Emerging Issues in Climate Smart Livestock Production: Biological Tools and Techniques

Cover
Front matter
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	Introduction
	Biotechnological tools to enhance sustainable livestock production
	Livestock production systems
	Sustainable livestock production and food security
	Livestock biodiversity and sustainability
	Impact of climate change on livestock production
	Nanotechnology in animal production
	Transgenic animals
	Rumen metagenomics
	Biotechnology in animal health
	Climate change and infectious disease
	Biotechnology in animal breeding, genetics, and conservation of genetic resources
	Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed utilization
	Biotechnology in livestock reproduction
	Targeted genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 for livestock improvement
	Conclusion
	References
2 Biotechnological tools to enhance sustainable livestock production
	Introduction
	Traits to improve livestock production
	Approaches to improve livestock production
		Marker-assisted selection
		Transgenic approaches
	Propagation
		Superovulation treatment, estrous synchronization, and embryo collection
		Cryopreservation
		In vitro fertilization
		Artificial insemination
		Embryo transfer procedures
	Use of growth enhancers
	Conclusions
	References
3 Global livestock production systems: Classification, status, and future trends
	Introduction
	Classification of livestock production systems
		Solely livestock systems
			Landless livestock systems
			Grassland livestock systems
		Mixed farming systems
			Mixed rainfed system
			Mixed irrigated system
	Distribution of various livestock species under different livestock production systems
	Other perspectives on livestock production system classifications
		Extensive livestock systems
		Labor-intensive livestock systems
		Capital-intensive livestock systems
	Drivers of livestock production systems
		Economic growth
		Increasing human population
		Urbanization
		Technological advances in livestock production
		Climate change
		Livestock welfare concerns
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
4 Sustainable livestock production and food security
	Introduction
	Livestock farming systems provide food security (Ahmad et al., 2018)
	Important consideration about sustainable livestock production
	Livestock farming with care
	Precision livestock farming
	Sustainable livestock production and environment
	Sustainable livestock production and human nutrition
	Sustainable livestock production and economy
	Effects of animal products on human health
	Contribution of livestock in the world
	Global challenges in sustainable livestock production
	Livestock production and climatic changes
	Livestock and biodiversity loss
	Future demand of sustainable livestock production
	Maneuvers to achieve sustainable livestock production for food security
	Conclusion and future prospective
	References
5 Sustainable livestock production and biodiversity
	Introduction
	Sustainability and its dimensions
	Challenges in global meat production and consumption
	Consumption patterns
	Global distribution of grassland resources
	Conversion of grassland ecosystem into agriculture
	Challenges and opportunities for livestock production systems
	Managing biomass production
	Biodiversity loss
	Management of greenhouse gases and climate change
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
6 Climate change impact on livestock production
	Introduction
	Climate change and heat stress
	Impact of heat stress on animal health
		Effect on feed intake and digestive physiology
		Effect on acid-base balance and oxidative stress
		Effect on immunity and incidence of disease
	Effect of heat stress on production performance
		Effect on milk production
		Effect on meat production
		Effect of heat stress on egg production
	Effect of heat stress on reproduction
		Effects of heat stress on female reproduction
			Effects of heat stress on estrus and sexual behavior
			Effect on fertility and pregnancy
			The effect of heat stress on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis
			Effect on follicular growth and oocyte development
			Effect on fertilization and embryo growth
			Effect on fetal development
			Effect of heat stress on the postpartum period
	Effects of heat stress on male reproduction
		Effect on spermatogenesis
		Effect on semen quality and characteristics
	Other indirect impacts of climate change
		Change in the quality and quantity of feed and water
		Disease epidemics
		Impact on biodiversity
		Impact on GHG emissions
	Adaptation and mitigation strategies
		Physical modification of the environment
		Improved nutritional management practices
		Animal breeding and genetic selection
	Government of India policy on climate change vis a vis animal production
	Conclusion
	References
	References
	References
	References
7 Nanotechnology in animal production
	Introduction
	Nanotechnology in boosting animal production
	Nanotechnology in disease management and preventing pathogenesis
	Nanotechnology in animal breeding and growth
	Nanotechnology in treating reproductive problems
	Nanotechnology in sterilization of animals
	Nanotechnology in reducing transport and storage of animal protein (food packaging)
	Food processing nanoapplications
	Nanotechnology in livestock
		Meat and egg quality
		Dairy and milk
	Biological waste management through nanotechnology for sustainable animal husbandry and livestock production
	Toxicological and environment safety concerns
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
8 Transgenic animals
	Introduction
	Techniques for producing transgenic animals
		DNA microinjection
		Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
		Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
		Use of transposons
		Nuclear transfer method
