Encyclopedia of Animal Science

Cover......Page 1
Adaptation and Stress: Animal State of Being......Page 2
Adaptation and Stress: Neuroendocrine, Physiological, and Behavioral Responses......Page 6
Amino Acids: Metabolism and Functions......Page 10
Angora Goats: Production and Management......Page 14
Animal Agriculture and Social Ethics for Animals......Page 17
Animal By-Products: Biological and Industrial Products......Page 20
Animal Handling-Behavior......Page 23
Animal Health: Diagnostics......Page 0
Animal Source Food: Nutritional Value......Page 31
Animal Source Food: Quality and Safety—Meat and Poultry......Page 34
Animal Source Food: Quality and Safety—Milk and Eggs......Page 37
Antibiotics: Microbial Resistance......Page 40
Antibiotics: Subtherapeutic Levels......Page 43
Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals: Potential Alternatives......Page 46
Aquaculture: Production, Processing, Marketing......Page 49
Aquatic Animals: Fishes—Major......Page 53
Aquatic Animals: Fishes—Minor......Page 56
Beef: Carcass Composition and Quality......Page 59
Beef Cattle Management: Crossbreeding......Page 62
Beef Cattle Management: Extensive......Page 66
Beef Cattle Management: Intensive......Page 69
Beef Cattle: Behavior Management and Well-Being......Page 72
Beef Cattle: Breeds and Genetics......Page 75
Beef Cattle: Housing......Page 78
Beef Cattle: Marketing......Page 82
Beef Cattle: Nutritional Management......Page 86
Beef Cattle: Reproduction Management......Page 89
Behavior: Aberrant......Page 92
Behavior: Feeding......Page 95
Behavior: Maternal......Page 98
Behavior: Reproductive......Page 102
Beta Adrenergic Agonists......Page 105
Bioavailability: Amino Acids......Page 109
Bioavailability: Energy......Page 112
Bioavailability: Fat-Soluble Vitamins......Page 116
Bioavailability: Mineral Elements......Page 118
Bioavailability: Water-Soluble Vitamins......Page 121
Biodiversity: Germplasm Banks......Page 125
Biodiversity: Grazing Management......Page 128
Biotechnology: Artificial Insemination......Page 131
Biotechnology: Cloning Animals......Page 134
Biotechnology: Embryo Technology for Cattle......Page 137
Biotechnology: Genetically Modified Feeds......Page 140
Biotechnology: Sexing Sperm......Page 144
Biotechnology: Stem Cell and Germ Cell Technology......Page 147
Biotechnology: Transgenic Animals......Page 150
Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation......Page 153
Body Composition: Breed and Species Effects......Page 156
Body Composition: Chemical Analysis......Page 160
Body Composition: Genetic Influence......Page 164
Body Composition: Indirect Measurement......Page 167
Body Composition: Linear Dimensions......Page 171
Body Composition: Nutritional Influence......Page 175
Body Composition: Technical Options for Change......Page 178
By-Product Feeds: Animal Origin......Page 181
By-Product Feeds: Plant Origin......Page 185
Camelids......Page 188
Carcass Composition and Quality: Genetic Influence......Page 192
Carcass Composition and Quality: Postmortem......Page 196
Channel Catfish......Page 199
Chickens: Behavior Management and Well-Being......Page 203
Chickens: Broiler Housing......Page 206
Chickens: Broiler Nutrition Management......Page 209
Chickens: Broiler Reproduction Management......Page 212
Chickens: Layer Health Management......Page 216
Chickens: Layer Housing......Page 220
Chickens: Layer Nutrition Management......Page 223
Chickens: Layer Reproduction Management......Page 226
Colostrum......Page 230
Competition for Land Use: Agricultural/Urban Interface......Page 233
Conjugated Linoleic Acid......Page 236
Contributions to Society: Biomedical Research Models......Page 240
Contributions to Society: Companions and Pleasure......Page 243
Contributions to Society: Conversion of Feed to Food......Page 246
Contributions to Society: Draft and Transport......Page 249
Contributions to Society: Improved Animal Source Foods......Page 252
Contributions to Society: Manure-Fertilizer/Fuel, Developed Countries......Page 255
Contributions to Society: Slaughter By-Products......Page 259
Dairy Cattle: Behavior Management and State of Being......Page 262
Dairy Cattle: Breeding and Genetics......Page 265
Dairy Cattle: Health Management......Page 269
Dairy Cattle: Nutrition Management......Page 273
Dairy Cattle: Reproduction Management......Page 276
Deer and Elk......Page 280
Digesta Processing and Fermentation......Page 283
Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients......Page 286
Disease Resistance: Genetics......Page 289
Diseases: Metabolic Disorders of Ruminants......Page 292
Domestication of Animals......Page 295
Ducks: Health Management......Page 298
