Empathy Pathways: A View from Music Therapy

Acknowledgements
Contents
1 An Introduction to Empathies
	Empathy is an Expansive Concept
	A Focus on Emotions
	Why Dive into an In-Depth Investigation of Empathy?
	Four Pathways
	References
Part I Insightful Empathy
2 A Stance of Receptivity
	Positioning Ourselves to Empathise
	Self-Awareness
	Motivation, Ability, and Capacity
	Paying Attention
	A Non-Judgemental Attitude
	The Courage to Engage in Playful Risk-Taking
	References
3 Awareness Through Multifaceted Perceiving
	Perceiving Emotions
	Perceiving Another as a Musical Being
	Perceiving Embodied Resonance
	Listening Perspectives and Practices
	Perceiving Unconscious Dynamics
	Perceiving Spiritual Dimensions
	Perceiving (in) Contexts
	Perceiving the Distinctions Between Self and Other
		Intersubjectivity (The Version That Refers to Shared Agreement About an Objective Reality)
	References
4 Sharing Emotions
	Emotional Contagion (Is Not Empathy)
	The Nature of Affective Empathy
	Sharing Emotions Through Music
	References
5 Understanding Emotions
	Knowing Other Minds
		Theory of Mind
		The Direct Social Perception Thesis
		Psychodynamic Understandings of Other Minds
	The Nature of Cognitive Empathy
	Drawing on Self-Knowledge to Understand Another’s Emotions
	Drawing on Knowledge of the Specific Other and Their Context to Understand Their Emotions
	Drawing on Generalised Theories to Understand Another’s Emotions
	Expanding Empathy Through Gathering Knowledge
	Understanding Complex Emotional Expressions
	References
6 Responding with Action
	Empathy Needs to Be Communicated
	When Communicated Empathy Is Beneficial in Itself
	When Empathy Is a Starting Point
	Inaction or Distancing
	When Empathy Leads to Harm
	Self-Empathy and Self-Compassion
	References
Part II Translational Empathy
7 A Stance of Honouring Opacity
	Our Understanding of Others Is Always Incomplete
		Damaging Forms of Othering
	Respect for Radical Otherness
	Curious Humility
	References
8 Awareness of Translational Processes
	Communicating Emotions
	The Vital and Responsive Contributions of All Participants
	Diversity in the Expression and Interpretation of Emotions
	Translation is a Mediated and Creative Process
	Translation in Music Therapy
	References
9 Responsively Being with Each Other’s Emotional Expressions
	Being with Another as a Witness
	Withness in Musical Ambiguity
	Simultaneously Being Together and Separate
	References
10 Negotiating Meanings of Emotions
	Reflexivity
	Using Imagination and Creativity to Create Emotional Meaning
	Working with Differences and Conflict
		Intersubjectivity (The Version that Focusses on Coordination)
		Negotiation
	References
11 Responding Through Accompaniment
	Companionship and Psychosocial Accompaniment
	Recognition and Affirmation of Empowerment and Expertise
	Being an Ally
	Accountability
	References
Part III An Empathising Assemblage
12 A Stance of Acknowledging That We Are Always Already Entangled
	Strong Relationality
	Valuing Humans and Non-humans in Relational Webs
		Interobjectivity (The Version of Intersubjectivity That Includes Interactions with Objects Within Assemblages)
	Extended Minds
	Immanence
	What Are Assemblages?
	Distributed Agency
	What Is Meant by “Territorialising”?
	References
13 Affective Attunement
	Affects as Intensities
	Being Affected and Affecting
	Affect, Emotion, and Feeling
	Affective Flows in Assemblages
	Affects and Musicking
	Travelling and Sticky Affects
	Ethically Response-able Assemblages
	References
14 Awareness Through Mapping Relationships
	Collaborative Mapping
	Mapping “Things” (as Always-Relational Becoming-Things)
		Thisness
		Becoming
		Agential Cuts (Why These “Things” Rather Than Other “Things”?)
	Mapping Positions
	Mapping Processes of Territorialising (and De/Reterritorialising)
	Mapping Pathways
	Mapping Interminglings
	Mapping Affective Flows
	Mapping Affective Lines of Flight
	Mapping Response-Ability
	References
15 Enhancing Response-ability
	Response-able Access and Inclusion
	Response-able Services
	Response-able Material Places and Spaces
	Response-able Objects
	Response-able People
	Response-able Groups, Communities, and Social Networks
	Response-able Musicking
	Response-able Concepts and Theories
	Response-able Recovery-Tracking
		Exploring Needs
		Tracking Recovery
	Response-able Teaching and Researching in Music Therapy
	References
Part IV Relational Empathy
16 A Stance of Recognising That We Are Selfing Through Relationships
	Valuing Both Relationships and Selves
	Selfing
	Participation Is Ontological
	Intersubjectivity (The Version That Considers Intersubjectivity to Be the Precondition for Subjectivity)
	Dialogue Is Ontological
	Co-action Within Confluences
	Narrative Practices Are Ontological
		Narratives in Musicking
	We Become as Selves Who Are Polyphonic Multi-beings
	Plotting the Path of Relational Empathy
	References
17 Awareness of Emotions as Co-Storying
	Relational Development of Emotions
	Relational Regulation
	Being in Emotions
	Emotions as Social Performances
	Emotions Within Societies and Cultures
		Relational Understandings of Emotion in Interdependent Cultures
	Emotions as Stories
	When Co-Storying is Difficult
	References
18 Emotions and Meanings in Layers of Co-Storying
	Making and Reflecting on Emotion Stories
		What’s This Emotion Story About?
		What’s the Story Scenario?
		What’s the Setting of This Emotion Story?
		What Are the Events in This Emotion Story?
		What Happened at the End?
		How Are We Telling This Emotion Story?
		Were We Reflecting on the Emotion Story as We Were Co-Creating It?
	Layers of Stories
		Story Horizons
			Participating in Horizons of Emotion Co-Storying in Families
			Participating in Horizons of Emotion Co-Storying Within Cultural and Gendered Practices and Contexts
			Participating in Horizons of Emotion Co-Storying Within Musicking Practices
			Participating in Horizons of Emotion Co-Storying Within Health and Illness Practices
			Participating in Horizons of Emotion Co-Storying Within Religious and Spiritual Practices
			The Music Therapist’s Story Horizons
		Micro-Stories
		Story Arcs
	References
19 Responding by Affirming and Changing Emotion Stories
	Forms of Relational Flow
	Music Therapy as Relational Recovery
	Relational Responses to Burnout
	References
20 Conclusion
	How Might We Use These Four Pathways?
	Hope in Action
	References
Appendix: Empathy Pathways
1. Insightful Empathy
2. Translational Empathy
3. An Empathising Assemblage
4. Relational Empathy
References
Index