		Sperm-mediated gene transfer
		Artificial chromosome-mediated gene transfer
		Testis cell transplantation method
	Different types of transgenic animals
		Mice
			Methods for producing transgenic mice
				Embryonic stem cell method
				Pronucleus method
			Types of transgenic mice
				Knockout mice
				Knock-in mice
		Cow
		Transgenic fish
		Goat
		Sheep
		Pig
		Rabbit
	Applications of transgenic animals
		Enhancement of milk production
		Protection of animals against diseases
		Enhancement of nutritional value
		Improvement of hair and fiber
		Enhancement of growth rates
		Reduced environmental impact
	Ethics in transgenic animal production
	Future prospects
	Conclusion
	References
9 Potential implications of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in assisted reproductive technology
	Introduction
	GnRH agonists-antagonists in female livestock
	GnRH agonists-antagonists in male livestock
	Rodents and GnRH analogues
	Female rodents and GnRH analogues
	Male rodents and GnRH analogues
	Conclusion and future directions
	References
	References
10 Oxidative stress in modulation of immune function in livestock
	Introduction
	Role of free radicals in evoking immune responses
	Implication of oxidative stress on immune responses in dairy cattle
	Immunological reflex in poultry birds on redox burden
	Impact of stress on the goat immune system
	Sequential effects of oxido-reductive stress in piglets
	References
11 Cow urine: Potential resource for sustainable agriculture
	Introduction
	Composition of cow urine
	Diet effects on composition of cow urine
	Applications of cow urine
	Direct applications
	Indirect applications
		Panchagavya
		Dasagavya
		Struvite
		Biogas production and biogas spent slurry
	Conclusion
	References
12 Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease
	Introduction
	Vector-borne disease (VBD)
		Types of VBD transmission
	Mosquito-borne diseases
	Tick-borne diseases
	Climate change and vector
	Culex mosquito
		Description
		Lifecycle
		Diseases from culex
	Aedes mosquito
		Spread of disease and prevention methods
		Common feature of the environment for breeding mosquitoes
	Anopheles mosquito
		Life stages
		Eggs
		Larvae
		Pupa
		Adults
		Habitat
		Susceptibility to become a vector of disease
	Culicoides midges
		Description
		Habitation and behavior
		Life cycle
		Disease transmit
	Ixodes tick
		Distribution
		Lifecycle
		Disease transmission
	Malaria
		Signs and symptoms
		Cause
		Life cycle
		Recurrent malaria
		Diagnosis
		Prevention
		Epidemiology
	Dengue
		Symptoms
		Clinical course
		Cause
		Transmission
		Predisposition
		Diagnosis
		Tab tests
		Prevention
		Vaccine
		Epidemiology
	Japanese encephalitis
		Sign and symptom
		Cause
		Diagnosis
		Prevention
		Epidemiology
	Blue tongue
		Signs and symptoms
		Cause
		Epidemiology
		Livestock management and insect control
		Vaccines
	Babesiosis
		Signs and symptoms
		Life cycle
		Diagnosis
		Transmission
	Kyasanur forest disease (KFD)
		Signs and symptoms
		Transmission
		Diagnosis
		Prevention and treatment
		Risk factor and risk group
	Yellow fever disease
		Signs and symptoms
		Cause
		Transmission
		Pathogenesis
		Diagnosis
		Prevention
	Zika virus disease
		Signs and symptoms
		Cause
		Transmission
		Diagnosis
		Prevention
	African horse sickness (AHS)
		Transmission
		Clinical signs
		Diagnosis
		Epidemiology
		Control of the disease
	Conclusion
	References
13 Role of biotechnology on animal breeding and genetic improvement
	Introduction
	Animal breeding and biotechnologies
		Factors governing genetic gain (DeltaG)
	Artificial insemination (AI)
		Advantages of artificial insemination
		Disadvantage of artificial insemination
	Semen sexing
		Advantages of semen sexing
		Disadvantages of semen sexing
	Embryo sexing
	Estrus synchronization
	Animal cloning
		Advantages of animal cloning
		Disadvantages of animal cloning
	Transgenesis
	Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
	Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and gene mapping
		Genome editing biotechnologies transforming the genome at the DNA level
	Genome editing technology vs traditional animal breeding
		Major constraints on applying biotechnologies in developing countries
	Conclusion
	References
14 Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed utilization
	Introduction
	Composition and nutrient requirements of livestock
		Carbohydrates
		Proteins
		Fats
		Water
		Vitamins
		Minerals
	Feed of ruminants
		Cattle
		Sheep
		Swine
	Feed availability and nutrition
	Applications of biotechnology in livestock nutrition
		Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed improvement
		Biotechnology in forage breeding
		Biotechnology products as feed additives
		Role of biotechnology in feed improvement
	Feed utilization and rationing
		Feed utilization
	Biological treatments to improve feed utilization
		Bacterial additives
		Exogenous enzymes
	Biotechnological interventions to improve feed utilization
	Bionanotechnology for animal health and feed utilization
	Prospects
	Conclusions
	References
15 Biotechnology in livestock reproduction
	Introduction
	Artificial insemination (AI)
		History of AI
		Merits and demerits
			Merits
			Demerits
	Embryo technologies
		Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
		History of embryo transfer
			Steps involved in embryo transfer technology
				Selection of donor and recipient
			Selection of recipient
				Superovulation
				Insemination
				Collection of embryo
			Surgical technique
			Nonsurgical method
				Selection of embryo
			Morphological description of embryos
				Excellent
				Good
				Fair
				Poor
				Unfertilized
				Transfer of embryo
					Nonsurgical transfer
					Surgical transfer
			Synchronization of Estrus between donor and recipient
			Use of ETT
			Limitations of ETT
