Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures 2 Volume Set

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-estern Cultures......Page 1
 Introduction.pdf......Page 0
  Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-estern Cultures......Page 2
  Advisory Board......Page 4
  Personal Note From The Editor......Page 5
  List of Contributors......Page 8
  Acknowledgements......Page 13
  Sec1......Page 14
  Abacus......Page 15
   References......Page 16
  Abortion......Page 17
   References......Page 18
  Abraham Ibn Ezra......Page 19
  Abubar Jaainfar al-Khazin......Page 20
  Abubar Kamil......Page 21
  Abubar ’l-Barakat......Page 22
  Abubarl-Sbdotalt......Page 23
  Abubar\'l-Wafahamza......Page 24
   References......Page 25
   References......Page 26
  Acoustics in Chinese Culture......Page 27
   The Physical Nature of Sound......Page 28
   Sociohistorical Evolution of Acumoxology......Page 29
    The Historical Integration of the Various Vessel Theories into a Single System......Page 30
   Medical Differences Between Acupuncture and Western Conventional Medicine......Page 31
   References......Page 32
  Agriculture: Ancient Methods......Page 33
   Theories Explaining the Origins of Agriculture......Page 34
   The Construction of Cities and the Secondary Products Revolution......Page 35
   Early Agriculture Outside of Southwest Asia......Page 36
   Water Management......Page 37
   More Recent Developments......Page 38
   References......Page 39
  Agriculture in Africa......Page 40
  Agriculture of the Ancient Maya......Page 42
   Forms of Agriculture......Page 43
   Upland Agriculture and Terrace Systems......Page 44
   Lowland Intensive Agriculture......Page 45
  Agriculture in China......Page 47
   Extra: Chinese Agriculture and the “Great Debate”......Page 54
   References......Page 55
   Agriculture Today......Page 57
  Agriculture in the Islamic World......Page 58
   References......Page 60
   Geography, Climate and Resource Potential......Page 61
   Agricultural Development in Ancient and MedievalJapan......Page 62
   Unique Development of Japanese Farming During the Edo Period......Page 63
   Modernization in Agriculture After the Collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate......Page 64
   The Dramatic Transformation After the Second World War......Page 65
   The Origin and Evolution of Pacific Island Agriculture......Page 67
   Traditional Agriculture in the Pacific Islands......Page 69
  Agriculture in South and Central America......Page 70
  Agroforestry in Africa......Page 81
  Agroforestry: Agri-Silviculture......Page 83
  Agroforestry: Field-and-Grove Systems......Page 87
   The Field-and-Sacred Grove......Page 88
   The Field-and-Woodlot: The Ifugao Pinugo......Page 89
   The Field-and-Mixed Home Garden......Page 90
   References......Page 91
   Temporally Interstitial Trees, or the AgroforestryRotation......Page 92
  Agroforestry: Harmonic Swiddens......Page 94
   Aqua-Silviculture......Page 98
   References......Page 99
   References......Page 100
  Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands......Page 101
   References......Page 103
   References......Page 104
  Al-Birubarni......Page 105
  Al-Birubarni and Geography......Page 110
  Al-Bitbdotrubarji......Page 111
  Alchemy in China......Page 112
   References......Page 114
  Alchemy in Islam......Page 115
   References......Page 116
  Al-Farghani......Page 117
  Alfonso X......Page 118
  Algebra, Surveyors\'......Page 119
   References......Page 122
  Algebra in China......Page 123
  Algebra in India: Bijaganbdotita......Page 126
  Algebra in Islamic Mathematics......Page 127
   References......Page 130
  Algebra in the Malay World: A Case Study of Islamic Mathematics......Page 131
  Al-Hamdani......Page 134
   The Geographer......Page 135
   The Historian......Page 136
   The Astronomer......Page 137
   The Physician......Page 138
   References......Page 139
   References......Page 141
   References......Page 142
  Al-Jawhari......Page 143
  Al-Jazari......Page 144
  Al-Karaji......Page 145
  Al-Kashi......Page 146
  Al-Khalili......Page 147
  Al-Kharaqi......Page 148
  Al-Khazini......Page 149
  Al-Khujandi......Page 150
  Al-Khwarizmi......Page 151
  Al-Kindi......Page 152
   References......Page 153
  Almagest: Its Receptionand Transmission in the Islamic World......Page 154
  Al-Mahani......Page 155
   References......Page 156
  Al-Maridini, Jamal al-Din, and Badral-Din......Page 157
   References......Page 158
  Al-Muhamzataman ibn Hubard......Page 159
  Al-Nayrizi......Page 160
  Alphabet......Page 161
  Al-Qalasbdotadi......Page 165
   Mathematical Works of al-Qalasbdotadi......Page 166
  Al-Qubarhi (or Al-Kubarhi)......Page 167
   References......Page 168
  Al-Razi......Page 169
  Al-Sbdotaghani......Page 170
  Al-Shirazi......Page 171
   References......Page 172
  Al-Sijzi......Page 173
   References......Page 174
  Al-Tbdotabari......Page 175
  Al-Uqlidisi......Page 176
  Anatomy in Ancient India......Page 177
    Brahmanic Period......Page 178
    The Golden Period......Page 179
  Ancient Egypt......Page 182
   The Geography of Domestication......Page 186
   Sequencing of Animal Species Entering Domestication......Page 187
   References......Page 188
  Animal Mummies......Page 190
   References......Page 191
  Approximation Formulae in Chinese Mathematics......Page 192
  Archaeoastronomy of North Africa......Page 194
   References......Page 200
  Architectural Decoration in Islam: History and Techniques......Page 201
   The Meaning, Purpose and Transmission of Architectural Decoration: Problems of Interpretation......Page 204
   Stone......Page 205
    Stone Cladding and Inlay......Page 206
    Hazarbaf and Banna’hairspi......Page 207
    Glazed Bricks......Page 208
    Cut Tiles or Tile Mosaic......Page 209
    Underglaze Painting: Ottoman Tiles and the Iznik Tradition......Page 210
   Stucco......Page 211
   References......Page 212
  Architecture in Africa, with Special Reference to Indigenous Akan Building Construction......Page 213
   Appendix: Timber Used in Building Construction......Page 216
   The Javanese House: An Architectural Type......Page 217
   Buildings for Worship: The Hindu–Buddhist Legacy in Javanese Architecture......Page 221
   Buildings for Worship: The Islamic Legacy in Javanese Architecture......Page 222
   The House Extended: Settlement, Palace and City......Page 223
   References......Page 224
  Architecture and Landscape in India......Page 225
   References......Page 228
   Faciality, Mataihi......Page 229
   Ornament, Whakairo......Page 230
   References......Page 231
   Reference and Bibliographical Considerations......Page 232
    Pyramids......Page 233
    Palaces......Page 235
    Market Places......Page 236
   References......Page 237
  Architecture in Palestine......Page 239
    The Climate......Page 241
   The House......Page 243
    Initial Forms of the Traditional House......Page 245
    New Forms of Palestinian Traditional Architecture......Page 246
    The Court House......Page 247
    The Central Hall House......Page 248
   References......Page 252
   References......Page 253
  Arithmetic in Islamic Mathematics......Page 254
   References......Page 256
   References......Page 257
  Aryabhatbdota......Page 258
  Asada Goryu......Page 259
  Astrolabe......Page 260
   Mesopotamian Astrology......Page 262
   The Origins of Astrology......Page 263
   The Development of Astrology......Page 264
   The Planets......Page 267
   Saturn......Page 268
   The Development of Birth Charts......Page 269
   The Development of the Zodiac......Page 271
   Mesopotamian Cosmology: The Cosmic State......Page 272
   References......Page 273
  Astrology in China......Page 276
