Emotion Theory: The Routledge Comprehensive Guide. Volume I: History, Contemporary Theories, and Key Elements

Cover
Half Title
Set Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
	Figures
	Tables
Notes on Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction to Volume I: The Value of History, a Wealth of Theoretical Options, and the Elements of Emotion Theory
	Part I: History of Emotion Theory
	Part II: Contemporary Emotion Theories
	Part III: The Elements of Emotion Theory
	References
Part I: History of Emotion Theory
	Chapter 1: Emotion Theory in Ancient Greece and Rome
		Introduction
		Plato
		Aristotle
		Epicureanism and Stoicism
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Emotion Theory in Ancient and Classical India, 500 BCE–1200 CE
		Introduction
		Ancient and Classical Indian Thought
		The Category of “Emotion”
		Definitional Precision and Phenomenological Texture
		Analysis and Therapy of Emotions in the Abhidhamma
		Analyzing Emotions and Aesthetic Relish in Rasa Theory
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 3: Emotion Theory in Early and Medieval China, 500 BCE–1200 CE
		Introduction
		“Emotions” in the Chinese Tradition
		The Early Confucian and Daoist Traditions (Sixth to Third Centuries BCE)
		Cosmic Unity in the Age of Empire (c. 206 BCE–220 CE)
		Nature and Self-Mastery in the Period of Disunion (c. 220–589 CE)
		Humanist Revivals in the Tang and Song Periods (c. 581–1200 CE)
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 4: Emotion Theory in the Middle Ages
		Introduction
		The Roots of Medieval Theories in Ancient Greece and Rome
		Augustine on First Movements and the Psychology of Sin
		Twelfth Century: Avicenna’s Faculty Psychology and Rediscovery of Aristotle
		Other 12th-Century Developments: Degrees of Sin and the Logic of Will
		New Taxonomies of Emotions in the 12th and 13th Centuries: Concupiscible and Irascible Passions
		The Scholastic Aristotelianism of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas
		John Duns Scotus, William Ockham and Late Medieval Discussions
		Conclusion
		References
			Primary Sources
			Secondary Sources
	Chapter 5: Emotion Theory in the Renaissance
		Introduction
		The Re-Assessment of Man’s Affective Nature in Humanist Thought
		The Renaissance’s Fascination with Love
		Emotions in Writings about the Soul: From a Metaphysical to a Medical Perspective
		The Place of Emotions in the New Philosophy of Nature
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
			Primary Texts
			Secondary Texts
	Chapter 6: Emotion Theory in the 17th Century
		Introduction
		Taxonomies and Definitions and the Passions
		Physiology of the Passions
		Passions as Representations of the World
		Passions as Moral Psychology
		Passions and Politics
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 7: Emotion Theory in the 18th Century
		Introduction
		Definitions of Emotion
		Taxonomies of Emotion
		Emotion, Moral Judgment, and Sympathy
		Emotion Regulation
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 8: Emotion Theory in the 19th Century at the Rise of Scientific Psychology
		Introduction
		Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Theory of Emotions
			Darwin’s Theory of Emotion
			The Evolutionary Origins of Emotional Expressions
			Darwin’s Non-Darwinian Explanation of the Evolution of Emotional Expressions
			Darwin’s Influence on Emotion Science
		William James: The Bodily Feeling Theory of Emotions
			The Nature of Emotions
			The Elicitation and Effects of Emotions
			The Functions of Emotions
			The Origins of the Emotion Mechanisms
			James’s Influence on Emotion Science
		Wilhelm Wundt: The Mental Feeling Theory of Emotions
			The Tridimensional Theory
			The Elicitation and the Effects of Emotions
			Wundt’s Influence on Emotion Science
		Alexius Meinong: The Cognitive Theory of Emotions
			Basic Assumptions of Meinong’s Emotion Theory
			Meinong’s Theory of the Judgment-Based Emotions
			Meinong’s Influence on Emotion Science
		Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Theory of Emotions
			The Motivational System
			Emotions in Psychoanalysis
			Freud’s Influence on Emotion Science
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 9: Emotion Theory in the 19th- and 20th-Century Phenomenological Tradition
		Introduction
		From Descriptive Psychology to Phenomenology: Brentano and Husserl
