preferred Title) Speech Therapist (Not Preferred Title) Speech Therapy Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers References and Reading Speech Therapy (Not Preferred) Speech/Communication Disabilities Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Early Communication Development Later Language, Speech, and Communicative Development Language Form (Phonology, Morphology, Syntax) Language Content (Vocabulary, Semantics) Language Use (Pragmatics, Social Use of Language) Speech Echolalia Pronoun Reversal Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Speech-for-the-Self Speech-Language Clinician (Not Preferred Title) Speech-Language Intervention Synonyms Definition Speech Disorders Language Disorders Social Communication or Pragmatic Language Disorders Cognitive-Communication Disorders Severe Communication Disorders Feeding and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) See Also References and Reading Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Speech-Language Pathology Practice Speech-Language Pathology Services Speech-Language Therapist (Not Preferred Title) Sphingolipidoses Spinal Curvature Spinal Fluid SPM SPM-P Spoken Language Spoken Language Comprehension Sports Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading SRS SSIS SEL Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading SSP SSP-2 SSQ-R Staff Training and Development Stalking Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Risk Factors Desire Versus Skillset to Initiate and Maintain Intimate Relationships Victim as Circumscribed Interest Stalking as the Routine/Ritual Difficulties with Perspective Taking Time Spent Online Media Influences Future Directions See Also References and Reading Stammering Standard Standard Deviation (SD) Definition See Also References and Reading Standard Error of Measurement Standard Error of the Mean Definition References and Reading Standard Normal Distribution Standard Score Standard Scores (Z and T Scores) Definition See Also Standardization Introduction and Definition Standardization Sample Standard Scores Interpreting the Meaning of Standard Scores, with Reference to Vineland II Adaptive Behavior Scores Classifying Levels of Adaptive Behavior on the Basis of a Knowledge of Standard Scores How Standardized Test Scores Can Be Used to Understand Autistic Behavior References and Reading Standardized Behavior Checklists Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Standardized Scores Standardized Tests Standing Balance Assessment Stanford-Binet Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and Revised Versions Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test STAR Program Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Startle Reflex Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Startle Response STAT State Educational Agency Definition See Also References and Reading State of Alertness Statewide Service Programs Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Statistical Approaches to Subtyping Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge K-Means Mixture Modeling Hierarchical Clustering Determining the Number of Clusters Future Directions See Also References and Reading Statistical Significance Definition See Also References and Reading Stay-Put Requirement Synonyms Definition In General In the Disciplinary Context See Also References and Reading Stelazine STEM Education and Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Stepped Transition in Education Program for Students with ASD (STEPS) Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Steps Stereotyped and Restrictive Behaviors and Sensory Interests (SRS) Stereotyped Movement Disorder Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Stereotypic Behavior Synonyms Definition Stereotypies See Also References and Reading Stereotypic Movement Disorders Stereotypies Stereotypy Steroids Definition References and Reading Stigmatization Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Stimulant Medications Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Stimulus Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Stimulus Control Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Stimulus Fading Stimulus Overselectivity Definition References and Reading Stimulus Preference Assessment Story Grammar Analysis Story Grammar Assessment Story Structure Decision Tree Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Strabismus Synonyms Definition Stranger Anxiety Definition See Also References and Reading Straterra (TM) Strengthening Stress Disorder Stress Reactivity Striatum Strong Narrative Assessment Procedure (SNAP), Second Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Structural Equation Mixture Modeling Structural Equation Modeling Structured Behavioral Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Structured Classrooms Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Structured Descriptive Assessment Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Structured Environments Structured Teaching Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Student Characteristics and Teachers´ Decisions to Use 1:1 Instruction Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Studies to Advance Autism Research and Treatment Definition References and Reading Study Design Impact on Prevalence Definition See Also References and Reading Stuttering Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Sub-cortical Ganglia Sub-Saharan Africa and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues: Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Cultural Factors and Controversies See Also Resources and Readings References and Reading Substance Use Problems/Disorders