  Astrology in India......Page 278
  Astrology in Islam......Page 281
  Astronomical Instruments in India......Page 283
   Armillary Spheres and Globes......Page 287
   Quadrants......Page 288
   References......Page 289
  Astronomical Instruments in Japan......Page 290
   Telescopes......Page 291
   References......Page 292
   Equatorial Torquetums......Page 293
   Armillary Spheres, Celestial Globes, and Astronomical Clocks......Page 294
   Sundials......Page 296
  Astronomical Monuments in Polynesia and Micronesia......Page 298
   References......Page 304
  Astronomy......Page 306
  Astronomy of the Australian Aboriginal People......Page 313
  Astronomy in China......Page 317
   References......Page 320
  Astronomy in Egypt......Page 321
  Astronomy in Hawai\'i......Page 322
  Astronomy of the Hebrews......Page 329
  Astronomy in India......Page 331
   References......Page 334
   Indian Astronomy in the Later Han Dynasty......Page 335
    The Jiuzhi-li......Page 336
   References......Page 337
   Agricultural Time Keeping......Page 338
   Celestial Navigation......Page 343
   References......Page 346
  Astronomy in the Islamic World......Page 347
   Greek Sources......Page 348
   Mathematical Astronomy: The Tradition oftheZijes......Page 349
   Planetary Tables and Ephemerides......Page 350
   Spherical Astronomy and Spherical Trigonometry......Page 351
   Other Observational Programs......Page 352
   Regional Schools of Astronomy......Page 353
   Transmission to Europe......Page 354
   References......Page 355
   Astronomy as Science in Japan: Chinese and Western Influences......Page 356
   Socio-Political Purposes and Their Impact onDevelopment and Adaptation of Star Lore andMythology......Page 358
   Cooperative Activity: Pragmatic Signs in the Stars......Page 359
   Adaptation of Asian Cosmology for Power and Centrality: Takamatsu Zuka and Kitora Kofun......Page 362
   Adapting Chinese Lore to Native Beliefs and Purposes: Orihime, Kengyuu, and Tanabata......Page 363
   Hopes for the Future Built on a Rich But HiddenPast......Page 365
   References......Page 366
    Traditional Calendars in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Yunnan1For the calendars in mainland Southeast Asia, except for......Page 368
    Traditional Astronomy and Modern AstronomyinThailand......Page 369
     Rough History of Vietnamese Calendars......Page 370
     Calendar Reformation Under Minh-manh......Page 372
   References......Page 373
  Astronomy in Mesoamerica......Page 374
  Astronomy in Native North America......Page 378
  Astronomy in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 382
   West Africa......Page 383
   East Africa and Madagascar......Page 385
   Central and Southern Africa......Page 386
   References......Page 388
   Indo–Tibetan Astronomy......Page 389
   References......Page 392
  Atomism in Islamic Thought......Page 393
  Ātreya......Page 395
  Aztec Science......Page 396
   Cosmology, Astronomy, and Astrology......Page 397
   Natural History and Ecology......Page 398
   Applications of Mexica Science......Page 399
   References......Page 400
  Bakhshālī Manuscript......Page 401
   References......Page 402
  Balkhī School of Arab Geographers......Page 403
   The Nara Period (710–784)......Page 975
  Bamboo......Page 404
  Ban&ubar; M&ubar;sā......Page 405
  Technology......Page 2093
  Basketry in Ancient Egypt......Page 406
  Baudhāyana......Page 408
  Beads......Page 409
  Calendars in Mesoamerica......Page 459
   References......Page 465
  Water in India: Spiritual and Technical Aspects......Page 1182
  Zhoubi Suanjing......Page 414
  Bhāskara II......Page 416
  Magnetism in Mesoamerica......Page 1278
  Road Networks in Ancient Native America......Page 418
  Bitumen in China......Page 419
  Bone Technology in Africa......Page 420
   References......Page 421
   Katanda and the Harpoon in Africa......Page 422
   Ornamentation and Symbolic Reasoning......Page 423
   The Mathematical Writings of Ibn al‐Yāsamīn......Page 1114
   Bone Tool Production in Later Prehistory......Page 424
   References......Page 425
  Brahmagupta......Page 426
   What About Protecting Intellectual Property? Can Databases Not Easily Lead to Indigenous Peoples Losing Control over the Natural and Cultural Resources Their Groups Own?......Page 1189
  Bread in Africa......Page 427
   Five Milestones......Page 428
   Horn of Africa......Page 429
   West Africa......Page 430
   References......Page 1195
   References......Page 994
   References......Page 431
   Alleged Absence of Proofs in Indian Mathematics......Page 432
   References......Page 433
  Maps and Mapmaking in Japan......Page 1322
  Buddhism and Science......Page 435
  Timber-Handling Technology in Japan......Page 436
   Quasi-Cyclic Time and the Soul......Page 2156
   Valuable Experience Is Conserved in Traditional Buildings......Page 437
    Walls......Page 438
    Roof Structures......Page 439
    Roofing Material......Page 441
   Earthquake Resistance......Page 442
   References......Page 806
    Example 1: Traditional Bunghas in the Semidesert of Kutch, Gujarat, and India......Page 444
    Example 2: The Afghan City House......Page 445
   References......Page 446
  Cakravala Method......Page 447
   References......Page 974
   References......Page 2091
   References......Page 450
   References......Page 452
  Zhang Ji (Zhang Zhongjing)......Page 453
   References......Page 1263
  Calendars in India......Page 454
   References......Page 456
  Calendars in Islam......Page 457
   References......Page 467
  Religion and Science in the Native Americas......Page 468
   References......Page 469
  Science East and West......Page 470
   Colors and Designs in Textiles......Page 1745
  Celestial Vault and Sphere......Page 471
  Ceramics, Mimbres......Page 472
  Logic......Page 1242
   The Designs......Page 475
   Chapter 9: “Base and height” (gougu 句股)......Page 476
   References......Page 477
   References......Page 478
    Clay Processing......Page 479
    Canopus and the Cosmic Tree......Page 481
     Preforming......Page 482
    The Buddha......Page 1986
    Tenerife Island......Page 1379
     Structure......Page 485
    Postfiring......Page 487
   The Mythic Creation of the World......Page 488
    Integrated pest management......Page 490
    The Third Milestone: Appearance of Green-Glazed Porcelain (Celadon) in Southern China in the Han–Jin Dynasty......Page 491
    The Fourth Milestone: Breakthrough of White-Glazed Porcelain in Northern China in the Sui–Tang Dynasty......Page 493
     Use of Saggers and Improvement in Firing Techniques......Page 494
    The Fifth Milestone: Time of Monochrome-Glazed, Polychrome-Painted, and Sculpted Porcelain from the Song to Qing Dynasty......Page 495
   Ancient Writings......Page 1092
    Selection and Refinery of Raw Materials......Page 496
   Contribution to Chinese Culture......Page 498
  Ibn Ba„&tbdot;„„&tbdot;„&ubar;„&tbdot;„a......Page 500
   Coming of Age for Korean Hard-Paste Porcelain......Page 501
   Buddha......Page 786
   Celadon in the Koryŏ Dynasty......Page 504
   Punch\'ŏng and Whiteware in the Chosŏn Dynasty......Page 507
   References......Page 2145
   Analytical Approaches to the Study of Maya Pottery......Page 510
   Hermeneutic Relations with Maya Pottery......Page 512
  Rope and Knots in Ancient Egypt......Page 1920
   The Power of Knowledge......Page 515
  Time in Native North America......Page 2153
   Mesoamerica Prior to 1200 BCE......Page 518
   References......Page 796
   Olmec Pottery in Oaxaca......Page 519
   Compositional Approaches to Olmec Pottery......Page 520
   Note: The Debate on Olmec Interaction......Page 522
   References......Page 523
   Cambodia......Page 524
   Myanmar (Burma)......Page 525
