Emerging Carbon Capture Technologies: Towards a Sustainable Future

Front Cover
Emerging Carbon Capture Technologies
Emerging Carbon Capture Technologies: Towards a Sustainable Future
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 - Introduction to carbon capture
	1. Carbon cycle: source to sink
	2. Sectors responsible for anthropogenic CO2 emission
	3. Energy CO2-nexus and climate change
	4. Overview of CO2 capture methods
		4.1 Precombustion
		4.2 Postcombustion
		4.3 Oxyfuel combustion
		4.4 Combustion technologies comparison for CO2 capture
	5. CO2 capture from stationary industrial sources
		5.1 Petroleum refining
			5.1.1 Furnace or process heaters
			5.1.2 Utilities section
			5.1.3 Fluidized catalytic cracker unit
			5.1.4 Hydrogen generation
		5.2 Cement manufacturing
		5.3 Iron and steel industries
		5.4 Natural gas processing
		5.5 Ethanol production
		5.6 Ammonia processing
	6. Technologies for CO2 separation
	7. Thermodynamics of CO2 separation
		7.1 Modeling phase and chemical equilibria of CO2 absorption
		7.2 Thermodynamic models
	8. CO2 capture economics
	9. Challenges and future directions
	10. Conclusions
	References
2 - CO2 capture by absorption
	1. Introduction to the absorption process
	2. Solvent systems for chemical absorption
	3. Solubility criteria for CO2 absorption
	4. Physical chemistry of CO2 absorption
		4.1 Thermodynamic models
		4.2 Chemical kinetic
		4.3 Quantum chemistry
	5. Novel solvents for CO2 absorption
		5.1 Amine-based solvent system
		5.2 Non-amine-based solvent system
		5.3 Ionic liquids
		5.4 Deep eutectic solvents
		5.5 Solvent blends
		5.6 Water-free solvents
			5.6.1 Nonaqueous organic amine
			5.6.2 amino-organosilicons
		5.7 Biphasic solvents
		5.8 Enzyme-enhanced CO2 absorption
		5.9 Physical absorption solvents
	6. Absorption cost and energy requirement
		6.1 Capital cost estimation based on bare module cost (CBM)
		6.2 Energy requirement
	7. Recycling and regeneration criteria
	8. Challenges and future perspective
	9. Conclusion
	References
3 - CO2 capture by adsorption
	1. Introduction to gas-solid adsorption
	2. Conventional solid adsorbents
		2.1 Activated carbon
		2.2 Zeolites
	3. Flexible adsorbents
	4. Novel adsorbent materials
		4.1 Metal organic framework (MOFs)
		4.2 Carbon nanomaterials
		4.3 Hybrid materials
		4.4 Amine-based solid materials
	5. Recent developments in adsorption technology
		5.1 Utilizing renewable energy
		5.2 Hybrid processes or a combination of processes
	6. Adsorption cost model and energy requirement
	7. Challenges and future perspective
	8. Conclusion
	References
4 - Chemical looping combustion for inherent CO2 capture
	1. Gas separation—the crux of CO2 capture
	2. Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
		2.1 Calcium looping (CaL) for postcombustion CO2 capture
	3. Fuels for chemical looping combustion
	4. Oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion
	5. Reactor systems for chemical looping combustion
		5.1 Reactors for gaseous fuels
		5.2 Reactors for solid fuels
	6. Performance model for chemical looping combustion
		6.1 Mass balance equations
		6.2 Energy balance equations
		6.3 Application of performance model
			6.3.1 Effect of support material
			6.3.2 Effect of OC conversion and excess air
			6.3.3 Fuel reactor temperature
	7. Power plant applications of chemical looping combustion
	8. Outlook for CLC
	9. Conclusions
	References
5 - Membrane for CO2 separation
	1. Introduction
	2. Membrane contactors
		2.1 Background and theory
			2.1.1 Resistance-in-series model
			2.1.2 Individual mass transfer coefficients
			2.1.3 Membrane wetting
		2.2 Membrane contactors in CO2 absorption
		2.3 Absorbent solutions
		2.4 Membrane contactors in CO2 stripping
		2.5 Feasibility and demonstrations
	3. Gas separation membranes
