Empirical International Entrepreneurship: A Handbook of Methods, Approaches, and Applications

Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Introduction: International Entrepreneurship from Methodological Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure
		2.1 Stream A: Qualitative Research Methods
		2.2 Stream B: Quantitative Research Methods
	References
Part I: Qualitative Research Streams: Conceptualisation
	Immigrants and International Entrepreneurship: Transnational Dynamic Capability and Dual Social Network Embeddedness
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Background
			2.1 Ethnic Advantage
			2.2 Dynamic Capability Perspective
			2.3 TE´s Dynamic Capability Development
			2.4 Opportunity Sensing
			2.5 Opportunity Seizing
		3 Transnational Entrepreneurship: A Theoretical Framework
			3.1 TEs´ Dual Social Embeddedness
		4 The Mediating Role of TEs´ Dynamic Capabilities
		5 The Moderating Role of Institutional Distance
		6 Theoretical Implications and Conclusion
		References
	Internationalisation of SMEs and Distant Markets: The Networking and Service Functions of Global Cities
		1 Introduction
		2 Interdisciplinary Conceptual Research Framework
			2.1 Management and SME Internationalisation
			2.2 Limitations in the Use of MNC Theories
			2.3 Incremental Theory
			2.4 Network and Resource-Based Approaches
			2.5 Support of Advanced Producer Services
		3 Global Cities and SME Internationalisation
			3.1 Cities as Economic Command and Control Centres
			3.2 The Concentration of Entrepreneurship and Supportive Services
		4 Proposal for a Conceptual Research Framework
		5 Exploring the Economic Functions of Global Cities: A Research Methodology
		6 Research on Classification and Rankings of Global Cities
		7 Research on Advanced Producer Services (APS)
			7.1 APS and SME Internationalisation
			7.2 Advanced Producer Services and Globally Born Start-Ups
		8 Research Focus on SME Internationalisation and the Role of Global Cities
		References
	International Entrepreneurship Within Service Ecosystems: Applying Service-Dominant Logic and the BAR Framework in Research De...
		1 Introduction
		2 Issues in the Conception of International Entrepreneurship
			2.1 Critiquing ``Opportunities´´
			2.2 Critiquing ``Entrepreneurship´´
			2.3 Critiquing Hindsight Bias in IE Research
		3 Focusing on Value Instead of Opportunities
			3.1 Application of BAR Framework in IE Studies
		4 IE Within a Broader Context: An Ecosystem Perspective
			4.1 Application of SDL Ecosystems Framework in IE Studies
		5 Overcoming Hindsight Bias in Research Design
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Entrepreneurs, Platforms, and International Technology Transformation
		1 Introduction
		2 Ecosystem Theory, the Entrepreneur, and the Waves of Technological Change
		3 Platforms and Business Model Innovation
		4 The Resource-Based View (RBV) of Technological Transformation
		5 Born Global Firms
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Qualitative Research Streams: Literature Reviews
	A Review of International Entrepreneurship as Part of Broader Opportunity Research: Topic Modelling Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Topic Modelling Approach
			2.2 Identification of the Relevant Literature
			2.3 Analysing Scientific Impact
		3 Findings
			3.1 Topics on Broader Opportunity Research
			3.2 Most Influential Topics in Opportunity Research and Relationships Between Them
			3.3 Impact of IE Theme as Part of Opportunity Research
			3.4 The Impact of IE Theme with Other Topics
			3.5 The Development of Topics in Articles with IE as the Main Topic
		4 Suggestions for Future Research
		5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Entrepreneurial Decision-Making Process Optimisation: A Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Data Collection
			2.2 Data Cleaning
		3 Results Overview
			3.1 Entrepreneurial Decision-Making and Opportunities in International Entrepreneurship
			3.2 Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Discovering and Evaluation
			3.3 Online and Offline Entrepreneurial Opportunity
			3.4 Entrepreneurial Decision-Making Process
			3.5 Market Entry and Growth Decisions
		4 The Concept of Optimisation in Entrepreneurship Research
		5 Key Definitions
		6 Conceptual Framework
		7 Discussion
		8 Future Research Agenda and Limitations
		9 Conclusion
		References
	International Entrepreneurship and Technology: A Structured Literature Review
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Results
			3.1 Descriptive Analysis of the Literature
			3.2 Authors´ Citations Analysis
			3.3 Sources Analysis
			3.4 Keywords Analysis
			3.5 Author´s Background
			3.6 Research Methods
			3.7 Patterns of Technology Evolution
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Qualitative Research Streams: Empirical Methods
	The Impact of Diaspora on International Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: A Historical Institutionalism Approach
		1 Introduction
		2 Malaysia´s 100 Most Influential Young Entrepreneurs (100 MIYE) 2019
		3 Historical Institutionalism
		4 Political Economy, Diaspora and Chinese Entrepreneurship in Malaysia
			4.1 Historical Factors
			4.2 Post-Independence
			4.3 May 13, 1969, and the New Economic Policy (NEP)
			4.4 1997 Asian Financial Crisis
		5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Internationalisation of Start-Ups: An Institutional Entrepreneurship Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Methodology
		4 Case Study 1: Smart Tech Inc
		5 Case Study 2: Visuals Inc
		6 Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Always Trusts, Always Hopes, Always Perseveres? Comparative Discourse Analysis of the Perception of International Entrepreneur...