   Thailand (Sawankhalok or Si Satchanalai Ware)......Page 526
    Brown and White Ware......Page 527
   Thailand (Sukhothai Ware)......Page 528
   Thailand (Suphan Buri Ware)......Page 529
    Towards a New Epistemology for Mathematics......Page 530
   Picture Maps......Page 1338
   Thailand (Sing Buri or Maenam Noi Ware)......Page 531
   The Independent or Autonomous Seaport......Page 2004
   References......Page 532
  Geometry in Islamic Mathematics......Page 533
  Chemistry in China......Page 534
   Spread of Glass in India......Page 1044
  Childbirth......Page 536
   References......Page 539
   The Populace......Page 540
   Racism......Page 541
  Chinese Science......Page 542
   References......Page 1159
   History of Urbanization in Ancient Israel up to the Persian Period......Page 548
   Iron Age Town-Planning......Page 550
   Note 1......Page 551
   References......Page 553
   The Growth of the Swahili Towns......Page 555
    General Culture......Page 558
    Livelihood......Page 559
   References......Page 560
   The Last City, La Venta......Page 561
   Prehistoric Wine and Ancient Viticulture......Page 564
   References......Page 565
   A Long but Little-Known Urban History......Page 566
   Recent Urban Trends in West Africa: Rapid Demographic Change......Page 569
   The Economic Roots of Urban Development......Page 570
   Construction of Towns and Cities......Page 572
   Note 1 Inconsistent Definitions and Measures Vagaries......Page 575
   Note 3 Migration, Urbanisation and Development: A Controversial Issue......Page 576
   References......Page 578
  City Planning in Ancient India......Page 579
  City Planning: Aztec City Planning......Page 580
    Ancient Mesoamerican Principles of Urban Planning......Page 581
    Tula Innovations......Page 582
    Aztec Innovations......Page 583
    Single-Temple Pyramids......Page 584
    Commoner Housing......Page 585
   The Mathematical Texts......Page 1392
  Meteorology in India......Page 1677
    Tenochtitlan......Page 587
   References......Page 589
  City Planning: Inca City Planning......Page 590
   Early Prehistory-Flakes and Projectile Points......Page 2042
  City Planning: Maya City Planning......Page 593
   Geomancy and Maya City Planning......Page 594
   Yaxchilan......Page 595
  Clocks: Astronomical Clocks in China......Page 596
   Islam......Page 597
   Geometry......Page 1407
  Coir in India: History of Technology......Page 599
   Muslim Invasion......Page 603
     Phase 1: The East India Company......Page 604
     Phase 2: The British Raj......Page 605
     Diseases, Public Health, and Research......Page 607
  Colonialism and Medicine in the Malay Peninsula......Page 608
  Colonialism and Science......Page 612
   References......Page 617
   References......Page 618
  Ibn „&Zbdot;„uhr......Page 1140
   Science in History......Page 621
   Some Remarks on Historiography......Page 622
   Visions of the World......Page 623
   Conquest and Early Colonial Times......Page 624
   Wild Vegetable and Mushroom Collection in the National Park......Page 625
   Independence: The Basin Metaphor......Page 626
   Developments in the Newly Independent Countries......Page 628
   References......Page 630
  Colonialism and Science in India......Page 631
   References......Page 633
   Botany and British Colonialism......Page 634
   Colonial Botany in the Malay Peninsula......Page 635
   References......Page 636
  Combinatorics in Indian Mathematics......Page 637
   Combinatory Practices in Nonmathematical Fields......Page 638
   Combinatorics After the Thirteenth Century......Page 639
  Comets and Meteors in the Islamic World......Page 640
   Luong Thecircacute Vinh: The Case of a “Mathematical Agiography”......Page 642
  Computation: Chinese Counting Rods......Page 643
   References......Page 644
   Pānini\'s Grammar......Page 645
   Kerala Mathematicians......Page 646
  Conics......Page 647
  Consciousness in Ancient India......Page 648
   Mind in Indian Philosophy (Darśana)......Page 649
   Further Universal Categories......Page 650
  Copper Mining in the Great Lakes (USA)......Page 651
   References......Page 655
  Cosmetic Surgery in Ancient India......Page 656
  Cosmologies of India......Page 658
   Indra and Vrbdottra......Page 659
   Primordial Incest......Page 660
   The Waters and Fires of Chaos......Page 661
   Expansion, Separation, and Differentiation......Page 662
   Return to Chaos......Page 663
   References......Page 664
   A Connective Cosmos......Page 665
   San Science: Past, Present and Future......Page 668
   Endnote 2: San and New Ageism......Page 669
   References......Page 670
   Origins......Page 671
   Maya Cosmology......Page 672
   Aztec/Nahua Cosmology......Page 675
   Note 1: Historical Time and Space in Mesoamerica......Page 678
   Note 2: Sources and Their Problems......Page 679
   Note 3: Did the Ancient Mesoamericans Believe in Gods?......Page 680
   Note 4: Mesoamerican Screenfold Books......Page 681
   Note 6: Olmec Cosmology......Page 682
   Note 7: The Maya Hero Twins......Page 683
   Note 8: A Nahua Cosmogram......Page 684
   References......Page 685
  Cotton Weaving in Ethiopia and Nubia......Page 686
   References......Page 687
  Surveying in Egypt......Page 688
   References......Page 689
   The Script Form......Page 690
   Gold Production during Kushitic Times in Nubia......Page 691
   The Origin of the Cuneiform Script......Page 692
   References......Page 693
  Dams and Irrigation in Ancient Arabia......Page 695
  Vāgbha&tbdot;a......Page 2089
   References......Page 697
  Ibn Al‐„&ain;„Arabī......Page 698
   References......Page 699
   References......Page 700
   References......Page 1103
  Water Management and Reservoirs in India and Sri Lanka......Page 2216
   References......Page 702
  Knowledge Systems of the Incas......Page 1190
   References......Page 709
  Water Management in Petra......Page 710
   Daksbdotinottara Bhitti Yantra......Page 715
  Technology in the Islamic World......Page 2111
   Ancient Tradition......Page 1742
  Dyes......Page 717
   India......Page 757
   References......Page 719
  East and West......Page 720
  Vākyakara„&nbdot;„a......Page 726
   References......Page 2349
  East and West: China in the Transmission of Knowledge from East to West......Page 729
   Women\'s Art......Page 1881
  East and West: Islam’in’the Transmission of Knowledge East to West......Page 738
   Transmission of Knowledge to Islam......Page 739
   Transmission of Knowledge to the Latin West......Page 742
   River Sarasvatī: Myth or Reality?......Page 2213
  Salt Production in Mesoamerica......Page 747
   References......Page 751
   History of Entomology in India......Page 956
   References......Page 754
  Eclipses in the Americas......Page 755
  Textiles in Africa......Page 2119
  Elements: Reception of Euclid\'s Elements in the Islamic World......Page 758
   References......Page 962
  Knowledge Systems: Local Knowledge......Page 1211
   References......Page 764
   References......Page 768
  Makaranda......Page 1282
   Department of Veterinary Medicine in the Time’of’Qajars......Page 772
   Biological Ecology......Page 774
   Indigenous Ecology......Page 775
   Colonial Ecology......Page 776
   The Nature of Matter and Causal Laws......Page 1834
  Environment and Nature: Australian Aboriginal People......Page 782
   Supplemental Water Supply Systems Supply Redundancy......Page 783
   References......Page 784
  Proofs in Indian Mathematics......Page 785
   References......Page 787
  Precession of the Equinoxes......Page 1841
   Intensive Agriculture and Urbanization......Page 789
   Problems......Page 790
   Future......Page 791
  Environment and Nature in Buddhist Thailand: Spirit(s) of Conservation......Page 793
  Number Theory in India......Page 1775
