Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
Tables, Figures, and Boxes......Page 17
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 21
Executive Summary......Page 25
Summary......Page 29
A STUDY OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES......Page 30
CONTEXT FOR SELECTING HIGH-PRIORITY TECHNOLOGIES......Page 31
Priority Technologies for Development and Exploration......Page 33
Technologies for Natural Resources Management......Page 35
Technologies for Using Genetic Diversity for Crop and Animal Improvement......Page 37
Technologies for Overcoming Biotic Constraints......Page 38
Technologies for Opportunities for Energy Production......Page 40
CONCLUSION......Page 41
AGRICULTURE AND POVERTY......Page 43
A STUDY OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES......Page 45
STUDY APPROACH......Page 46
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
2 Constraints on Crop and Animal Productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia......Page 49
High-Priority Crops......Page 50
Crop Yields......Page 51
Poor Soil and Poor Soil Fertility......Page 53
Poor Water Use and Management......Page 54
Lack of Plant Breeding Resources......Page 56
Lack of High-Quality Seed......Page 57
Lack of Fuel and Electricity......Page 58
Insects and Other Pests......Page 60
Parasitic Weeds of sub-Saharan Africa: Orobanche, Striga, and Others......Page 61
Major Weeds of Maize and Rice: Feral Rice and Echinochloa......Page 62
Geminiviruses......Page 63
Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens......Page 64
Dairy......Page 66
Aquaculture......Page 67
GENERAL CONSTRAINTS ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION......Page 68
Animal Diseases......Page 69
Weak Government and Policy Environment......Page 71
Lack of Cash and Financing......Page 72
A FUTURE UNCERTAINTY: CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 73
LACK OF QUICK FIXES......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 76
ENHANCING CROP PERFORMANCE......Page 85
Essential Features of Breeding Programs......Page 87
Annotated Sequences of Crop and Model Species for Comparative Genomics......Page 88
DNA Markers......Page 89
Mutation Breeding and Mutant Analysis......Page 90
EXISTING AND EVOLVING TOOLS FOR CONVENTIONAL AND TRANSGENIC APPROACHES TO PLANT IMPROVEMENT......Page 91
Technologies for Rapid Sequencing and Annotation of Crops of sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia......Page 92
Technologies for Determining Genetic Variation in Key Crops......Page 93
Proteomics......Page 94
Systems Biology for Analysis of Complex Traits......Page 96
Analysis of Gene-Trait Associations......Page 97
Hyperspectral Imaging and Digital Capture......Page 98
Bt Toxins......Page 99
Herbicide Resistance......Page 100
Transgenes in Metabolic Pathways......Page 101
Plant-based Gene Silencing......Page 102
Control of Other Pathogens, Pests, or Parasitic Weeds......Page 103
Reducing Apigenin in Fonio and Pearl Millet with RNAi......Page 104
Zinc Finger Nucleases and Meganucleases......Page 105
Recombination Systems......Page 106
Meiotic Recombination......Page 107
Artificial Chromosomes......Page 108
Apomixis......Page 109
Sentinels of Drought, Disease, and Deficiencies......Page 110
Chemical-Induced Switching......Page 111
Transformation and Regeneration......Page 112
Shortcomings of Transgenics......Page 113
Understanding DNA Satellites Associated with Geminiviruses......Page 114
Control of Whitefly......Page 115
Genetic Engineering for Biocontrol and Biopesticides......Page 117
Biological Control of Weeds......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 120
WATER RESOURCES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......Page 133
WATER RESOURCES IN SOUTH ASIA......Page 135
DEMAND ON WATER RESOURCES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA......Page 136
WATER RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 137
On-Farm Integrated Water Management......Page 138
Water Storage......Page 140
Wastewater Reclamation......Page 141
Desalination......Page 142
Weather Modification: Cloud Seeding......Page 143
WEATHER AND CLIMATE FORECASTING......Page 144
Gravity Recover and Climate Experiment......Page 145
Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System......Page 146
NOAH Land Surface Model......Page 147
Land-Data Assimilation System......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
SOIL DEGRADATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA......Page 153
RESTORING SOIL QUALITY WITH ESTABLISHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 154
Improving the Soil Nutrient Budget with Established Practices......Page 156
Soil-Water Conservation with Established Practices......Page 157
Remote Sensing of Plant Physiology for Nutrient Management and Soil Quality......Page 159
Zeolites and Synthesized Nanomaterials......Page 160
Development of Transgenic Nitrogen Fixation in Non-legumes......Page 161
MANIPULATING MICROORGANISMS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE......Page 162
Phytostimulators......Page 163
Disease-suppressive Soils......Page 164
Biological Nitrogen Fixation......Page 166
Microbial Enhancement of Phosphorus Uptake by Crops (G44)......Page 167
Microbe-Enhanced Drought Tolerance......Page 168
Research Considerations in Manipulating Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 171
ROLES OF ANIMALS IN SOCIETY......Page 181
ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS......Page 182
IMPROVING ANIMAL NUTRITION......Page 184
Improving Grass Forage......Page 185
EXISTING AND EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING ANIMAL GERMPLASM......Page 188
LEAPFROGGING SELECTIVE BREEDING WITH MOLECULAR SAMPLING: DNA-DERIVED PEDIGREES......Page 189
GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 190
Engineering Animals for Disease Resistance......Page 191
RNA Interference......Page 192
GERM CELL DISTRIBUTION......Page 194
SPERMATAGONIAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 195
IMPROVING ANIMAL HEALTH......Page 196
Animal Vaccine Development......Page 197
Bacteria as Antigen Vectors......Page 198
Plant-Based Expression System for Vaccine Development......Page 199
DNA Vaccines......Page 200
Animal Disease Surveillance......Page 201
Transgenic Arthropods......Page 202
Distinguishing Vaccination from Infection......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 205
THE ROLE OF ENERGY IN CATALYZING GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION......Page 213
STATUS OF LARGE-SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS......Page 214
Wind Power......Page 215
Small-Scale Hydropower......Page 216
Concentrated Solar (Thermal) Energy......Page 217
Photovoltaic Energy......Page 219
Energy Storage......Page 220
Biofuels......Page 222
Cellulosic Ethanol......Page 223
Halophytes......Page 224
Oilseeds......Page 225
Photosynthetic Microbes: Algae and Cyanobacteria......Page 226
Other Technologies......Page 227
REFERENCES......Page 229
EVALUATING TECHNOLOGIES IN A BROAD CONTEXT......Page 233
CRITERIA FOR TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION......Page 236
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 237
Natural Resource Management......Page 238
Using Genetic Diversity for Crop and Animal Improvement......Page 239
Overcoming Biotic Constraints......Page 241
FINAL THOUGHTS: BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITY......Page 242
CONCLUSION......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 246
Appendixes......Page 247
A: Committee Statement of Task......Page 248
B: Biographic Sketches of Committee Members......Page 249
C: Responses from sub-Saharan African and South Asian Scientists......Page 254
D: Contributors......Page 257
Policy and Resources......Page 260
Animal Nutrition Program – Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles......Page 261