		1 Introduction
		2 COVID-19 and International Entrepreneurship
		3 Method
		4 Findings
			4.1 Finnish Media Discourses Before and During COVID-19
			4.2 Russian Media Discourses Before and During COVID-19
			4.3 Summary of the Comparative Analysis of Discourses About Entrepreneurship
			4.4 Illustrative Cases Comparison
		5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Barriers to Entrepreneurial Internationalisation for Ukrainian Creative and Cultural Industries (CCI)
		1 Introduction
		2 Research Approach
		3 Creative Industries
			3.1 Creative Industries in Ukraine
			3.2 The Operationalisation of the Creative Economy in Ukraine
			3.3 Internationalisation Processes for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in Ukraine
			3.4 Motivations
			3.5 Implementation
			3.6 Barriers
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Quantitative Research Streams: Applied Statistics
	Early Internationalising Ventures Facing Ageing and Sizing: International Growth, Entrepreneurial, and Market Orientation
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses Development
		3 Data and Methodology
			3.1 Empirical Setting
			3.2 Variables and Measures
			3.3 Reliability and Validity
		4 Results
		5 Discussion and Main Implications
		6 Limitations
		References
	To Internationalise Entrepreneurially from Low-Tech Emerging Market: The Role of International Entrepreneurial Capability and ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses
			2.1 The Capability Approach and International Entrepreneurial Capability
			2.2 International Entrepreneurial Orientation
			2.3 International Entrepreneurial Capability, EO, and Early Internationalising Firm Performance
		3 Research Methodology
			3.1 Survey Design and Data Source
			3.2 Development of Measures
			3.3 Analysis Methods
			3.4 Results and Analyses
			3.5 Measurement Model
			3.6 Structural Model
		4 Discussion and Conclusion
			4.1 Implications
			4.2 Limitations and Future Research
		References
	The Study of Leaders Navigating Institutional on Female International Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework
		3 Literature Review
		4 Hypothesis Development
		5 Methodology
		6 Measurement
		7 Findings
		8 Discussion
		9 Conclusion and Implication
		References
	The Impact of International Networking Capability on International Performance: The Mediating Role of Dynamic Entrepreneurship...
		1 Introduction
		2 Basics and Literature Review
			2.1 Dynamic Capability View and International Entrepreneurship
			2.2 International Networking Capability
			2.3 Dynamic Entrepreneurship Capabilities
			2.4 Foreign Market Knowledge Capability
			2.5 International Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Capability
			2.6 Adaptive Capability
		3 Research Model and Hypotheses
			3.1 International Networking Capability and Foreign Market Knowledge Capability
			3.2 International Networking Capability and International Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Capability
			3.3 International Networking Capability and Adaptive Capability
			3.4 International Networking Capability and International Performance
			3.5 Foreign Market Knowledge Capability and International Performance
			3.6 International Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Capability and International Performance
			3.7 Adaptive Capability and International Performance
		4 Data and Sample
			4.1 Measurement Tool
			4.2 Hypothesis Testing
		5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	How Do Experts Think? An Investigation of the Barriers to Internationalisation of SMEs in Iran
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Delphi Method
			3.2 The Panel of Experts
			3.3 Factor Analysis
			3.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Conceptual Model of Research
			3.5 Goodness of Fit
			3.6 Confirmatory Factor Analysis
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Limitations
		References
Part V: Quantitative Research Streams: MCDM
	A Hybrid Best-Worst Method and Multi-criteria Decision-Making Methods for Location Selection in the International Entrepreneur...
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Multi-criteria Decision-Making in Entrepreneurship and Start-Up
			2.2 Factors Influencing Location Selection Problems
		3 Research Methodology
			3.1 BWM
		4 MCDM Methods´ Steps
			4.1 TOPSIS
			4.2 VIKOR
			4.3 WASPAS
			4.4 SAW
		5 The Case Study
		6 Conclusion
		References
	A Hybrid Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Aggregation Operator-Based Algorithm for Team Member Selection of International ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 A Review of Team Member Selection Criteria
		4 Preliminaries
			4.1 Interval Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets: An Overview
			4.2 IVIFN Aggregation Operators and Their Application in Multi-attribute Decision-Making
			4.3 Team Member Selection Framework
				4.3.1 Stage 1. Problem Formulation
				4.3.2 Stage 2. Problem Pre-analysis
				4.3.3 Stage 3. Problem Analysis
				4.3.4 Stage 3. Selecting the Members
		5 Case Study
			5.1 Forming the Selection Committee
			5.2 Identify Alternatives
			5.3 Identify Criteria
			5.4 Criteria Evaluation Scale Definition
			5.5 Constructing Individual Decision Matrices
			5.6 Constructing Aggregated Decision Matrix
			5.7 Obtaining Criteria Weights
			5.8 Ranking the Alternatives
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Quantitative Research Streams: Optimisation
	International Entrepreneurship Rate Prediction Using Neural Networks
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Data and Methodology
		4 Results
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Introducing New Products to International Markets Using Green Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Optimisation
		1 Introduction
		2 Beef and Buffalo (Cattle) Meat Production
		3 Poultry Production
		4 Literature Review
		5 Problem Statement
		6 Methodology
			6.1 Solution Approach
			6.2 The Augmented ε-Constraint Method
		7 Results
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Applying System Dynamics Approach to Modelling Growth Engines in the International Entrepreneurship Era
		1 Introduction and Literature Review
		2 Research Methodology
		3 Conceptual Model
			3.1 Sticky Engine
			3.2 Viral Engine
			3.3 Paid Engine
		4 Mathematical Model
			4.1 Model Validation
		5 Simulation Results Under Different Scenarios and Policies
		6 Results
		7 Discussion
		8 Conclusion
		References