   Buddhism and Spirit Beliefs......Page 795
   Spirituality and Conservation......Page 797
   References......Page 800
  Ibn „&Hbdot;„awqal......Page 803
   The Hebrew Bible and Jewish Law......Page 805
  Environment and Nature: India......Page 807
  Environment and Nature: Islam......Page 809
   References......Page 810
  Environment and Nature: Japan......Page 811
   References......Page 814
   Caveats......Page 815
   The Native American Relationship with Nature......Page 816
   The Ecological Indian?......Page 821
   Conclusions......Page 823
   Extra: The Ecological Indian?......Page 824
   References......Page 1226
  Ethnobotany......Page 827
    Indian Glass......Page 1040
  Ethnobotany of Alaska: A Southwestern Alaska „Perspective......Page 830
   Regional Setting......Page 832
   Use of Indigenous Flora......Page 833
   Plant Harvest, Preparation, and Storage......Page 836
   Changes in Plant Use......Page 840
   References......Page 842
   Scope......Page 843
    Botanical Gardens......Page 844
   Plants in Religion and Medicine: Divine Plants......Page 845
    Metl......Page 847
    Self-Reliance......Page 848
    Iztauhyatl......Page 849
   Mass......Page 2278
  Ethnobotany in China......Page 850
   References......Page 852
  Tongren Zhenjiu Shuxue Tujing......Page 2169
   Coffea arabica L.: Rubiaceae (Bunna in Amharic)......Page 853
   Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel: Rosaceae (Kosso in Amharic)......Page 854
   Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trot.: Poaceae (Teff’in’Amharic)......Page 855
  Maps and Mapmaking in Asia (Prehistoric)......Page 857
    Plants Used in Medicine......Page 858
    Pheromones......Page 1821
    Pathological Extensions......Page 861
   References......Page 862
  Shipbuilding in India: Wadia Shipbuilders......Page 863
   Food Plants......Page 865
   Incense, Condiments, Seasonings, and Narcotics......Page 866
   Building Stones......Page 867
   References......Page 868
   Malaysia\'s Botanical Richness......Page 869
   The Geographical and Historical Components of the Malay Knowledge of Plants......Page 870
   References......Page 2039
   Malay Classification and Exploitation of Botanical’Materials......Page 871
   Assemblage......Page 873
   References......Page 877
   Red Bean or Mescal Bean (Sophora secundiflora)......Page 878
   Ololiuqui and Badoh Negro (Turbina corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea)......Page 879
   Arithmetic......Page 880
   Extra: The Bow and Arrow in Prehistoric Mesoamerica......Page 2051
   References......Page 881
   Drugs......Page 882
   Some Interesting Medicinal Plants......Page 884
  Writing: Maya Writing......Page 887
  Ethnobotany in Pakistan......Page 897
   Major Issues Pertaining to Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Conservation, and Income‐Generation in Pakistan......Page 898
   Priorities for Capacity Building in Ethnobotany......Page 901
   Cuneiform Writing......Page 2342
   Conservation Practices......Page 902
   Historic Considerations......Page 903
   On the Origin of Common and Some Latin Plant.Names......Page 904
   Transmission of Information......Page 905
   Observations......Page 2074
   Preparation of Herbal Drugs......Page 908
   Rope Stretching......Page 910
   Further Possible Investigation and Recommended Bibliography......Page 912
   Ancient India......Page 914
  Ibn Tibbon......Page 916
   China and the Far East......Page 2077
   Concepts of Space/Time......Page 918
   References......Page 919
   Geographic, Climatic, and Environmental Aspects of Inka Mathematics......Page 920
   Understanding Preconquest Inka Culture......Page 922
   Quechua Number Words......Page 924
   Looking Deeper: Weaving, Symmetry, and Counting......Page 925
   A Bit More About Counting, Pairs, and Even Numbers......Page 928
   A Few Remarks About Astronomy......Page 929
   References......Page 930
  Obelisks in Ancient Egypt......Page 932
   References......Page 934
   References......Page 939
  Fishing in the Indus Valley......Page 944
  Fishing in Mesopotamia......Page 947
   Complex Geometry and Philosophy for Common Folk......Page 952
  Food Technology in Africa......Page 957
   References......Page 960
   Alcoholic Drinks......Page 961
  Science as a Western Phenomenon......Page 995
  Food Technology in the Pacific Islands......Page 964
    Dehydrated Products......Page 965
  Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial East Asian Maps......Page 1291
    Freezing......Page 966
    Rocket Launch Device: Hwa-Cha (Fire Cart) and Launch Pad......Page 1915
   References......Page 967
  Forestry in India......Page 968
   References......Page 969
   Exploitation Forestry......Page 970
   Industrial-Age Forestry......Page 971
   References......Page 973
   The Kamakura Period (1185–1334)......Page 976
   The Momoyama Period (1573–1603)......Page 977
   China......Page 1823
   References......Page 978
  Gas: Exploitation and Use of Natural Gas in Premodern China......Page 980
   References......Page 2123
  Jamu......Page 982
  Zheng He......Page 2361
   Early Forms of Water Management in South India and Sri Lanka......Page 984
   Ancient World Geography......Page 985
   Knowledge of the Island......Page 986
   Cartography......Page 987
   Land Surveying and Design of Irrigation Systems......Page 988
   References......Page 1090
  Geographical Knowledge in Non‐„Western Cultures......Page 990
   Understanding Nature and Humanity......Page 991
   Sense of Place......Page 992
   References......Page 993
   References......Page 1001
  Knowledge Systems of the Olmec......Page 1002
   References......Page 1004
  Science in China......Page 1957
  Science of the Native Americans......Page 1972
   References......Page 1009
   References......Page 1918
   Resource Adaptation......Page 1010
   Historic Geographies: Cultural Conflict and Emergent Identities......Page 1011
   Contemporary Geographies of Native Peoples......Page 1012
   Extra 1: Indigenous American Knowledge Transmission......Page 1202
  Geomancy in China......Page 1013
  Ibn Al‐Zarqāllu......Page 1015
   References......Page 1016
   Egypt and Babylonia......Page 1017
   Ancient India......Page 1018
   The Western Misrepresentation of Quasi-Cyclic Time as Supercyclic......Page 2158
   China and the Far East......Page 1019
  Geometry in Africa......Page 1020
   References......Page 1022
  Maps and Mapmaking in China......Page 1297
  Geometry in India......Page 1028
   References......Page 1031
   References......Page 1034
  Geometry in Japanese Mathematics......Page 1035
   Measuring Tools......Page 1036
   Mesopotamia......Page 1037
   Measures of Cubic Capacity......Page 2262
   Later Developments......Page 1039
   References......Page 1049
  Globes......Page 1050
   The Cardinal Directions......Page 1052
   The Noon Shadow......Page 1053
   References......Page 1054
  Gou‐Gu Theorem......Page 1055
  Gunpowder......Page 1056
   References......Page 1058
  Sbdotadr al-Shariainah......Page 1059
 V......Page 2189
   References......Page 2208
   Hair Care......Page 1060
   Indigenous Views in Non-Western Societies......Page 1062
  Hair in Egypt: People and Technology Used in Creating Egyptian Hairstyles and Wigs......Page 1063
   Wigmaking......Page 1064
   References......Page 1067
  Hairstyling Technology„’and Techniques Used in Ancient Egypt......Page 1068
    a) dirham al-fidbdotdbdota (silver dirham)......Page 1069
    The Razor–Usage......Page 1070
    The Composite Tool (Curling‐Tongs) and Tweezers......Page 1071
    Combs and Hairpins......Page 1072
   References......Page 1074
  Haridatta......Page 1075
   References......Page 1076
  Technology and Culture......Page 1889
  Zodiac in Indian Astronomy......Page 2368