		3.1 Background and theory
		3.2 Membrane materials
			3.2.1 Polymeric membranes
			3.2.2 Inorganic and mixed matrix membranes
			3.2.3 Carbon membranes
			3.2.4 Facilitated transport membranes
		3.3 Process design, optimization, and cost estimates
	4. Challenges and future prospects
	5. Conclusions
	References
6 - Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons: techniques and methods
	1. Introduction
	2. Reaction mechanism
		2.1 First pathway
		2.2 Second pathway
	3. Techniques and concepts in electrochemistry
		3.1 Cyclic voltammetry
		3.2 Linear sweep voltammetry
		3.3 Chronopotentiometry
		3.4 Chronoamperometry
		3.5 Faradaic efficiency
		3.6 Overpotential
	4. Experimental investigations
		4.1 Electrode structure
		4.2 Gas diffusion electrodes
		4.3 Electrolyte
		4.4 Temperature and pressure effects
		4.5 Rotating disk electrode (RDE)
	5. Analytical techniques for formic acid/formate
	6. Conclusions
	References
7 - Hydrate-based CO2 separation
	1. Introduction
	2. CO2 separation technologies
		2.1 Absorption
		2.2 Adsorption technology
		2.3 Membrane technology
		2.4 Cryogenic separation
	3. Technical drawbacks associated with conventional CO2 separation technologies
	4. Gas hydrates
		4.1 Gas hydrate formation and dissociation kinetics
		4.2 Nucleation
		4.3 Hydrate growth
	5. Gas hydrate–based CO2 capture
		5.1 CO2 capture mechanism
		5.2 Operational parameters of hydrate-based CO2 separation
			5.2.1 Hydrate induction time
			5.2.2 Total gas consumption
			5.2.3 CO2 recovery or split fraction and separation factor
	6. CO2 hydrate-based separation process and reactor designs
		6.1 Continuous process
		6.2 Stirred reactors
		6.3 Ejector-type loop reactor (based on microbubble technology)
		6.4 Fixed-bed reactor
		6.5 Unstirred reactor
	7. Different hydrate promoters (chemical additives)
		7.1 Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide
		7.2 Tetrahydrofuran
		7.3 Propane
		7.4 Cyclopentane
		7.5 Surfactants
			7.5.1 Micelle theory
			7.5.2 Capillary theory
			7.5.3 Adsorption theory
	8. Cost comparison calculation for hydrate-based CO2 separation
	9. Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
8 - Innovations in cryogenic carbon capture
	1. Introduction
	2. CO2 capture approaches and technologies
	3. Cryogenic technologies
		3.1 Cryogenic distillation
		3.2 Cryogenic packed bed
		3.3 CryoCell process
		3.4 Antisublimation (AnSU)
		3.5 External cooling loop cryogenic carbon capture technology (CCCECL)
		3.6 Stirling cooler system technique
	4. Benefits of cryogenic carbon capture techniques
		4.1 Energy storage
		4.2 High purity of CO2 product
	5. Challenges and limitations of cryogenic carbon capture techniques
		5.1 Operating cost
		5.2 Operation efficiency
		5.3 Impurities
	6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
9 - CO2 capture from the atmospheric air using nanomaterials
	1. Introduction
	2. Direct atmosphere CO2 capture
	3. Nanomaterials for DACC
		3.1 Carbon nanomaterials
			3.1.1 Activated carbon nanoparticles
			3.1.2 Carbon nanotubes
			3.1.3 Carbon nanofibers
			3.1.4 Organic framework
			3.1.5 Nano metal-organic framework
			3.1.6 Graphene
		3.2 Inorganic nanomaterials
			3.2.1 Silica
			3.2.2 Zeolite nanomaterials
			3.2.3 Other metal-based nanomaterials
	4. Challenges and future perspective
	5. Conclusions
	References
10 - CO2 transportation: safety regulations and energy requirement
	Nomenclature
	1. Introduction
	2. CO2 pipelines design and technical characteristics
	3. Pipeline safety and integrity
	4. Pipeline access and tariff regulation
	5. CO2 maritime transportation system
	6. Land transportation
	7. Cost estimation
	8. Environment, safety, and risk aspects
	9. Energy requirement
		9.1 International codes and standards
	10. Legal issues and international conventions