in Individuals with ASD Introduction Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Substantia Grisea Substantia Nigra Definition References and Reading Substantial Gainful Activity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Substantial Gainful Employment Subtest Scatter Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Subtyping Autism Definition Historical Background Categorical Diagnoses Cognitive Subtypes Language Subtypes Repetitive Behaviors Subtypes Patterns of Onset Physical Phenotypes Sex Responders to Treatment Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Success Factors Enabling Employment for Adults on the Autism Spectrum Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Personal Factors Job Match Environmental Factors Employers and Coworkers Workplace Accommodations Vocational Support Services Family Policy, Procedures, and Practices Future Directions See Also Acknowledgment References and Reading Successful School Transition Successive Integration Successive Processing Suicidality in Children and Adolescents with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Risk Factors Demographic Variables Symptom Severity Comorbidities Bullying Assessment Prevention Future Directions See Also References and Reading Suicide Rates in Adults with Autism Definition Autism and Suicidal Behavior Prevalence Completed Suicide Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Adults Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children and Adolescents Presentation Causes and Risk Factors Management Crisis Intervention/Inpatient Admission Outpatient Treatment Prevention Conclusion References and Reading Sulfatide Lipidosis Sulfatidosis Superior Temporal Sulcus Superior Temporal Sulcus Region Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Support Trust Definition See Also References and Reading Sources Supported Employment Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Supported Employment Group Supported Work Supporting Sustained Treatment Benefits Sweden and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Social Policy and Training References and Reading Symbol Symbol Use Definition See Also References and Reading Symbolic Behavior Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Symbolic Play Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Symbolic Thought Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Synapses Definition See Also References and Reading Synaptic Proteins Structure Function Pathophysiology See Also References and Reading Synaptic Pruning Definition See Also References and Reading Synaptogenesis Definition See Also References and Reading Syndrome of Deficits in Attention, Motor Control, and Perception (DAMP) Syntax Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Systemizing Systemizing Quotient (SQ-7) Systems Intervention Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading T T Scores Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading TABS TABS Screener TACL-4 Tact Tact(s) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Tactile Synonyms Definition References and Reading Tactile Defensiveness Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Tactile Defensiveness and Discrimination Test-Revised Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Tactile Sensitivity Tactile Temporal Resolution Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Tailoring Job Skills Takao Syndrome Talking Tangentially Tantrum Tardive Dyskinesia Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Target Behavior Synonyms Definition References and Reading Targeting IEP Social Goals in Summer Camps Definitions Historical Background Underlying Theory, Goals, and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers Summary References and Reading Task Analysis References and Reading TDDT-R TEACCH Transition Assessment Profile - Computer Version TEACCH Transition Assessment Profile (TTAP) Synonyms Definition Description Historical Background Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Teach Me Language Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Teacher´s Aide Teaching Abduction-Prevention Skills to Children with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Teaching Assistant Teaching Interaction Procedure Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Label and Identification Rationale Description/Demonstration Practice Feedback Optional External Consequence Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Teaching Personal Safety Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Team Approach Definition See Also References and Reading Teglutik TELD TELD-2 TELD-3 Telegraphic Speech Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Telehealth: An Effective Model for Providing Behavior Analytic Interventions to Individuals with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Temper Tantrum Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Temperament Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Temperament and Atypical Behavior Scale Screener (TABS Screener) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Temporal Cortex Temporal Lobes Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Tenex Teratology Test Age Test Bias Definition See Also References and Reading Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language - Fourth Edition Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Early Language Development (TELD) Synonyms Description Applications in Research on Autism Spectrum Disorders Applications in Research on Theory of Mind and Language Development Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Early Language Skill Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Early