  Hay\'a......Page 1077
   References......Page 1078
  Śatānanda......Page 1079
   The Veterinary Profession in the Time of’the’Safavids......Page 1082
    International Regulations on Traditional Medicine......Page 1083
   References......Page 1938
   \"Appearance and Reality\"......Page 1084
   Frontal-Profile Stance in Ancient Egyptian Art......Page 1085
   Canons as Holograms......Page 1086
   Conclusion......Page 1088
   Honey in Mythology and Religion......Page 1091
   Revival of Honey in Medicine......Page 1094
   The Transitional Period......Page 1966
  Huangdi Jiuding Shendan Jing......Page 1095
   Measurement of Time......Page 1096
  Zu Chongzhi......Page 1097
   References......Page 1099
   References......Page 1100
  Ibn Al‐A„&ain;„lam......Page 1102
  Li Bing......Page 1233
   References......Page 1104
  Technology and Environment......Page 2105
   Mathematics......Page 1105
   The Rohri Hills......Page 1868
   Unsolved Problems......Page 1107
  Ibn al‐Maj&ubar;sī......Page 1108
   Scientific Practice......Page 1887
  Ibn al‐Nafīs......Page 1109
   Investigation Department (Eshraf………) or Veterinary Organization of the Safavids......Page 1281
  Ibn al‐Quff (al‐Karakī)......Page 1110
   References......Page 1111
   Middle Period Reservoirs: The “Traditional” System......Page 1112
   References......Page 1113
   References......Page 1115
   References......Page 1116
  Ibn Bu„&tbdot;„lān......Page 1117
   References......Page 1118
  Ibn Hubal......Page 1119
   References......Page 1837
  Ibn Juljul......Page 1120
  Ibn Khald&ubar;n......Page 1121
  Ibn Khurdādhbih......Page 1122
  Ibn Mājid......Page 1123
  Ibn Māsawayh......Page 1124
   References......Page 1125
  Maps and Mapmaking in Mesoamerica......Page 1333
  Ibn Mun„&ain;„im......Page 1126
  Ibn Qunfudh......Page 1128
  Ibn Ri„&dbdot;„wān......Page 1129
  Ibn Rushd (Averroës)......Page 1130
  Trigonometry in Islamic Mathematics......Page 1132
   References......Page 1133
   Medicine......Page 1134
   References......Page 1135
  Ibn „&Tbdot;„āw&ubar;s......Page 1136
  Ibn „&Tbdot;„ufayl......Page 1137
  Ibn Wāfid......Page 1138
  Ibn Y&ubar;nus......Page 1139
  Ibrāhīm Ibn Sinān......Page 1141
   References......Page 1142
  Ikhwān al‐„&Sbdot;„afā„&hamza;„......Page 1143
  Inoculation......Page 1144
   References......Page 1145
   Engineering Design......Page 1146
   Iron of Delhi Pillar......Page 1147
   References......Page 1148
   Corrosion Resistance......Page 1149
   References......Page 1150
  Irrigation in India and Sri Lanka......Page 1151
   Irrigation Technologies......Page 1152
   Historical Development of Irrigation Techniques......Page 1153
   References......Page 1154
  Irrigation in the Islamic World......Page 1155
   Demotic Mathematical Texts......Page 1156
  Ishango Bone......Page 1158
   References......Page 1160
  Jabir Ibn Hbdotayyan......Page 1161
   References......Page 1162
  Jai Singh......Page 1163
   References......Page 1817
   References......Page 1166
  Knowledge Systems in India......Page 1167
   References......Page 1168
  Quarries in Harappa......Page 1867
   References......Page 1169
   References......Page 1933
   References......Page 1170
  Kamalākara......Page 1172
  Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics......Page 1173
    Mathematics......Page 1175
  Yavaneśvara......Page 1862
   The Myth of Aryan Invasion......Page 1177
   The Murals......Page 1180
   Korean Provenance......Page 1181
  Magic Squares in Islamic Mathematics......Page 1272
  Mahāvīra......Page 1280
   What Are the Terms We Can Use in Discussing the Various Sorts of Re-Framing We Need to Do so that We Might Compare and Contrast Knowledge Traditions?......Page 1185
   How Do Ontic Differences Arise When People Try to Work Technosciences and Aboriginal Knowledge Traditions Together?......Page 1186
   How Are Aboriginal Accounts of the Origins of Knowledge Different to Technoscientific Understandings of Origins of Knowledge?......Page 1187
   Aboriginal Knowledge is Taken as in the Land Itself. How Can Knowledge be Stored in the Land and in Databases Too?......Page 1188
   References......Page 1807
   Astronomy and Mathematics......Page 1196
   First Words......Page 1197
   Types of Nilometers......Page 1765
   Relatedness and the Inherency of Knowledge......Page 1198
   References......Page 1199
   References......Page 1200
   The Politics of Knowledge: Resistance and Recovery......Page 1201
    UNESCO: World Commission on Culture and Development Extracts from: Our Creative Diversity (1995)......Page 1203
    Extracts from Science Agenda-Framework for Action......Page 1204
  Pyramids of Mesoamerica......Page 1851
  Knowledge Systems: Indigenous Knowledge of Trees and Forests......Page 1207
   Tuleni (Burial Ground)......Page 1209
   The Evolution of the Equal Arm Balance......Page 1210
   References......Page 1215
   The Human Fetus......Page 1217
   Human Gestation and the 260-Day Calendar......Page 1218
   Exploring the Spiritual Potential of the Adult Body......Page 1219
   Extra: Human Embryo or Were-Jaguar in Olmec Sculpture?......Page 1222
  Kubarshyar ibn Labban......Page 1225
  Wang Xiaotong......Page 1227
  Xu Yue......Page 2347
  Zacut, Abraham......Page 2356
   References......Page 1816
    Medium and Small Magical Machine Arrow (Chung- & So-Sin-Gi-Jeon)......Page 1228
   The Importance of Skin Products......Page 1229
  Paper and Papermaking......Page 1232
  Li Chunfeng......Page 1234
  Li Gao......Page 1235
  Li Shanlan......Page 1236
   References......Page 1238
   Chinese Ancient Cosmological Beliefs......Page 1831
   Islam......Page 1239
   References......Page 2125
  Līlāvatī......Page 1240
   References......Page 1246
   References......Page 1249
   Measures of Length......Page 2253
  Science of the Ottomans......Page 1253
   References......Page 1254
   Mass......Page 2263
   References......Page 1255
   References......Page 1256
   Scientific Contributions......Page 1258
  Nanjing......Page 1259
   History of the Terms in the Western Intellectual Tradition......Page 1260
  Qi......Page 1861
  Magic Squares in Indian Mathematics......Page 1265
   The Sayula Basin, Jalisco......Page 1271
  Magic Squares in Japanese Mathematics......Page 1273
   References......Page 1275
  Rockets in China......Page 1283
  Maps and Mapmaking in Ancient Egypt......Page 1286
  Maps and Mapmaking of the Australian Aboriginal People......Page 1289
   Japan......Page 1294
  Maps and Mapmaking: Celestial Islamic Maps......Page 1295
   Extra: Maps and Mapmaking in China: A’Controversy......Page 1302
   Polynesia in Comparison with Other Culture Areas......Page 1304
   Discovery and Reconstruction of the Map......Page 1305
   Topographic and Geologic Content of the Map......Page 1306
   The Map\'s Author and Purpose......Page 1311
  Maps and Mapmaking in India......Page 1314
   Practice......Page 1316
  Maps and Mapmaking: Islamic World Maps Centered on Mecca......Page 1320
  Maps and Mapmaking in Korea......Page 1323
   Quasi-Cyclic Time, Immanence and Equity......Page 1324
   The Kangnido......Page 1325
   Korean National Maps......Page 1326
   The Maps and Writings of Kim Chŏngho......Page 1328
   The District Map......Page 1329
   Navigation......Page 1330
  Maps and Mapmaking: Marshall Island Stick Charts......Page 1331
  Maps and Mapmaking of the Native North Americans......Page 1335
   Cosmological Maps......Page 1339
  Maps and Mapmaking in Southeast’Asia......Page 1340
  Maps and Mapmaking in Tibet......Page 1342
  Maps and Mapmaking in Vietnam......Page 1343
   References......Page 1346
  Mashaamzaallah......Page 1348
   Hieratic Mathematical Texts......Page 1350
   References......Page 1351
  Mathematics......Page 1352