		The Realist Phenomenology: Scheler and Pfänder
		Existential Analytic: Heidegger
		French Phenomenology: Sartre and Merleau-Ponty
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 10: Emotion Theory in the First Half of the 20th Century
		Introduction
		Nineteenth-Century Legacies
			Influence of Charles Darwin
			William James’s Theory of Emotions as Perceptions of Bodily Changes
			Introspection and Self-Understanding
			Physiology and the Brain
		Eight Approaches to Emotions in the 20th Century
			Introspection
			Behaviorism
			Evolutionary Approaches to Emotions
			Physiological and Neuroscientific Approaches
			Skepticism about Emotion
			Therapeutic Approaches
			Emotions in Aesthetics
			Emotions in Everyday Life
		Mid-Century Advances and Legacy of the First Half of the 20th Century
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part II: Contemporary Theories of Emotions
	Chapter 11: An Overview of Contemporary Theories of EMOTIONS in Philosophy
		Introduction
		Theorising about Emotion in Philosophy
		The Rise of Cognition in Philosophy of Emotions in the 1950s
			Judgementalist Theories of Emotions in Contemporary Philosophy
		Perceptual Theories of Emotions in Contemporary Philosophy
		Motivational Theories of Emotions in Contemporary Philosophy
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 12: An Overview of Contemporary Theories of Emotions in Psychology
		Introduction
		Theory Development
		Working Definition
		Constitutive Explanation
		Causal-Mechanistic Explanation
			Action-Oriented Theories
				Evolutionary Theories
				Network Theories
				Evaluation Theories
					Appraisal Theories
					Goal-Directed Theory
			Feeling-Oriented Theories: Psychological Constructionist Theories
			Social Theories
		Empirical Testing
			Evolutionary Theories
			Network Theories
			Evaluation Theories
				Appraisal Theories
				Goal-Directed Theory
			Psychological Constructionist Theories
			Social Theories
		Scientific Definition
			Demarcation
			Partitioning
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 13: An Overview of Contemporary Theories of Emotions in Neuroscience
		Introduction
		Early Neuroscience Theories of Emotion
		Three Levels of Emotion Processing: Emotional Inputs, Emotional Outputs, and Emotions
		The Neuroscience of Psychological Theories of Emotions
		Neuroscientific Theories of Emotions
			LeDoux’s Survival Circuits Theory
			LeDoux’s Low vs. High Road Model for the Defense Survival Circuit
			Panksepp’s Theory of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Process Emotions
			Damasio on the Distinction Between Emotions and Feelings
			Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis
			Barrett’s Emotion Theories: The Conceptual Act Theory and the Theory of Constructed Emotion
			Adolphs’s Functionalist Framework of Emotion States, Emotion Experience, and Emotion Concepts
		Key Similarities and Differences Across Emotion Theories
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 14: An Overview of Contemporary Theories of Emotions in Sociology
		Introduction
		Sociological Understandings of Emotion
			Cultural Approaches – Emotion Management, Emotion Culture, and Dramaturgy
			Micro Structural Approaches – Social Interactional Theory and Group Processes
			Macro Structural Approaches – Social Structure and Personality, and the Stress Process
			Affect Control Theory Approaches – ACT, INTERACT, BayesACT
			Interaction Ritual Theory – Emotional Energy and Collective Action
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 15: Basic and Discrete Emotion Theories
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		The “Cartoon” Version of Basic Emotion Theory
		Ekman’s Basic Emotion Theory
		Ekman’s BET: Empirical Evidence
			Facial and Other Nonverbal Expressions
			Emotion-Specific Physiological Activity
			Emotion-Specific Brain Activity
			The Coherence Hypothesis
		Modern Discrete Emotion Theories and Research
			Heightened Emphasis on Functional Analysis in Construct Definition
			Hypothesis Generation Based on Functional Analysis
			Fuzzy Boundaries in Emotion Space
			Increased Attention to Social Functions of Emotions
		Future Directions
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 16: Appraisal Theories of Emotions
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Appraisal Theories
		What Makes Someone an Appraisal Theorist?