Mathematics Ability-3 Description Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Narrative Language Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI-4) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Test Construction Clinical Uses Test Construction Item Analysis Item Response Theory Standardization Sample Reliability and Validity Strengths Weaknesses Summary See Also References and Reading Test of Playfulness (ToP) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Pragmatic Language-2 (TOPL-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses References and Reading Test of Sensory Functioning in Infants Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Written Language Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Test of Written Language, Fourth Edition (TOWL-4) Thalamus Definition References and Reading Thalidomide Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) See Also References and Reading Theoretical Models and Autism Definition Historical Background Medical Model of Disability Social Model of Disability Bio/Psycho/Social Model of Disability Current Knowledge: Theoretical Models of Autism and Autism Theory Future Directions: For Autism Research See Also References and Reading Theories of Language Development Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Theory of Mind Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Theraflu Thin Strips Multi symptom [OTC] Therapeutic Education Therapist Thimerosal Definition References and Reading Thioridazine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Thiothixene Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Thiothixene Thiothixene Hydrochloride Thiothixene Hydrochloride Intensol Third Edition Thorazine Threat Detection Threat Perception Threat Superiority Three-Word Phrases and Sentences Thyrotropin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroxine (T) Tics Definition See Also References and Reading TIME Time Experience in Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge ``Lived Time´´ Explicit Time Experience Implicit Time Experience Interrupted Time Experience Future Directions References and Reading Time Interval Time Management Definition References and Reading Time Sampling Procedures Time Trends in Diagnosis Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Kanner Criteria (1943) Eisenberg and Kanner (1956) Creak et al. (1964) Rutter Criteria (1978) DSM-III (1980) DSM-III-R (1987) DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV TR (2000) DSM 5 (estimated 2013) Future Directions See Also References and Reading Time-Out Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement Timothy Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology of Timothy Syndrome Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Timothy Syndrome - 1 (TS1) Timothy Syndrome - 2 (TS2) Title IX Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading TNL 2 Toddler Infant Motor Evaluation Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Standardization Reliability Validity Clinical Uses References and Reading Toe Walking Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Tofranil Toilet Training Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Token Economy Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Token Test for Children - Second Edition (TTFC-2) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Tolerance for Delay Tone of Voice TONI Tonic-Clonic Seizure ToP Topamax (Topiramate) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Topic Management Topiramate TOPL-2 Total Communication (TC) Approach Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Touch Touch Pressure Definition References and Reading Touch Processing and Social Behavior in ASD Definition Acknowledgment References and Reading Touch Sensitivity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Tourette Disorder Tourette Syndrome Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Pharmacologic Interventions Behavioral See Also References and Reading Tourette´s Syndrome Toxicology Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Train-and-Hope Strategy Definition See Also References and Reading Trainer Implementation Training Parents of Youth with Autism to Advocate for Adult Disability Services Definition Historical Background Barriers to Receiving Adult Services for Youth with ASD Need for Parent Advocacy Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Training the General Case Transactional Support (SCERTS) Model Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Transactional Supports Transdisciplinary Assessment and Intervention Transdisciplinary Team Transfer of Function Transformative Autism Studies (Woods et al. 2018) Transition Cue Definition References and Reading Transition Planning Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Transition Support Practices Transitional Living Definition See Also References and Reading Trauma Travel Training Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Traveling Teacher Trazodone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Treatment Adherence Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication-Related Handicapped CHildren Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Treatment Fidelity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Treatment for Higher-Order Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Treatment Gain Retention Treatment Integrity Treatment Preference Assessment Treatment Preference Evaluation Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Treatment Priorities Definition References and Reading Treffert, Darold Short Biography References and Reading Trexan Synonyms Definition References and