  Mathematics Communicating Across Culture and Time......Page 1358
   Communication Without Written Language......Page 1360
   Cultures with Written Language......Page 1362
  Silk and the Loom......Page 2022
   References......Page 1364
  Mathematics, Practical and Recreational......Page 1365
  Mathematics in Africa South of the Sahara......Page 1369
   Mass......Page 2282
   Riddles and Puzzles......Page 1370
   References......Page 1371
   Exhibition Games......Page 1372
    Cumulative Chants......Page 1373
  Mathematics and Astronomies of the Ancient Berbers......Page 1374
   Numeral Systems......Page 1375
   The Canarian Evidence......Page 1377
    Grand Canary Island......Page 1378
   References......Page 1380
  Mathematics: Aztec Mathematics......Page 1381
   Textual Sources......Page 1384
   The Song Yuan Period: Apogee of Mathematical Tradition in China......Page 1386
   Foreign Influence in the late Imperial Era......Page 1388
   References......Page 1390
  Mathematics in Egypt......Page 1391
   Tables and Fractions......Page 1393
   References......Page 1394
   Cutting and Dressing......Page 2040
   Egypt of the Pharaohs......Page 1395
  Mathematics in Egypt: Mathematical Leather Roll......Page 1398
   References......Page 1399
  Mathematics of the Hebrew People......Page 1400
  Mathematics in India......Page 1403
   References......Page 1405
  Mathematics in Islam......Page 1406
   Mathematics and Astronomy......Page 1408
  Mathematics in Japan......Page 1409
    Manuscripts......Page 2332
  Mathematics in Korea......Page 1413
   Sirak......Page 1415
   Mathematics in the Maghreb from the Ninth to’the’Eleventh Centuries......Page 1416
   Mathematics in the Maghreb in the Almohad Period (Twelfth to Thirteenth Centuries)......Page 1417
   Mathematics in the Maghreb After the Fifteenth Century......Page 1418
  Mathematics: Maya Mathematics......Page 1419
  Mathematics in Mesopotamia......Page 1423
   Place-Value Numeration System......Page 1424
   A Symbol for Zero......Page 1425
   Influence on Greek and Western Mathematics......Page 1426
   Number Words......Page 1427
   Tally Records......Page 1431
   References......Page 1432
  Mathematics in Oceania......Page 1433
   References......Page 1437
  Mathematics in Vietnam......Page 1438
   Vietnamese Mathematics: An Outline......Page 1439
   The Extant Vietnamese Mathematical Treatises: A’General Outline......Page 1440
   The Structure of a Mathematical Treatise: The Example of the Toán pháp dstrokabdoti thành......Page 1441
   The Chi minh lap thành toán pháp and the Model Examination Paper......Page 1443
   References......Page 1444
  Mathematics of Yolngu Aboriginal Australians......Page 1445
   References......Page 1450
  Mean Motions in Indian Astronomy......Page 1451
   Salt......Page 1455
  Mechanical Technology and Instruments of China......Page 1456
  Medical Ethics......Page 1465
   Buddhist Culture......Page 1466
   The Near East......Page 1467
   References......Page 1468
  Medical Ethics in China......Page 1469
  Medical Ethics in India......Page 1471
  Medical Ethics in Islam......Page 1473
  Medical Paintings of Tibet (Sman thang)......Page 1475
  Medical Texts in China......Page 1477
  Medicinal Food Plants......Page 1480
   References......Page 1483
    Portuguese......Page 1484
     Phase 1: The East India Company......Page 1485
     Treatment for Fractures......Page 2308
     Diseases, Public Health, and Research......Page 1487
  Medicine and Colonialism in Sri’Lanka......Page 1488
   Historical Background......Page 1489
   Philanthropic Medicine......Page 1490
   Organization of the Project......Page 1492
   References......Page 1494
   Anatomy and Physiology in Tibetan Medicine: Aggregates and Elements......Page 1495
   Clinical Diagnosis in Tibetan Medicine......Page 1496
    Diagnosis by Palpation: Pulse Diagnosis......Page 1497
    Constitution and Conditions in Tibetan medicine: rlüng......Page 1498
    Constitution and Conditions in Tibetan Medicine: .Bad-kan......Page 1501
   Pharmacology in Tibetan Medicine......Page 1502
  Medicine in Africa......Page 1506
   Tools and Perspectives for the Historical Study of Changing Healing Traditions......Page 1507
   Interpreting Practical Applications of Materia Medica......Page 1508
   Divination: Differentiating What “Just Happens” from “Agency-Caused” Misfortune......Page 1510
   Science or Magic? A History of Scholarly Debates About Etiology in African Medicine......Page 1512
   Paradigms in African Medical Thinking......Page 1514
   Health in the Social Fabric: Shrine Communities and Cults of Affliction......Page 1516
   New Health Crises and the Relegitimization of African Medicine......Page 1517
   References......Page 1519
  Medicine in Ancient Egypt......Page 1521
    Human Remains: Mummies and Skeletons......Page 1522
    Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1523
    Treatment......Page 1525
    Materia Medica......Page 1526
     Magical Instruments......Page 1527
   The Healers......Page 1528
   Extra 1: The Most Important Medical Papyri......Page 1529
   Extra 2: The Most Important Mixed and Pure Iatromagical Texts......Page 1530
  Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia......Page 1531
  Medicine of the Australian Aboriginal’People......Page 1534
   Traditional Indigenous Health Systems......Page 1535
    Ngangkari......Page 1536
    Herbal Medicine......Page 1537
   The Place of Western Medicine......Page 1538
    Aboriginal Health Workers......Page 1539
    The Bush Food Program......Page 1540
   References......Page 1541
  Medicine in China......Page 1542
   References......Page 1546
  Medicine in China: Forensic Medicine......Page 1547
   Source Texts......Page 1548
   Ayurvedic View of the Body......Page 1549
   Psychological Conceptions......Page 1550
   Diagnosis and Prognosis......Page 1551
   ‘Pañcakarma’ Therapy......Page 1552
   Drugs of Natural Origin......Page 1553
   Ethics of Medicine in Islam: The Physician and’the’Patient......Page 1554
   Resources for the Development of Islamic Medicine: The Bayt Al-H.ikmah or \"The House of Wisdom\"......Page 1555
   The Great Physicians of Islamic Medicine......Page 1556
    Al Majusi......Page 1557
    Ibn Nafis......Page 1558
   References......Page 1559
   Prehistoric and Ancient Medicine......Page 1560
   Medieval Japanese Medicine......Page 1561
   Early Modern Japanese Medicine......Page 1562
   References......Page 1563
   The Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)......Page 1564
   Localized Chinese Medicine......Page 1565
   Oriental Medicine in Twentieth-Century Korea......Page 1568
   References......Page 1569
  Medicine in Meso and South America......Page 1570
   Medical Specialists and Personnel......Page 1571
   Surgical Practices......Page 1572
   References......Page 1573
  Medicine of Native North Americans......Page 1574
   References......Page 1579
  Medicine in Native North and South America......Page 1580
   References......Page 1583
  Medicine in Oceania......Page 1584
   References......Page 1589
   From Proto-Histories to Civilizational Periods......Page 1590
   The Colonial Period to Modern Times......Page 1591
   Differing Worldviews......Page 1592
   The Future......Page 1593
  Medicine in the Talmud......Page 1594
   References......Page 1596
   The Village Tradition......Page 1597
   Traditional Pharmacy......Page 1598
   Etiology......Page 1599
   The Court Medical Tradition......Page 1600
   Buddhism and Traditional Medicine......Page 1601
   Current Developments......Page 1602
   Chinese Medicine......Page 1603
   References......Page 1604
  Medicine in Turkey......Page 1605
  Medicine Wheels......Page 1608
  Metallurgy in Africa......Page 1609
   References......Page 1613