Ducks: Nutrition Management......Page 301
Ecology and Environment: Issues......Page 304
Egg Products: Retail, Catering and Food Service Products......Page 307
Eggs: Marketing......Page 312
Eggs: Pricing......Page 315
Eggs: Processing, Inspection, and Grading......Page 318
Egg Products: Industrial Egg Products......Page 321
Eggs: Shell Egg Products......Page 326
Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals......Page 330
Environment: Accommodations for Animals......Page 333
Environment: Effects on Animal Health......Page 336
Environmental Pollutants......Page 339
Estrous Cycle: Cattle, Sheep, Goat......Page 343
Estrous Cycle: Mare, Sow......Page 346
Estrus Synchronization: Cattle......Page 350
Estrus Synchronization: Horses, Pigs, Sheep, and Goats......Page 354
Farm Animal Welfare: Philosophical Aspects......Page 357
Feed Quality: External Flow Markers......Page 360
Feed Quality: Natural Plant Markers—Alkanes......Page 363
Feed Quality: Natural Plant Markers—Indigestible Fiber......Page 366
Feed Supplements: Antibiotics......Page 370
Feed Supplements: Crystalline Vitamins......Page 373
Feed Supplements: Enzymes, Probiotics, Yeasts......Page 377
Feed Supplements: Mineral Salts......Page 380
Feed Toxicants......Page 385
Feedstuffs: High-Energy Sources......Page 388
Feedstuffs: Nonconventional Energy Sources......Page 391
Feedstuffs: Protein Sources......Page 394
Female Reproduction: Anatomy and Physiology......Page 399
Female Reproduction: Endocrine System......Page 405
Female Reproduction: Maternal–Fetal Relationship......Page 409
Fertilization......Page 412
Fiber-Producing Animals......Page 415
Forages: Grasses......Page 418
Forages: Legumes......Page 422
Forages: Shrubs and Forbs......Page 426
Fur and Mink......Page 430
Future of Animal Agriculture: Demand for Animal Products......Page 433
Future of Animal Agriculture: Market Strategies......Page 437
Future of Animal Agriculture: Urban/Rural Agriculture Ecosystems......Page 441
GI Tract: Anatomical and Functional Comparisons......Page 446
GI Tract: Animal/Microbial Symbiosis......Page 450
Geese......Page 454
Gene Action, Types of......Page 457
Gene Mapping......Page 460
Genetics: Mendelian......Page 464
Genetics: Molecular......Page 467
Genomics......Page 470
Goat Meat: Carcass Composition/Quality......Page 473
Goat Milk: Composition, Characteristics......Page 475
Goat Milk Products: Quality, Composition, Processing, Marketing......Page 479
Goats: Behavior, Stress, and Management......Page 483
Goats: Breeding and Genetics......Page 487
Goats: Breeds......Page 490
Goats: Health Management......Page 493
Goats: Nutrition Management......Page 497
Grazing Practices, Soil Conservation......Page 500
Growth and Development: Avian Embryos......Page 503
Growth and Development: Cell Differentiation......Page 506
Growth and Development: Mammalian Fetus......Page 511
Growth and Development: Postnatal......Page 514
Hormones: Anabolic Agents......Page 518
Hormones: Protein......Page 521
Hormones: Steroid......Page 524
Horse: Nutrition Management......Page 529
Horses: Behavior Management and Well-Being......Page 532
Horses: Breeds/Breeding/Genetics......Page 535
Horses: Reproduction Management......Page 537
Immune System: Nutrition Effects......Page 542
Immune System: Stress Effects......Page 545
Immunity: Acquired......Page 549
Immunity: Innate......Page 553
Implantation......Page 556
International Animal Germplasm Exchange......Page 560
Lactation, Land Mammals, Species Comparisons......Page 563
Lactation, Marine Mammals, Species Comparisons......Page 566
Lamb: Carcass Composition and Quality......Page 569
Lamb: International Marketing......Page 572
Lamb: U.S. Marketing......Page 576
Lipids......Page 579
Livestock Breeds......Page 583
Lower Digestive Tract Microbiology......Page 586
Male Reproduction: Physiological Comparisons......Page 589
Mammals: Carnivores......Page 592
Mammals: Nonruminant Herbivores......Page 594
Mammals: Omnivores......Page 598
Mammals: Ruminants......Page 600
Mammary Glands: Developmental Changes......Page 604
Mathematical Models: Metabolism......Page 607
Mathematical Models: Population Dynamics......Page 610
Mathematical Models: Production Systems......Page 613
Mating Systems......Page 616
Meat Quality in Carcasses: Visual Appraisal......Page 620
Meat Quality in Cattle: Live Evaluation......Page 623
Milk Composition, Species Comparisons......Page 626
Milk Synthesis......Page 630
Milk Yield Differences......Page 633
Mineral Elements: Macro......Page 636
Mineral Elements: Micro (Trace)......Page 639
Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 643
Mohair: Biology and Characteristics......Page 646
Mohair: Production and Marketing......Page 650