Reading TRIAD Social Skills Assessment Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Trial Definition References and Reading Triaminic Thin Strips Children´s Cough and Runny Nose [OTC] Triazolam and Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Trichotillomania Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment References and Reading Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Triennial Evaluation and Triennial Review Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Trifluoperazine Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Trilafon Trisomy 21 True Negative Rate True Positive Rate Trust Definition In General Important Considerations and Financial Planning See Also References and Reading Trustee Definition Serving the Role of Trustee Trustee Duties and Obligations Multiple Trustees Compensation of Trustees See Also References and Reading Tryptophan Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading TS Bourneville´s Disease TSC Tuberous Sclerosis TSFI TSI TTAP TTAP-CV TTFC-2 Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance Major Areas or Mission Statement Landmark Contributions Major Activities See Also References and Reading Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Turkey and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Social Policy and Training See Also References and Reading Turner Syndrome Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Turn-Taking Tutor Twilite [OTC] Twin Studies in Autism Definition See Also References and Reading Type I Error Type II Punishment Type II Punishment, Second Edition Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Typical Typical Length Typically Developing U U.S. Family and Medical Leave Act Definition References and Reading UCLA Young Autism Project Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Ullrich-Turner Syndrome Uncertainty Processing in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Relations Between Uncertainty Processing and Autism Symptoms and Features Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety in ASD Emotional Regulation in ASD Treatment Models for Uncertainty Processing Behavioral Measures of Uncertainty Processing Neurobiological Measures of Uncertainty Processing Future Directions References and Reading Under-arousal Understanding Parent´s Intervention Choices for Their Child with ASD Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Understanding Social Communication Differences in ASD and First-Degree Relatives Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Social Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Social Communication in First-Degree Relatives of Individuals with ASD Origins of Social Communication Differences in ASD and First-Degree Relatives Future Directions See Also References and Reading Unengaged Uniform Transfers to Minors Definition References and Reading Unipolar Depression Unisom SleepGels Maximum Strength [OTC] Unisom SleepMelts [OTC] Unit of Response United Kingdom (UK) Upright/Inverted Figures Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Uruguay and Autism Background and History Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Overview of Training Social Policy and Current Controversies See Also References and Reading US Social Policy and Autism Spectrum Disorders Introduction Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Historical Background Early Legislation The Role of Advocates The Role of Research Current Knowledge ASD Information and Awareness ASD Services ASD Training ASD Practice Standards ASD Research Comprehensive Reform Future Directions DSM-V Improving and Increasing Services at the Local Level The Identity of the ASD Community See Also References and Reading USA and Autism Historical Background Legal Issues, Mandates for Service Overview of Current Treatments and Centers Overview of Research Directions Social Policy and Training See Also References and Reading Use of Language Use of Language in Context Using Shaping to Increase Foods Consumed by Children with Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Uta Frith Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Utilitarian Attention Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Utility of Repeated Autism Screening at 18 and 24 Months Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales of Infant Development Description Historical Background Development of the Instrument Scale I: The Development of Visual Pursuit and the Permanence of Objects Scale II: The Development of Means for Obtaining Desired Environmental Events Scale IIIa: The Development of Vocal Imitation Scale IIIb: The Development of Gestural Imitation Scale IV: The Development of Operational Causality Scale V: The Construction of Object Relations in Space Scale VI: The Development of Schemes for Relating to Objects Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading V V1 VABS-II: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II Vaccinations and Autism Definition References and Reading Validity Definition See Also References and Reading Valium Valproate Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Valproate Sodium (Depacon) Valproic Acid Valproic Acid (Depakene and Stavzor) Vanderbilt Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD) Social Skills Assessment (TSSA) Vanspar Variable Expressivity of Genes Definition See Also References and Reading VB-MAPP VB-MAPP: Verbal Behavior Milestones and Placement Program VCFS Velocardiofacial Syndrome Venlafaxine Synonyms Indications Mechanisms of Action Mechanism of Action According to Stahl´s Essential Psychopharmacology (2008) Specific Compounds and Properties Clinical Use (Including Side