		The Appraisals
			Novelty
			Valence
			Goal Conduciveness
			Certainty
			Agency
			Control
			Compatibility with Social Norms or Personal Standards
			Other Appraisals
		Varieties of Appraisal Theories
			Categories vs. Dimensions
			Appraisals as Elements or Causes
			Fixed or Variable Sequence of Appraisals?
		Advantages of Appraisal Theories
			Consistency with Evolutionary Theory
			Enormous Variety of Emotional Experiences
			Testable Hypotheses
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 17: Constructionist Theories of Emotions in Psychology and Neuroscience
		Introduction
		Brief History of Constructionist Approaches
		Background for the Theory of Constructed Emotion
			Instances versus Categories of Emotion
			Physical and Mental Features
			Abstract versus Perceptual Categories
			All Animals Categorize
			Some Features Exist Only in a Brain
		Hypothesis 1: Conceptual Categories Are Sources of Relational Meaning
			Categories Are Constructed Predictively
			Category Construction Is Situated
			Emotion Categories Are Abstract, Situated Categories
			Category Construction Is in the Service of Coordinating and Regulating Bodily Systems
			Action Creates Experience
			Physical Signals Have Relational Meaning
		Hypothesis 2: Variation Is the Norm
			Different Signals, Same Emotional Meaning
			One Physical Signal, Many Emotional Meanings
			Population Thinking
			Magnitude of Variation
		Hypothesis 3: Cultural Inheritance
		Misunderstandings and Mischaracterizations of the Constructionist Perspective
			The Theory of Constructed Emotion is Not a “Cognitive” View of Emotions
			The Theory of Constructed Emotion Integrates Individual-Focused and Social-Focused Understanding of Emotions
			Valence and Arousal Are Not Sufficient Features of Emotion
			The Theory of Constructed Emotion Is a Theory of Emotional Experience
			Hypotheses About Prototypes Exist in Both Typological and Constructionist Approaches
			A Constructionist Perspective Can Be an Evolutionary Perspective
		Considerations and Questions
			Instances of Emotion Are First-Person Phenomena
			Who Is Constructing What?
			Empirical Strategies
			Constructionism as Relational Realism
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 18: Social Constructionist Theories of Emotions
		Introduction
		Emergence of the Social Constructionist Tradition
		How Social Constructionists Understand Emotions
			Social Concept Approach
			Social Role Approach
		Evidence for Social Constructionist Claims
			Multicomponentiality
			Dependence on Social Cognition
			Cultural Specificity
			Activity
			Social Functionality
		Extending Social Constructionist Approaches
		Beyond Amodal Representations
		Dynamic Co-Construction
		Emotion Construction in Child Development
		Interdependence of Culture and Biology
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Cognitivist Theories of Emotions in Philosophy and Affective Science
		Introduction
		Which Central Features of Emotions Should Cognitivist Accounts Explain?
		Belief–Desire Accounts of Emotions
		Judgmentalist Accounts of Emotions
		Appraisal Accounts of Emotions
		Psychological Constructionist Accounts of Emotions
		Neo-Jamesian Accounts of Emotions
		Recalcitrant Emotions and Rationality
		Perceptual Accounts of Emotions
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	Chapter 20: Motivational Theories of Emotions in Philosophy and Affective Science
		Introduction
		Why Be a Motivationalist About Emotions?