	11. Conclusions
	References
11 - Techno-economic analysis and optimization models for CO2 capture processes
	1. Introduction
	2. Parameters describing CO2 capture process technical performance
	3. Economical parameters and cost functions
	4. Methodology for CO2 capture process analysis
	5. Example case calculation and performance analysis
	6. Cost structure of different CO2 capture technologies
	7. Life cycle assessment for various CO2 capture processes
	8. Potential improvement and cost reduction
	9. Challenges and future perspective
	10. Conclusion
	References
12 - Modeling and molecular simulation methods for CO2 capture
	1. Introduction
	2. Molecular simulations of materials employed for CO2 capture
		2.1 Metal-organic frameworks
		2.2 Amorphous polymers and polymeric membranes
		2.3 Amine solutions
		2.4 Ionic liquids
	3. Process modeling and simulation
		3.1 Amine solutions
		3.2 Carbonates
		3.3 Ionic liquids
	4. Challenges and future directions
	5. Conclusions
	References
13 - Biological processes for CO2 capture
	1. Introduction
		1.1 CCS technologies based on biological processes
	2. Biological approaches for CO2 capture
		2.1 Approaches based on photosynthetic algae
	3. The extent of CO2 fixation by microalgae
		3.1 Suspended growth reactors
			3.1.1 Open systems
			3.1.2 Photobioreactor
		3.2 Attached growth reactors
		3.3 Bioscrubbers
	4. Approaches based on nonphotosynthetic organisms
	5. Approaches based on bioelectrochemical systems
	6. Forestation for CO2 capture
		6.1 Forestry activities to mitigate climate change
			6.1.1 Plant trees to create carbon sinks
			6.1.2 Protect existing forests to reduce emissions from deforestation
	7. Improve forestry techniques to reduce emissions
	8. Carbon sequestration on agricultural lands
	9. Oceanic fertilization
		9.1 The ocean carbon cycle
		9.2 Ecosystem restoration
		9.3 Large-scale seaweed cultivation
	10. Challenges and future trends
	11. Conclusions
	References
14 - Decarbonization: regulation and policies
	1. Introduction
	2. The Paris Agreement
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Estimated impacts of the Paris Agreement
			2.2.1 Climate and ecological impacts of the PA
			2.2.2 Economic impacts of the PA
		2.3 Weak points of the Paris Agreement
		2.4 Future endeavors related to the PA
	3. Carbon tax and credit
	4. Role of government in enforcing the policies: Morocco as a case study
		4.1 Morocco in brief
		4.2 Emissions pattern
		4.3 Political commitment
		4.4 Main sectors of action
			4.4.1 Energy
			4.4.2 Transport and logistics
			4.4.3 Urban development
			4.4.4 Agriculture and forestry
			4.4.5 Further actions and regulations
		4.5 Opportunities and challenges
		4.6 Current challenges and future trends in carbon capture
		4.7 Challenges and barriers
			4.7.1 Technological barriers
			4.7.2 Economic constraints
			4.7.3 Social limitations
			4.7.4 Political and legal constraints
		4.8 Future trends of carbon capture
			4.8.1 Increasing efficiency
			4.8.2 Driving costs down
		4.9 Connecting with big data and artificial intelligence
			4.9.1 Considering water-energy nexus
	5. Conclusion
	References
15 - Circular carbon economy
	1. Introduction
	2. Moving toward a low carbon economy using circular economy principle
	3. The circular economy opportunity for industries
		3.1 Opportunity in manufacturing and construction industries
		3.2 Opportunity in food industry
		3.3 Opportunity in the mobility industry
	4. Policy levers for a low carbon circular economy
	5. Challenges and future directions
	6. Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
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	I
	J
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	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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