Employment Law for Business

Copyright Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 5
Prelude to the 20th Anniversary Edition......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Text Organization......Page 26
Key Features for the Eighth Edition......Page 28
Brief Contents......Page 32
Contents......Page 33
Guide to Reading Cases......Page 40
PART ONE THE REGULATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP......Page 43
Chapter 1 The Regulation of Employment......Page 44
Introduction to the Regulatory Environment......Page 45
Who Is Subject to Regulation?......Page 47
Origins in Agency Law......Page 48
Why Is It Important to Determine Whether a Worker Is an Employee?......Page 49
The Definition of \"Employee\"......Page 54
Joint Employers and Staffing Firms......Page 59
Defining \" Applicant \"......Page 60
Management Tips Employee Status......Page 61
The Definition of \"Employer\"......Page 66
The \"Freedom\" to Contract in the Regulatory Employment Environment......Page 68
Covenants Not to Compete (Non-Compete Agreements)......Page 69
Management Tips......Page 71
Chapter Summary......Page 72
Chapter-End Questions......Page 73
End Notes......Page 76
Cases......Page 77
Chapter 2 The Employment Law Toolkit: Resources for Understanding the Law and Recurring Legal Concepts......Page 84
Introduction......Page 85
Stare Decisis and Precedent......Page 86
Understanding the Case Information......Page 87
Prima Facie Case......Page 89
Wrongful Discharge and the Employment-At-Will Doctrine......Page 90
Exceptions to the At-Will Doctrine......Page 92
Constructive Discharge......Page 102
The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act......Page 103
Wrongful Discharge Based on Other Tort Liability......Page 104
Employment Discrimination Concepts......Page 105
Disparate Treatment......Page 106
Disparate Impact......Page 110
Other Defenses to Employment Discrimination Claims......Page 116
Retaliation......Page 117
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies......Page 118
Employment Discrimination Remedies......Page 119
The Internet......Page 121
Management Tips......Page 123
Chapter Summary......Page 124
Chapter-End Questions......Page 125
End Notes......Page 127
Cases......Page 129
Chapter 3 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 140
A Historic Rights Act......Page 141
Historical Context Leading to the Need for the Civil Rights Act of 1964......Page 142
Title VII: The Legislation......Page 145
What Is Prohibited under Title VII?......Page 153
Who Is Covered?......Page 154
Who Is Not Covered?......Page 155
Filing Claims under Title VII......Page 156
The Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts......Page 164
42 U.S.C. Section 1983......Page 166
An Important Note......Page 167
Chapter Summary......Page 168
Chapter-End Questions......Page 169
End Notes......Page 170
Cases......Page 173
Chapter 4 Legal Construction of the Employment Environment......Page 178
Opening Scenarios......Page 179
Evolution of the Employment Relationship......Page 180
State Employment Law Regulation......Page 181
Common Law: Misrepresentations and Fraud......Page 183
Application of Regulation to Recruitment Practices......Page 184
The Application Phase......Page 188
The Interview......Page 189
Background or Reference Check, Negligent Hiring, and Googling Employees......Page 190
Reference Checks: Potential Liability for Providing References?......Page 197
\"After-Acquired Evidence\" Defense in Wrongful Termination Suits......Page 201
Management Tips The Employment Relationship......Page 202
Testing in the Employment Environment......Page 203
Legality of Eligibility Testing......Page 205
Test Validity......Page 206
Legality of Ineligibility Testing......Page 209
Unique Considerations of HIV/AIDS Testing......Page 219
Performance Appraisals, Evaluation, and Discipline Schemes......Page 220
Legal Implications of Performance Appraisal Systems......Page 221
Management Tips Testing......Page 222
Discipline......Page 226
Chapter Summary......Page 228
Management Tips Performance Management and Evaluation......Page 229
Chapter-End Questions......Page 231
End Notes......Page 233
Cases......Page 236
PART TWO REGULATION OF DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT......Page 241
Chapter 5 Affirmative Action......Page 243
Statutory Basis......Page 244
Introduction......Page 245
Affirmative Action\'s Misunderstandings Based on Race......Page 246
Clearing the Air......Page 251
What Is Affirmative Action?......Page 253
Affirmative Action under Executive Order 11246......Page 264
E.O. 11246 Provisions......Page 265
Affirmative Action Plans......Page 266
Penalties for Noncompliance......Page 272
Judicial Affirmative Action......Page 273