		The Motivational Tradition in Affective Science: Historical Preliminaries
		Two Ways to Think of Basic Emotions as Motivating: Tomkins-Ekman versus Plutchik
		Frijda on Emotions as Action Tendencies with Control Precedence
		The Motivational Side of Appraisal Theory: Roseman versus Scherer
		The Motivational Tradition in Philosophy: Deonna and Teroni versus Scarantino
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
Part III: The Elements of Emotion Theory
	Chapter 21: Are Emotions Events, Processes, States, or Dispositions?
		Introduction
		Ontological Categories Introduced
		The Main Ontological Options
			Emotions as Occurrents: Events and Processes
			Emotions as Continuants: States and Dispositions
		Ontological Assumptions in Contemporary Emotion Theory
			The Ontology of Basic Emotion Theory
			The Ontology of Appraisal Theory
			The Ontology of Psychological Constructionism
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 22: Is Emotion Physiology More Compatible with Discrete, Dimensional, or Appraisal Accounts?
		Introduction
		Understanding the Autonomic Nervous System and Its Measures
		The James-Cannon Debate
		Basic/Discrete Emotion Theory
		Dimensional Theories of Emotion
		Appraisal Theories of Emotion
		Contemporary Dynamic Systems Conceptions of Emotion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Can Brain Data Be Used to Arbitrate Among Emotion Theories?
		Introduction
		What Do Neuroscientists Mean When They Speak of Functional Localization?
		The Functional Localization Tradition: Mapping Single Measures of Brain Activity onto Emotion Constructs
			Functional Localization of Valence and Arousal
			Functional Localization of Cognitive Appraisals
			Functional Localization of Emotion Categories
		The Multivariate Revolution: Mapping Distributed Patterns of Brain Activity onto Emotion Constructs
			Multivariate Mapping of Valence and Arousal
			Multivariate Mapping of Cognitive Appraisals
			Multivariate Mapping of Emotion Categories
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 24: What Do Nonverbal Expressions Tell Us About Emotion?
		Introduction
		The Basic Emotion Program
		The Appraisal Program
		The Psychological Constructionist Program
		How to Progress in the Study of Nonverbal Expressions and Emotion?
			Going Beyond the Nature–Nurture Dichotomy
			Degrees of Preparedness
		Expressions as Signals, Signs, and Direct Influencers
			What Is the Range of Perceived Information?
		Can We Please Have More Interdisciplinary Research?
		Note
		References
	Chapter 25: Which Emotional Behaviors Are Actions?
		Introduction
		What Makes Something an Action?
		How to Understand the Instrumentality of Actions
		How to Understand the Rationality of Actions
		The Hard Case: Complex Expressive Behavior
		The Humean Response: Smith and Goldie
		A Non-Humean Alternative: Scarantino and Nielsen
		Further Non-Humean Alternatives: Bennett and Helm
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 26: Emotional Experience: What Is It and What Is It For?
		Introduction
		Conscious Experience: Some Preliminaries
			State Consciousness
			Qualitative Properties
			Characteristically Emotional Phenomenology
		What Is Emotion Experience?
		Somatic Theories of Emotion Experience
			What Are Jamesian and Neo-Jamesian Somatic Theories of Emotion Experience?
			Challenges
			Are There Non-Jamesian Somatic Theories of Emotion Experience?
		Cognitive and Perceptual Theories of Emotion Experience
			What Are Cognitive Theories of Emotion Experience?
			Challenges
			What Are Perceptual Theories of Emotion Experience?
		Central Theories of Emotion Experience
			What Are Central Theories of Emotion Experience?
			Challenges
		What is Emotion Experience For?
			Does Consciousness Have a Function?
			Theories of the Function of Emotional Experience
		The Possibility of Unconscious Emotions
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 27: How Should We Understand Valence, Arousal, and Their Relation?
		Introduction
		What Is Valence?
			Historical Preliminaries
			Varieties of Valence
			Further Notions of Valence
			Some Challenges for the Study of Valence
		What Is Arousal?
			Historical Preliminaries
			Varieties of Arousal
			Some Challenges for the Study of Arousal
		How Are Valence and Arousal Related?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Index