Emergency Chest Radiology

Preface
Contents
1: Traumatic Lung Injuries
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Pulmonary Contusion
		1.2.1	 Mechanism of Injury
		1.2.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	1.3	 Pulmonary Laceration
		1.3.1	 Mechanism of Injury
		1.3.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	1.4	 Traumatic Lung Herniation
	1.5	 The Roles of Imaging Studies and Recommended Protocols in Traumatic Lung Injury
	1.6	 Summary
	References
2: Traumatic Airway Injuries
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Tracheobronchial Injury
		2.2.1	 Mechanism of Injury
		2.2.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	2.3	 Pneumomediastinum
		2.3.1	 Etiology and Pathogenesis
		2.3.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
			2.3.2.1	 Continuous Diaphragm Sign [19] (Fig. 2.3)
			2.3.2.2	 Naclerio’s V Sign (Fig. 2.5)
			2.3.2.3	 Ring-Around-the-Artery Sign [22] (Fig. 2.6)
			2.3.2.4	 Extrapleural Air Sign [23]
			2.3.2.5	 Thymic Spinnaker-Sail Sign [24] (Figs. 2.7 and 2.8)
	2.4	 Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
		2.4.1	 Pathophysiology
		2.4.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	2.5	 Summary
	References
3: Diaphragmatic Injuries
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Diaphragmatic Rupture
		3.2.1	 Epidemiology and Mechanism of Injury
		3.2.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
			3.2.2.1	 Direct CT Signs
			3.2.2.2	 Indirect CT Signs Related to Herniation
			3.2.2.3	 CT Signs of Uncertain or Controversial Origin
	3.3	 Diagnostic Pitfalls in CT
		3.3.1	 Bochdalek Hernia
		3.3.2	 Morgagni Hernia
		3.3.3	 Diaphragmatic Eventration
	3.4	 Summary
	References
4: Traumatic Skeletal Injuries
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Rib Fractures
		4.2.1	 Imaging Findings
		4.2.2	 Complications
		4.2.3	 Costochondral Junction Fracture
		4.2.4	 CPR-Related Rib Fractures
	4.3	 Clavicle Fractures
	4.4	 Sternum Fractures
	4.5	 Sternoclavicular Dislocation
	4.6	 Scapular Fractures
	4.7	 Spinal Fractures
	4.8	 Summary
	References
5: Traumatic and Nontraumatic Esophageal Emergency
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Esophageal Perforation
		5.2.1	 Mechanism of Injury
		5.2.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
		5.2.3	 Boerhaave’s Syndrome
	5.3	 Esophageal Intramural Dissection
		5.3.1	 Mechanism of Injury
		5.3.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	5.4	 Esophageal Hernia (Paraesophageal)
		5.4.1	 Pathophysiology
		5.4.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	5.5	 Acute Phlegmonous Esophagitis
		5.5.1	 Pathophysiology
		5.5.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	5.6	 Aortoesophageal Fistula
		5.6.1	 Pathophysiology
		5.6.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	5.7	 Summary
	References
6: Acute Aortic Diseases: Evaluation with Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Imaging Techniques
		6.2.1	 CT Techniques
		6.2.2	 MR Angiography with  or without Contrast Enhancement
	6.3	 Diseases
		6.3.1	 Classic Acute Double-Lumen Dissection
		6.3.2	 Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
		6.3.3	 Aortic Intramural Hematoma
		6.3.4	 Infectious Pseudoaneurysm
		6.3.5	 Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm
		6.3.6	 Rupturing Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
		6.3.7	 Aortoesophageal and Aortobronchial Fistula
		6.3.8	 Miscellaneous Conditions
	6.4	 Summary
	References
7: Acute Cardiac Diseases: Evaluation with Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Imaging Techniques
		7.2.1	 CT Techniques
		7.2.2	 Cardiac MRI Techniques
	7.3	 Acute Coronary Syndrome
		7.3.1	 CCTA for Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome
		7.3.2	 Clinical Studies of Patient Triage in the Emergency Department
		7.3.3	 CCTA Findings of Acute Coronary Syndrome
		7.3.4	 Cardiac MRI in Acute Coronary Syndrome
	7.4	 Acute Pericardial Disease
	7.5	 Acute Myocarditis
	7.6	 Cardiogenic Sources of Systemic Embolism
	7.7	 Cardiac Trauma
	7.8	 Complications of Cardiac Surgery and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
	7.9	 Coronary Vasculitis
	7.10	 Coronary Artery Anomalies
	7.11	 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
	7.12	 New-Onset Heart Failure
	7.13	 Summary
	References
8: Pulmonary Infection (Pneumonia)
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Morphologic Classification of Pneumonia
		8.2.1	 Lobar Pneumonia
		8.2.2	 Bronchopneumonia
		8.2.3	 Interstitial Pneumonia