Voluntary Affirmative Action......Page 274
\"Reverse Discrimination\"......Page 276
Affirmative Action and Veterans......Page 278
Valuing Diversity/Multiculturalism/Diversity and Inclusion......Page 279
Chapter Summary......Page 286
Chapter-End Questions......Page 287
End Notes......Page 288
Cases......Page 291
Chapter 6 Race and Color Discrimination......Page 301
Statutory Basis......Page 302
Surprised?......Page 303
Evolving Definitions of Race......Page 307
Background of Racial Discrimination in the United States......Page 317
Race: Putting It All Together......Page 323
Recognizing Race Discrimination......Page 324
Racial Harassment......Page 328
A Word about Color......Page 329
Management Tips......Page 333
Chapter Summary......Page 334
Chapter-End Questions......Page 335
End Notes......Page 336
Cases......Page 340
Chapter 7 National Origin Discrimination......Page 346
Chez/Casa/Fala/Wunderbar Uncle Sam......Page 347
The Changing Workforce......Page 349
Member of the Protected Class......Page 350
Qualification/BFOQs......Page 351
Adverse Employment Action and Dissimilar Treatment......Page 355
Harassment on the Basis of National Origin......Page 356
Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Religion or National Origin......Page 357
Middle Eastern Discrimination after September 11, 2001......Page 358
Citizenship and the Immigration Reform and Control Act......Page 360
Undocumented Workers......Page 361
Alternate Basis for National Origin or Citizenship Discrimination: Section 1981......Page 368
Chapter Summary......Page 369
Chapter-End Questions......Page 370
End Notes......Page 373
Cases......Page 375
Chapter 8 Gender Discrimination......Page 385
Statutory Basis......Page 386
Does It Really Exist?......Page 387
Gender Discrimination in General......Page 402
Recognizing Gender Discrimination......Page 404
\"Gender-Plus\" Discrimination......Page 406
Gender Issues......Page 407
Grooming Codes......Page 408
Customer or Employee Preferences......Page 411
Logistical Considerations......Page 413
Equal Pay and Comparable Worth......Page 414
Gender as a BFOQ......Page 420
Pregnancy Discrimination......Page 421
Fetal Protection Policies......Page 424
Chapter Summary......Page 425
Chapter-End Questions......Page 426
End Notes......Page 427
Cases......Page 435
Chapter 9 Sexual Harassment......Page 441
Introduction......Page 442
Where Do Sexual Harassment Considerations Leave the Employer?......Page 450
Sexual Harassment in General......Page 455
Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment......Page 457
Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment......Page 458
Unwelcome Activity......Page 459
Severe and Pervasive Requirement......Page 463
Perspective Used to Determine Severity......Page 464
\"Sexual\" Requirement Explained......Page 465
Supervisor toward Employee (Tangible Employment Action)......Page 467
Co-Worker Harassment or Third-Party Harassment of Employee......Page 468
Determining the Truth of Allegations......Page 469
Retaliation and Employee Privacy......Page 470
Damages and Jury Trials......Page 471
Tort and Criminal Liability......Page 472
Management Tips......Page 473
Chapter-End Questions......Page 474
End Notes......Page 475
Cases......Page 477
Chapter 10 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination......Page 486
Out of the Closet......Page 487
Sexual Orientation as a Basis for Adverse Employment Decisions......Page 503
A Note about Same-Gender Sexual Harassment......Page 506
Gender Identity Discrimination......Page 507
Employment Benefits......Page 512
Management Considerations......Page 516
Management Tips......Page 518
Chapter-End Questions......Page 519
End Notes......Page 520
Cases......Page 524
Chapter 11 Religious Discrimination......Page 534
This Is Not Your Parent\'s Religious Discrimination......Page 535
What Is Religion?......Page 545
Religious Conflicts......Page 546
Employer\'s Duty to Reasonably Accommodate......Page 549
Employee\'s Duty to Cooperate in Accommodation......Page 551
What Constitutes Undue Hardship?......Page 552
Religious Harassment......Page 553
Union Activity and Religious Discrimination......Page 555
Management Tips......Page 556
Chapter Summary......Page 557
Chapter-End Questions......Page 558
End Notes......Page 559
Cases......Page 563
Chapter 12 Age Discrimination......Page 576
Oldie . . . but Goldie?......Page 577
Regulation: Age Discrimination in Employment Act......Page 580
Distinctions between ADEA and Title VII......Page 581
State Law Claims......Page 584
Employee\'s Options......Page 585
Employee\'s Prima Facie Case: Disparate Treatment......Page 586
Burden Shifting No More......Page 589
Employer\'s Defenses......Page 590