Effects) FDA-Approved Clinical Uses Clinical Uses of Venlafaxine in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) Side Effects See Also References and Reading Ventricles Definition See Also References and Reading Ventriculography Verbal Apraxia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Natural History Prognostic Factors Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Verbal Auditory Agnosia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading Verbal Behavior Verbal Behavior Assessment Verbal Behavior Interventions Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Use See Also References and Reading Verbal Communication Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Verbal Comprehension Synonyms Definition References and Reading Verbal Comprehension Index Definition See Also References and Reading Verbal Dyspraxia Verbal Fluency Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Verbal Intelligence Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Empirical Findings from Verbal Intelligence Tests Underlying Abilities and Theoretical Accounts Future Directions See Also References and Reading Verbal Semantic Coherence Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Verbalization Versed Very Early-Onset Schizophrenia Vestibular Function in Children with Autism Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Vestibular System in Autism Definition Vestibular System Historical Background Current Knowledge Symptoms Due to Abnormal Modulation of Vestibular Input Neurophysiologic Studies Therapeutic Implications of Abnormal Vestibular Modulation References and Reading Victimization Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Video Feedback and Feedforward Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions References and Reading Video Games and Violence Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Vulnerability to the Impact of Violent Video Games Violent Video Games and Aberrant Behavior Internet Addiction Game Genres Violent Video Games as Video Models Future Directions See Also References and Reading Video Games, Use of Definition Historical Background History of Video Games Types of Video Games The Demographics of Video Games and Video Game Players Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games History of Educational Video Games and Edutainment Current Knowledge Recreational Use of Video Games in Individuals with ASD Therapeutic Use of Video Games in Individuals with ASD Concerns, Limitations, and Recommendations Future Directions See Also References and Reading Video Instruction Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Video Modeling/Video Self-Modeling Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Video Prompting Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Video Tape Analysis Studies Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Video to Diagnose (Retrospective and Prospective) Video to Assess and Treat Video to Contextualize, Describe (Naturalistic: Generalizing, Particularizing) Future Directions See Also References and Reading Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) Vineland III Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Vineland-3 Violence and ASD Definition Historical Background Prevalence in the Criminal Justice System Risk Factors Current Knowledge Instrumental Violence Violation of a Routine/Lack of Access to Circumscribed Interest Circumscribed Interest in Violence Expressive Violence Sensory Response Communication Challenges Difficulties Reading Social Situations Future Directions See Also References and Readings Violent/Criminal Behavior in Autism Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Visiting Teacher Visual Attention to Eyes Visual Cortex Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) Visual Narrative Comprehension Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Visual Narrative Sequences Visual Orienting to Eyes Visual Processing Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Lower-Level Vision: Striate and Extrastriate Cortex Mid-level Vision: Ventral Occipitotemporal Cortex Perceptual Grouping Motion Perception Higher-Level Vision: Beyond the Calcarine Sulcus Future Directions Conclusions See Also References and Reading Visual Responses to Implicit Emotional Faces Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Visual Scanning Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Visual Scanning of Faces: Fixation Patterns Attention Shifting Stimulus Effects Age Effects Visual Scanning of Scenes That Contain Social Stimuli Visual Scanning of Nonsocial Stimuli Correlates of Atypical Scanning Patterns Summary Future Directions See Also References and Reading Visual Schedule Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Visual Schedules Visual Supports Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Visual Thinking Synonyms Definition References and Reading Visual/Somatosensory Cognitive Potentials Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Face Recognition Emotion Processing Attention Goal-Directed Learning Movement-Related Potentials Future Directions See Also References and Reading Visually Organized Learning Environments Visual-Motor Ability Visual-Motor Function Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Visual-Motor Integration Visual-Motor Integration, Developmental (VMI) Test Abbreviations Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Visual-Motor Skills Visual-Spatial Ability Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Visuomotor Ability Visuomotor Function Visuomotor Skills Vitamin B8 Vivactil VMI Vocable Vocabulary Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Vocalization Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Vocational