	8.3	 Pneumonia in Immunocompetent Subjects
		8.3.1	 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
		8.3.2	 Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)
		8.3.3	 Aspiration Pneumonia
	8.4	 Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients
		8.4.1	 Category of Immune Deficiency and Organisms Involved
		8.4.2	 Causative Organisms Versus Imaging Patterns in Opportunistic Infection
		8.4.3	 Transplantation-Associated Pneumonia and Chronological Changes
		8.4.4	 AIDS and Pulmonary Infection
	8.5	 Differential Diagnosis
		8.5.1	 Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
		8.5.2	 Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia, AFOP, and AIP (ARDS)
		8.5.3	 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Manifesting as ARDS or Cystic Lung Disease
	8.6	 The Role of Chest Radiographs and CT in Pneumonia
	8.7	 Summary and Key Points
	References
9: Mediastinal and Spinal Infection
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Acute Mediastinitis
		9.2.1	 Etiology and Pathophysiology
		9.2.2	 Clinical Presentations
		9.2.3	 Imaging Diagnosis
	9.3	 Fibrosing Mediastinitis
		9.3.1	 Etiology and Pathophysiology
		9.3.2	 Clinical Presentations
		9.3.3	 Imaging Diagnosis
	9.4	 Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis
		9.4.1	 Etiology and Pathophysiology
		9.4.2	 Imaging Diagnosis
	9.5	 Infectious Spondylitis
		9.5.1	 Tuberculous Spondylitis
		9.5.2	 Pyogenic Spondylitis
	9.6	 Summary
	References
10: Pulmonary Embolism
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Thrombotic Pulmonary Embolism
		10.2.1	 CT Pulmonary Angiography
			10.2.1.1	 Imaging Findings
			10.2.1.2	 Severity and Right Ventricle Strain
			10.2.1.3	 Subsegmental Pulmonary Arteries
		10.2.2	 Iodine Maps from Dual-Energy CT or Subtraction CT
		10.2.3	 Non-contrast CT
	10.3	 Non-thrombotic Pulmonary Embolism
		10.3.1	 Septic Embolism
		10.3.2	 Fat Embolism
		10.3.3	 Air Embolism
		10.3.4	 Tumor Embolism
	10.4	 Summary
	References
11: Noninfectious Pulmonary Emergency
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Causes of Noninfectious Pulmonary Emergency
		11.2.1	 Immunocompetent Individuals
		11.2.2	 Immunocompromised Individuals
	11.3	 Imaging Features and Clinical or Pathologic Comparisons of Pulmonary Emergencies
		11.3.1	 Immunocompetent Patients
			11.3.1.1	 Pulmonary Edema (PE)
			11.3.1.2	 Drug-Related Pneumonitis
			11.3.1.3	 Fat Embolism Syndrome
			11.3.1.4	 Radiation Pneumonitis
			11.3.1.5	 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
			11.3.1.6	 Connective Tissue Diseases (CTDs) and Pulmonary Vasculitis
		11.3.2	 Immunocompromised Patients
			11.3.2.1	 Idiopathic Pneumonia Syndrome
			11.3.2.2	 Lymphomatous and Leukemic Lung Involvement
			11.3.2.3	 Hyperleukocytosis and Its Clinical Manifestations
			11.3.2.4	 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
	11.4	 Summary
	References
12: Postoperative Emergency
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Clinical and Imaging Features of Postsurgical Complications of the Lungs or Lung Lobes
		12.2.1	 Postsurgical Empyema
		12.2.2	 Cardiac Herniation
		12.2.3	 Postsurgical Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		12.2.4	 Postsurgical Hemothorax
		12.2.5	 Bronchopleural Fistula
		12.2.6	 Postlobectomy Lobar Torsion
		12.2.7	 Ischemic Necrotizing Pneumonia
	12.3	 Clinical and Imaging Features of Postsurgical Esophageal Complications
		12.3.1	 Anastomotic Leak
		12.3.2	 Postsurgical Mediastinitis
		12.3.3	 Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		12.3.4	 Pneumonia
		12.3.5	 Hiatal Hernia after Esophagectomy
	12.4	 Clinical and Imaging Features of Complications Related to Lung Transplantation
	12.5	 Summary
	References
13: Pleural Diseases
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Pneumothorax
		13.2.1	 Imaging Findings
		13.2.2	 Tension Pneumothorax
		13.2.3	 Treatment
	13.3	 Hemothorax
		13.3.1	 Imaging Findings
		13.3.2	 Treatment
	13.4	 Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema
		13.4.1	 Evolution of Pleural Infection
		13.4.2	 Imaging Findings
		13.4.3	 Treatment
	13.5	 Tuberculous Pleurisy
	13.6	 Summary
	References
14: Foreign Bodies in the Thorax
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Foreign Bodies in Airways
	14.3	 Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus
	14.4	 Other Foreign Bodies
	14.5	 Summary
	References
15: Contrast Extravasation on Chest CT
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Contrast Extravasation on Chest CT
	15.3	 Summary
	References