   The Problem......Page 1614
   The Data from Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, and’the Altai......Page 1616
   The Data from the Northern Zone of China......Page 1619
   References......Page 1620
   Metal Extraction......Page 1621
   Classification......Page 1623
   Microstructures......Page 1624
   Death of Indian Iron......Page 1625
   Geology......Page 1626
   The Chalcolithic......Page 1627
   The Early Bronze Age......Page 1628
   The Middle and Late Bronze Age......Page 1629
   The Iron Age......Page 1630
   The Early Islamic Period......Page 1631
   The Middle and Late Islamic Period......Page 1633
   References......Page 1634
  Metallurgy in China......Page 1635
   References......Page 1636
   The Nature of Metals......Page 1637
   Copper and its Alloys......Page 1638
   Gold and Silver......Page 1639
   Metalworking Techniques......Page 1640
   The Advent of Iron......Page 1645
   References......Page 1646
  Metallurgy in Egypt......Page 1647
  Metallurgy in Meso and North America......Page 1649
  Metallurgy in the Near East......Page 1652
   Method......Page 1653
   Data......Page 1655
    Raw Material by Geographical Region......Page 1656
   Comparison with Other Sources of Data......Page 1657
   References......Page 1659
  Metallurgy in Northern South American Indigenous Societies: Pre-Columbian Goldwork.and Social.Change......Page 1660
  Metallurgy in Pre-Columbian South.America......Page 1662
   References......Page 1663
  Metallurgy: Pueblo Indian Adaptations of Spanish Metallurgy......Page 1664
   Extra 2: Historical Data on the Introduction of’Metals and Metallurgy......Page 1668
   References......Page 1669
  Metallurgy in Southern South America......Page 1671
   Smelting......Page 1672
   Bronze Alloys......Page 1673
   References......Page 1674
   Knowledge About Meteorological Phenomena......Page 1675
    Wind and Surveying Instruments......Page 1676
  Meteorology in the Islamic World......Page 1679
   References......Page 1681
  Military Technology......Page 1682
   Weapons......Page 1685
   Chariots......Page 1687
   Fortifications/Siege......Page 1689
   Navy......Page 1691
   References......Page 1692
  Mining: Copper Mining in the Great Lakes (USA)......Page 1693
   References......Page 1697
   Copper Mining in Ancient Egypt......Page 1698
   Gold Production in Predynastic and Earlydynastic’Times......Page 1700
   Gold Production in Old and Middle Kingdom Times......Page 1701
   Gold Production in New Kingdom Times......Page 1702
   Gold Production in Ptolemaic (Greek) Times......Page 1707
   Gold Production in Roman and Byzantine Times......Page 1710
   References......Page 1711
  Mirrors: Metal Mirrors from India......Page 1712
   References......Page 1716
  Monuments in Korea......Page 1717
  Moses Maimonides......Page 1718
   References......Page 1719
   Mound Construction......Page 1720
   Pottery......Page 1721
   References......Page 1722
  Moxibustion......Page 1723
   References......Page 1724
  Mummies in Egypt......Page 1725
  Mummies in South America......Page 1726
  Munīśvara......Page 1727
   References......Page 1728
  Namoratunga......Page 1729
   References......Page 1731
   References......Page 1732
   References......Page 2210
  Nasbdotir al-Din al-Tbdotubarsi......Page 1733
   References......Page 2098
  Nasbdotir-I Khusraw......Page 1735
  Navigation in Africa......Page 1736
   References......Page 1739
  Navigation in China......Page 1740
   Steamships......Page 1744
   Experimentation......Page 1746
  Navigation in the Pacific......Page 1751
   References......Page 1754
  Navigation in Polynesia......Page 1755
   Navigational Techniques......Page 1756
  Nazca Lines......Page 1758
   References......Page 1762
   Peru......Page 1763
   References......Page 1772
   Verbal Numeration......Page 1773
   Tally Devicebdots......Page 1774
   References......Page 1846
   References......Page 1777
   References......Page 1778
   Enumerating Vaiśesbdotika......Page 1779
   Modern Development......Page 1780
   Theoria and Nirvanbdota-Soft......Page 1781
   References......Page 1782
 O......Page 1784
   Manufacture and Installation......Page 1788
   Rome and the First Afterlife of the Obelisks......Page 1789
   Vedas and Their Chronology......Page 1793
   SamratbdotYantra......Page 1796
   Jaya Prakāśa......Page 1798
   References......Page 1799
  Wang Xichan......Page 2209
  Optics in China......Page 1801
   References......Page 1877
  Rationality, Objectivity, and Method......Page 1804
   Theoretical Developments......Page 1805
   References......Page 1806
  Origami......Page 1808
 P......Page 1812
  Zero......Page 2357
   References......Page 1815
    Independent Scholars and Physicians......Page 1818
    Pest Management Era......Page 1819
    Herbal Pesticides......Page 1820
   Agenda for the Future......Page 1822
   References......Page 1828
  Physics in China......Page 1829
   Ancient India (2000 BCE–AD 800)......Page 1832
   Modern India (AD 1800–Present)......Page 1833
  Qustbdota ibn Lubarqa......Page 1876
   Dynamics......Page 1835
   Where Are the Geometrical Texts, or Is the Tradition Algebraic?......Page 1949
  Pi in Chinese Mathematics......Page 1836
   References......Page 1838
  Textiles in Egypt......Page 1839
   Mesoamerica......Page 1907
  Potato: Origins and Conservation of Potato Genetic Diversity......Page 1840
    Upapatti for the Kutbdottbdotaka Process......Page 1843
    The Limitations of Tarka or Proof by Contradiction......Page 1844
    Upapatti and “Proof”......Page 1845
  Putumana Somayāji......Page 1847
   History......Page 1848
   Construction Techniques......Page 1849
  Qanat......Page 1860
  Qibla and Islamic Prayer Times......Page 1863
   References......Page 1931
  Qin Jiushao......Page 1865
   References......Page 1866
   The Excavation of Quarry–Pit 862......Page 1870
   Festivals Related to Water......Page 1873
  Quipu......Page 1874
  Ramanujan......Page 1879
   References......Page 1880
  Rationale in Indian Mathematics......Page 1882
   References......Page 1883
   Rationality......Page 1884
   Veracruz......Page 1934
   Confucianism......Page 1891
   Daoism......Page 1892
   The Regulation of the Lunar Calendar......Page 1893
   The Regulation of the Five Daily Prayers......Page 1894
   The Determination of the Sacred Direction......Page 1895
   References......Page 2134
   References......Page 1898
  Zhenjiu Jiayijing......Page 2365
   References......Page 1901
  Rice Fields Reclamation in Southern India......Page 1904
   References......Page 1906
  Rockets in Ancient Korea......Page 1910
   Early Cultures in the Americas......Page 1974
    Dae-Sin-Gi-Jeon (Large Magical Machine Arrow)......Page 1912
    Multiple Bomblets Magical Machine Arrow (San-Hwa-Sin-Gi-Jeon)......Page 1914
  Rockets in India......Page 1919
   References......Page 1922
  SSbdotaainid al-Andalusi......Page 1924
  Salt......Page 1925
  Salt in China......Page 1927
  Salt in India......Page 1930
   Cuyutlán, Colima......Page 1932
  Samubarainil ibn ainAbbas (al-Maghribi)......Page 1935
  Santería......Page 1936
   References......Page 1940
   References......Page 1946
   The Origins of British Indology and the History of Indian Mathematics......Page 1948
   John Playfair\'s Program and Colebrooke\'s Recovery of Indian Algebraic Texts......Page 1951
   References......Page 1956
   The Traditional Period......Page 1963
    Stone Tools......Page 2172
    Metal Tools......Page 2173
  Science in Korea......Page 1969
   References......Page 1977
  Science and Spirit......Page 1984
   The Scientific Approach......Page 1985
   Jiddu Krishnamurti......Page 1987
    Surgical Processes......Page 1988
  Sde Srid Sangs Rgyas Rgya Mtsho......Page 1989