Molecular Biology: Animal......Page 654
Molecular Biology: Microbial......Page 658
Myostatin: Physiology and Applications......Page 662
Nutrient Management: Diet Modification......Page 665
Nutrient Management: Water Quality/Use......Page 668
Nutrient Requirements: Carnivores......Page 671
Nutrient Requirements: Nonruminant Herbivores......Page 675
Nutrient Requirements: Ruminants......Page 679
Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acids......Page 682
Ontogeny: Adipose Tissue......Page 685
Ontogeny: Muscle......Page 689
Ontogeny: Skeleton......Page 693
Overall Contributions of Domestic Animals to Society......Page 697
Pathogens in Animal Products: Major Biological Hazards......Page 699
Pathogens in Animal Products: Sources and Control......Page 702
Phytases......Page 705
Placenta: Development......Page 709
Placenta: Functions......Page 713
Placenta: Types......Page 717
Policy Issues: Local/State Land Use Regulation......Page 720
Policy Issues: Rural/Urban Community Effects......Page 723
Pork: Carcass Composition and Quality......Page 726
Pork: Inspection/Processing/Marketing......Page 729
Poultry Meat: Carcass Composition and Characteristics......Page 732
Poultry Meat: Inspection/Grading......Page 736
Poultry Meat: Processing......Page 741
Poultry Production: Manure and Wastewater Management......Page 745
Pregnancy: Maternal Response......Page 749
Pregnancy: Recognition/Signaling......Page 752
Probiotics......Page 755
Proteins......Page 758
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)......Page 761
Ratites: Biology, Housing, and Management......Page 764
Ratites: Nutrition Management......Page 768
Religious Foods: Jewish and Muslim Laws for Animal Slaughter/Welfare......Page 771
Rumen Microbiology......Page 774
Salmon......Page 778
Selection: Marker Assisted......Page 782
Selection: Traditional Methods......Page 785
Sheep: Breeding/Genetics—Improving Meat Production......Page 788
Sheep: Health Management......Page 792
Sheep Milk and Milk Production: Processing and Marketing......Page 795
Sheep Milk and Milk Products: Composition......Page 798
Sheep: Nutrition Management......Page 801
Sheep: Reproduction Management......Page 804
Somatotropin......Page 807
Spermatogenesis, Sperm Transport, and Semen......Page 811
Superovulation......Page 815
Swine: Behavior Management and Well-Being......Page 819
Swine: Breeding and Genetics......Page 822
Swine: Health Management......Page 825
Swine: Product Marketing......Page 829
Swine: Reproductive Management......Page 832
Swine: Waste Management......Page 835
Transgenic Animals: Improved Performance......Page 838
Transgenic Animals: Modifying the Mitochondrial Genome......Page 841
Transgenic Animals: Secreted Products......Page 844
Turkeys: Behavior, Management, and Well-Being......Page 848
Turkeys: Nutrition Management......Page 851
Ultrasound Technology: Live Animal and Carcass Evaluation......Page 854
Vitamin E—Selenium and Their Interrelationship......Page 857
Vitamins—Fat Soluble......Page 860
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Biotin, Choline, Niacin, and Ascorbic Acid......Page 863
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, and B12......Page 866
Vitamins—Water Soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, and B6......Page 869
Water......Page 872
Water Buffalo......Page 875
Well-Being and Handling......Page 878
Well-Being Assessment: Behavioral Indicators......Page 881
Well-Being Assessment: Concepts and Definitions......Page 884
Well-Being Assessment: Physiological Criteria......Page 888
Wool: Biology and Production......Page 891
Xenotransplantation: Biological Barrier......Page 895
Yak......Page 899
Zoo Animals......Page 902
Agroterrorism......Page 906
Dairy Cattle: Waste Management......Page 909
Eggs: Composition and Structure......Page 912
Farm Animal Welfare: Economic Policies......Page 916
Genetics: Population......Page 920
Genetics: Quantitative......Page 923
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal Production Systems......Page 926
Growth and Development: Peri-Implantation Embryo......Page 930
Growth and Development: Pre-Implantation Embryo......Page 934
Mammary Glands: Hormonal Regulation......Page 937
Nutrient Requirements: Omnivores—Poultry and Swine......Page 940
Physiology of Lactation......Page 943
Sperm Capacitation......Page 946
Swine Management Systems: Intensive......Page 949
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Biology and Disease......Page 953
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Detection and Diagnosis......Page 956
Water Buffalo: Reproduction Management......Page 959
Wool: Skirting, Classing, and Marketing......Page 962