		In vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo production
			Methods for in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF), and culture (IVC)
			Oocyte collection from ovum pick up technique
			Advantage of OPU
			Collection and processing of abattoir ovaries
			Recovery/collection of oocytes
			Oocyte maturation
			In vitro capacitation
			In vitro fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes
			In vitro culture of in vitro fertilized oocytes
			Assessment of cleavage rate and embryo development
			Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation and vitrification
			Principles of embryo freezing
			Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
	Sexing of embryo and sperm
		Methods of sex determination
		Sexing of sperm
		Sexing of embryos
			Noninvasive methods
				Embryonic sex selection by enzymatic assay
				Immunological method (Identification of HY-Ag)
					Cytotoxicity assay
					Immunological assay
				Hormonal assay for sexing blastocyst
				Sexing based on cleavage and development
					Invasive method
					Identification of sex chromatin
				Sex chromosome analysis
				Biopsy from trophoblast (12-15day embryo)
				Biopsy from morulae (6-7day embryo)
				Half embryos on day 6-7
					Sexing of blastomeres from morulae
					Embryo sexing using Y-specific DNA probes
				Sexing of embryo by PCR method
			Protocol of PCR for embryo sexing
				Interpretation
				Advantages of tube method
	Sperm sexing
		Cloning
		Methods of cloning
			Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
			Applications of animal cloning
			Limitations
		Transgenesis
		Methods for producing transgenic animals
			Pronuclear microinjection
			Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
			Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
			Nuclear transfer method
			Transfection of gametes
			Artificial chromosome-mediated gene transfer
			Testis cell transplantation method
			Lentiviral transfer of oocytes and zygotes
			Chimera generation by injecting pluripotent cells
			Applications of transgenic animals
		Stem cell technology
			Characteristics of stem cells
			Types of stem cells
			Adult stem cells
			Characterization of adult stem cells
		Differentiation of adult stem cells
			Normal differentiation
			Plasticity or transdifferentiation of adult stem cells
		Embryonic stem cells
		Culture of embryonic stem cells
		Characterization of adult stem cells
		Application of stem cells
			Challenges and way forward
	References
16 Targeted genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 for livestock improvement
	Introduction
	Genome editors
		Meganucleases (MNs)
		Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)
		Transcription activator-like effector endonucleases (TALENs)
		Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and associated proteins (Cas)
	CRISPR/Cas9 system
		Journey of CRISPR/Cas9 system from its discovery to development as a genome editing tool
		Subtypes of CRISPR/Cas system
		CRISPR/Cas9 system components
			CRISPR array
			Cas9
			Guide RNA
			PAM sequences
		Mechanism of action
			Acquisition or adaption phase
			CRISPR RNA processing
			Interference or targeting
	Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in livestock improvement
		Disease-resistant livestock
		Improved performance of livestock
		Animal welfare
		Production of allergen-reduced/free and enriched animal-derived products
		Biomedical research
	Conclusions and prospects
	References
17 Stem cell technology: Application in animal health and livestock production
	Introduction
		Stem cell biology
	Characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells
		Mesenchymal stem cell culture
		Mesenchymal stem cell characterization
		Therapeutic delivery of mesenchymal stem cells
		Translational medicine and bovine stem cells
			Cartilage
			Mammary gland
	Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
	Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
	Adult mammary stem cells
	Germ cell transfer technique to livestock production
	Applications of germ cell transplantation in livestock
	Transgenesis
		Common techniques used for transgenic animal generation
			Recombinant retroviruses
			Pronuclear injection
			Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT)
			Somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning (SCNT)
	Routes of transplantation of stem cells
		Autologous route of transplantation (AUTO transplant)
		Allogeneic route of transplantation (ALLO transplant)
		Xenogeneic route of transplantation (XENO transplant)
	Types of xenotransplant rejections
		Hyperacute rejection
		Acute humoral xenograft rejection
		Adaptive immune response
		Chronic rejection
	Stem cell therapy application in veterinary medicine
	Future aspects of stem cells and regeneration in veterinary science and translation to human health
	Conclusion
	References
18 Way forward for sustainable livestock sector
	Introduction
	Importance of livestock production
	Adverse effect of climatic change on livestock production
	Role of livestock sector in climate change
	Way forward
		Promotion of resilient livestock production
	Mitigation approaches in animal husbandry practices
		Capacity building and knowledge management
		Reducing heat/thermal stress by ensuring animal comfort
		Removing nutritional stress by increasing feed and fodder availability and their utilization
			Improve feeding strategy
			Reducing water stress by increasing availability
			Excavate ditch for rainwater harvesting
			Modifications in livestock production and management systems
	Nutrigenomics and precision nutrition
	Enteric fermentation
	Carbon sequestration
	Better manure management (e.g., composting)
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Index
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