Counseling Vocational Counselor Vocational Evaluator Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Definition See Also References and Reading Vocational Rehabilitation Specialist Vocational Trainer Vocational Training Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading Voice Output Communication Aids Definition Historical Background Rationale or Underlying Theory Goals and Objectives Treatment Participants Treatment Procedures Efficacy Information Outcome Measurement Qualifications of Treatment Providers See Also References and Reading VPT W Wait Training Synonyms Definition References and Reading Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) WCST Weak Central Coherence Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Wechsler Memory Scale (All Versions) Description Historical Background Psychometric Data General Cognitive Screener Logical Memory Verbal Paired Associates Designs Visual Reproduction Spatial Addition Symbol Span Older Adult Battery Calculation of Index Scores Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Synonyms Abbreviations Description Structure Coding Subtest Description of Subtests Historical Background Psychometric Data Development and Standardization Procedures Statistical Properties Clinical Uses Special Subgroups Interpretation See Also References and Reading Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Description See Also References and Reading Wechsler, David References and Reading Wellbutrin Wernicke, Karl (1848-1905) Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Wernicke´s Aphasia Synonyms Short Description or Definition Categorization Epidemiology Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment See Also References and Reading West Syndrome Whole-Genome Sequencing Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML) Synonyms Description Content Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Wide-Range Assessment of Visual-Motor Abilities Wilbarger Protocol Williams-Beuren Region Duplication Wing Subgroups Questionnaire (WSQ) Wing, Lorna Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography References and Reading Books Winkleman v. Parma City School District (2007 Rights Under IDEA) Definition In General Implications for ASD Students Litigation Strategies References and Reading WISC WISC - V Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Within-Subject Design WJ-IV WJ-IV Ach WJ-IV Cog WJ-IV OL Wolfe, Sula Name and Degrees Major Appointments (Institution, Location, Dates) Major Honors and Awards Landmark Clinical, Scientific, and Professional Contributions Short Biography See Also References and Reading Woodcock Johnson Test of Achievement, Fourth Edition Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Fourth Edition Woodcock Johnson, Fourth Edition Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive and Achievement Batteries Synonyms Abbreviations Description WJ-IV Cog Battery WJ-IV Ach Battery WJ-IV OL Battery Historical Background Cattell and Horn´s Gf-Gc Theory Carroll´s Three-Stratum Theory Psychometric Data Reliability Validity Clinical Uses See Also References and Reading Word Fluency Word Recognition Word Use Definition See Also References and Reading Words Work Placement for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Work Team Workforce Innovations Opportunity Act Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Working for Pay Worry Wounds WPPSI-III WPPSI-III - Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence WRAML2 WRAML-2 Wraparound Services Definition Historical Background Origins of the Wraparound Process Federally Funded Programs and Wraparound Services Wraparound-Type Services for Individuals with a Developmental Disability Current Knowledge Applied Behavior Analysis Ten Principles of the Wraparound Process as Developed by the National Wraparound Initiative Future Directions See Also References and Reading WRAVMA Writing Writing Disorders Short Description or Definition Assessment Categorization Epidemiology Natural History, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes Clinical Expression and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Treatment Intervention See Also References and Reading Writing Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Writing Interventions Behavioral Principles Assistive Technologies Future Directions See Also References and Reading Written Communication Written Language Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Wrong Decision X X and Y Chromosomes Xanax Xanax (Alprazolam) Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Xanax XR Xeristar X-Linked Traits Definition See Also References and Readings X-Ray Computed Tomography Y Yale Global Tic Severity Scale Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Yale In Vivo Pragmatic Protocol Synonyms Description Historical Background Psychometric Data Clinical Uses See Also References and Readings Yeast Infection Definition References and Reading Yentreve YGTSS YiPP Z Z Scores Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Zactin Zaponex Zebrafish Models Definition Historical Background Current Knowledge Future Directions See Also References and Reading Zeldox Zero Reject Definition See Also References and Readings Ziprasidone Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Zoloft Zolpidem Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Zonalon Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Definition See Also References and Reading Zyban Zygosity Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading Zyprexa Synonyms Definition See Also References and Reading
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