Employee\'s Prima Facie Case: Circumstances Involving Claims of Disparate Impact......Page 592
What Is an RFOA?......Page 595
Reductions in Force (RIFs)......Page 597
Employee\'s Response: Proof of Pretext......Page 600
Employee\'s Prima Facie Case: Hostile Environment Based on Age......Page 602
Waivers under the Older Workers\' Benefit Protection Act of 1990......Page 603
The Use of Statistical Evidence......Page 606
Employee Retirement Income Security Act......Page 607
Management Considerations......Page 608
Management Tips......Page 610
Chapter Summary......Page 611
Chapter-End Questions......Page 612
End Notes......Page 615
Cases......Page 619
Chapter 13 Disability Discrimination......Page 626
Statutory Basis......Page 627
Removing Old Barriers......Page 628
Americans with Disabilities Act......Page 630
Why Prohibiting Disability Discrimination Is So Difficult......Page 633
The Statutory Structure of the ADA......Page 634
Disability......Page 635
Otherwise Qualified......Page 643
Reasonable Accommodation......Page 647
The Legal Process......Page 653
Burden of Proof......Page 654
Employer Defenses......Page 657
Mental or Emotional Impairments......Page 659
Disability Harassment......Page 661
\"No Fault\" Liability: Workers\' Compensation......Page 662
Protection of Co-Workers......Page 666
Genetic Testing......Page 667
Family and Medical Leave Act and the ADA: Distinctions......Page 669
Management Considerations......Page 670
Obesity......Page 672
Substance Use and Abuse......Page 674
Allergies......Page 676
Management Tips......Page 677
Chapter Summary......Page 678
Chapter-End Questions......Page 679
End Notes......Page 681
Cases......Page 686
PART THREE REGULATION OF THE EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENT......Page 695
Chapter 15 Labor Law......Page 773
Coming Together on Issues......Page 774
A Historical Accounting......Page 777
Out of Necessity Comes Change......Page 780
Labor Laws......Page 782
The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932......Page 783
The National Labor Relations Act......Page 784
The National Labor Relations Board......Page 785
Unions......Page 786
The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947......Page 797
The Landrum-Griffin Act of 1959......Page 802
State, County, and Municipal Public Employees......Page 803
Management Tips......Page 805
Chapter-End Questions......Page 806
End Notes......Page 807
Cases......Page 808
Chapter 16 Selected Employment Benefits and Protections......Page 817
Statutory Basis......Page 818
Introduction: Show Me the Money!......Page 819
Covered Employees......Page 823
Minimum Wages......Page 824
Child Labor Laws......Page 829
Statutory Basis......Page 830
General Provisions......Page 831
Introduction: Safety at Work......Page 834
General Provisions......Page 835
Specific Regulations......Page 839
General Duty Clause......Page 840
Violence in the Workplace......Page 843
Bullying......Page 844
Introduction: Will It Be There When I Retire?......Page 845
General Provisions......Page 846
Fiduciary Duty......Page 848
Reporting and Disclosure......Page 849
Eligibility and Vesting Rules......Page 851
ERISA Litigation......Page 852
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA)......Page 856
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)......Page 857
Enforcement of ERISA......Page 860
Management Tips......Page 862
Chapter-End Questions......Page 863
End Notes......Page 865
Cases......Page 869
Chapter 14 The Employee\'s Right to Privacy and Management of Personal Information......Page 696
Are There Guarantees in Life?......Page 697
Background......Page 700
Workplace Privacy, Generally......Page 701
Constitutional Protection......Page 703
The Privacy Act of 1974......Page 706
Federal Wiretapping-Title III......Page 708
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)......Page 709
Legal Framework for Employee Rights in the Private Sector......Page 710
Bases for Right to Privacy in the Private Sector......Page 712
Regulation of Employees\' Off-Work Activities......Page 717
Employer\'s Information-Gathering Process/Justified Use/Disclosure of Information......Page 722
Employee Monitoring: An Old Practice with a New Face......Page 725
How Monitoring Works: Practice and Prevalence......Page 729
An Evolving Legal Environment......Page 732
Business Justifications for Monitoring Employees\' Technology Use......Page 735
Developing Computer Use Policies......Page 741
Blogging and Other Social Media (\"Web 2.0\")......Page 746
Privacy Rights since September 11, 2001......Page 750
Management Tips......Page 752
Chapter-End Questions......Page 754
End Notes......Page 757
Cases......Page 763
Glossary......Page 876
Subject Index......Page 883
Case Index......Page 909