  Seafaring......Page 1991
   References......Page 1995
   Canoe Construction and Design......Page 1996
   Sailing Techniques......Page 2000
   Change......Page 2001
  Seaports of the Maya......Page 2002
   The Coastal Port Associated with a Regional Capital......Page 2003
  Seki Kowa......Page 2005
  Settlements in Egypt: Alluvial Settlements in the Nile Valley (and Delta)......Page 2007
   References......Page 2010
  Sexagesimal System......Page 2011
  Shamanism in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica......Page 2012
  Sharaf al-Din al-Tbdotubarsi......Page 2015
  Shen Guo......Page 2016
  Shibukawa Harumi......Page 2017
   References......Page 2018
   Steam Navigation......Page 2019
   From Ships to Industry......Page 2020
  Shushu Jiuzhang......Page 2021
  Sinān ibn Thābit......Page 2024
  Siyuan Yujian 四元玉鑒......Page 2025
  Śantdotkara Variyar......Page 2026
   References......Page 2027
  Song Yingxing and Tiangong Kaiwu......Page 2028
   References......Page 2029
  Śrīdhara......Page 2030
   References......Page 2031
  Stars in Arabic–Islamic Science......Page 2032
  Stars in Chinese Astronomy......Page 2033
  Stone in Ancient Egypt......Page 2035
   Ornamental Stones......Page 2037
   Utilitarian Stones......Page 2038
   Transporting......Page 2041
   Mesoamerican Blade Technology......Page 2044
   Mesoamerican Biface Technology......Page 2048
   Extra: Obsidian in Mesoamerica......Page 2049
   Extra: Origins of the Mesoamerican Blade Technology......Page 2050
   References......Page 2315
   References......Page 2052
  String and Stories......Page 2055
  Suanxue Qimeng......Page 2057
  Sugar in Latin America......Page 2058
  Śulbasūtras......Page 2060
  Sun Simo......Page 2061
  Sun Zi......Page 2062
  Sundials in China......Page 2063
  Sundials in Islam......Page 2064
   References......Page 2065
   Sources......Page 2066
    Trauma (By Accident or Combat)......Page 2067
    Skull Surgery and Trepanation......Page 2068
    Plastic and Prosthetic Surgery......Page 2069
    Circumcision......Page 2070
   Surgical Devices......Page 2071
   References......Page 2072
   Anthropological Analysis......Page 2073
   References......Page 2075
   Egypt......Page 2076
   The Islamic World......Page 2078
   References......Page 2079
  Subarryasiddhanta......Page 2083
   References......Page 2084
  Swidden......Page 2085
   References......Page 2088
  Taqi Al-Din......Page 2092
   Large-Scale Water-Works......Page 2240
  Telescope......Page 2117
  Textiles in China......Page 2121
   Indian Textile Technology......Page 2126
   Situation of Animal Health Care Systems in Different Ecological Zones......Page 2204
  Textiles in Mesoamerica......Page 2127
  Textiles in South America......Page 2131
  Thābit ibn Qurra......Page 2133
   Preindustrial Timber Handling......Page 2135
   Industrial-Age Timber Handling......Page 2136
   References......Page 2137
  Time......Page 2138
   References......Page 2139
  Time in Africa......Page 2140
  Time in China......Page 2142
  Western Dominance......Page 2144
  Time in Korea......Page 2146
   The Jagyeongnu (Self-Striking Water Clock)......Page 2147
   The Heumgyeonggaknu (Water Clock with the Pavilion of Prudence and Respect)......Page 2148
   The Honcheoneui (Instrument About the Entire Heavens) and Jamyeongjong (Self-Ringing Bell)......Page 2149
  Time in Maya Culture......Page 2151
  Time: Non-Western Views......Page 2155
   Measures of Weight......Page 2159
   References......Page 2160
  Tombs in Ancient Egypt......Page 2161
   References......Page 2168
   Weighing the Soul......Page 2259
   Building Materials......Page 2170
   Moving Tools......Page 2176
  Trephination......Page 2178
  Tribology......Page 2180
  Trigonometry in Indian Mathematics......Page 2181
   Sine Table with R = 120......Page 2182
   Bhamacrskara II......Page 2183
   References......Page 2184
   References......Page 2185
   References......Page 2186
   References......Page 2187
  Values and Science......Page 2190
  Varāhamihira......Page 2194
  Va„&tbdot;„eśvara......Page 2195
   References......Page 2196
  Yoga......Page 2352
  Veterinary Medicine in Iran......Page 2199
   Pre‐Mongolian Veterinary Organization of Iran......Page 2200
   Veterinary Organization in the Safavid Era (16–„18th Centuries)......Page 2201
   References......Page 2202
  Veterinary Practice in Nepal......Page 2203
   History of Animal Disease Diagnosis Pattern in the’Country......Page 2205
   Traditional Animal Health Care Practices in Nepal......Page 2206
   Place of Water in Ancient Indian Literature......Page 2212
   Ancient Weather Science......Page 2214
   Reservoirs, Politics, and Contemporary Development......Page 2222
  Water Management in Peru......Page 2223
   Analysis Results......Page 2224
   References......Page 2229
   Pipeline Carrying Capacity Considerations: The Zurraba–Jebel el Khubtha System......Page 2231
   Flood Control, Groundwater Recharge, and the Great Temple Water Subsystem......Page 2234
   Per Capita Water Availability......Page 2236
   References......Page 2237
   References......Page 2242
  Wei Boyang......Page 2245
  Weights and Measures in Africa: Akan Gold Weights......Page 2246
  Weights and Measures: Animal-shaped Weights of Burma......Page 2248
  Weights and Measures in China......Page 2251
   Measures of Volume......Page 2254
   The New Kingdom 1550–1070......Page 2256
   Expanding Roles for the Balance: Trade, Tribute, Offerings......Page 2258
   Weights......Page 2260
  Weights and Measures in Islam......Page 2264
   Measures of Length......Page 2266
   Measures of Capacity......Page 2267
   Measures of Weight......Page 2269
    b) dirham al-kayl (weight dirham)......Page 2270
   al-Kurashi......Page 2271
   Length......Page 2276
   Volume......Page 2277
   Transition to the Metric System......Page 2279
   Indian Measures......Page 2280
   Weights and Measures of New Spain......Page 2281
   References......Page 2284
  Windpower......Page 2288
   References......Page 2289
  Wine in Anatolia......Page 2290
   References......Page 2291
   Late Chalcolithic Wine ca. 3500–2900 BCE: Godin Tepe, Iran......Page 2292
   Wine in the Ancient Near East......Page 2293
   References......Page 2294
   Meaning and Significance......Page 2295
   Architectural Components......Page 2296
   Types of Motif......Page 2298
   Principal Forms and Shapes of Carved Components......Page 2300
    Availability of Timber......Page 2301
    Spirit of Wood......Page 2302
  Woodworking in Egypt......Page 2303
  Wound Healing in Ancient Egypt......Page 2305
   Medical Protocol......Page 2306
    Drug Therapy......Page 2307
   Surgical Devices......Page 2309
   Mythological Background......Page 2311
  Writing......Page 2312
  Writing in China......Page 2316
  Writing in Egypt in its Literary Context......Page 2317
   References......Page 2328
   Indus Civilization (c.2600–1900 BCE): A Forgotten Logosyllabic Script......Page 2329
   From the Mauryas to the Guptas (c. 320 BCE — 550 CE): The Brahmi script......Page 2330
   Post-Classical Period (550 CE Onwards): Diversified Scripts......Page 2331
   Bibliography......Page 2333
  Writing in Japan......Page 2334
   Bibliography......Page 2335
   Egyptian Writing......Page 2343
   The Alphabet......Page 2344
   References......Page 2346
   References......Page 2348
   References......Page 2350
  Yinyang......Page 2351
  Yuktibhasbdota of Jyesbdottbdothadeva......Page 2354
   References......Page 2355
  Zhang Heng......Page 2358
   References......Page 2359
  Zhang Qiujian Suanjing......Page 2360
  Zhenjiu Dacheng......Page 2364
  Zhu Shijie 朱世傑......Page 2366
  Zīj......Page 2367
  Zodiac in Islam......Page 2369
   References......Page 2370
   References......Page 2371
 Index......Page 2373